Benzene - Substituted benzenes

Benzene, also known as C6H6, PhH, and benzol, is an organic chemical compound which is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet smell. Benzene is a known carcinogen. It is a component of gasoline. It is an important industrial solvent and precursor in the production of drugs, plastics, gasoline, synthetic rubber, and dyes. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil, but it is usually synthesized from other compounds present in petroleum. Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon, a ...

Including:

• Benzene - History
• Benzene - Structure
• Benzene - Substituted benzenes
• Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes
• Benzene - Other substituents
• Benzene - Fused aromatic rings
• Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs
• Benzene - Production
• Benzene - Catalytic reforming
• Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation
• Benzene - Steam cracking
• Benzene - Uses
• Benzene - Reactions of benzene
• Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution
• Benzene - Friedel-Crafts acylation
• Benzene - Friedel-Crafts alkylation
• Benzene - Health effects
• Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia - Benzene

Many important chemicals are essentially benzene, with one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced with another functional group: Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes. Ethylbenzene C6H5-CH2-CH3 Mesitylene C6H3(-CH3)3 Toluene C6H5-CH3 Xylene C6H ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts acylation, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts alkylation, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Substituted benzenes

Many important chemicals are essentially benzene, with one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced with another functional group: Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes. Ethylbenzene C6H5-CH2-CH3 Mesitylene C6H3(-CH3)3 Toluene C6H5-CH3 Xylene C6H ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Substituted benzenes

The formula of benzene (C6H6) caused a mystery for some time after its discovery, as no explanation had been found that could account for all the bonds — carbon usually forms four single bonds and hydrogen one. The chemist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz was the first to deduce the ring structure of benzene. An often-repeated story claims that after years of studying carbon bonding, benzene and related molecules, he dreamt one night of the Ouroboros, a snake eating its own tail, and that upon waking he ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Structure

The formula of benzene (C6H6) caused a mystery for some time after its discovery, as no explanation had been found that could account for all the bonds — carbon usually forms four single bonds and hydrogen one. The chemist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz was the first to deduce the ring structure of benzene. An often-repeated story claims that after years of studying carbon bonding, benzene and related molecules, he dreamt one night of the Ouroboros, a snake eating its own tail, and that upon waking he ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts acylation, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts alkylation, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Structure

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an aftershave because of its pleasant smell. Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. As its toxicity became obvious, other solvents replaced benzene in applications that directly exposed the user to benzene. Benzene was also used to initially decaffeinate coffee by German importer Lugwig Roselius in 1903. This lead to the production of Sanka, -ka for kaffein, but later ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Uses

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of substituting aromatic rings such as benzene. Benzene is nucleophilic enough, so that in the presence of strong electrophiles such as acylium ions or alkyl carbocations, reaction will occur to ultimately give substituted benzenes. The Friedel-Crafts acylation is a specific example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The reaction is the a ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Reactions of benzene

Breathing very high levels of benzene can result in death, while high levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness. Eating or drinking foods containing high levels of benzene can cause vomiting, irritation of the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, rapid heart rate, and death. The major effect of benzene from chronic (long term) exposure is to the blood. Benzene damages the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells leading to anemia. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the immune s ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Health effects

Benzene may result whenever carbon-rich materials undergo incomplete combustion. It is produced naturally in volcanoes and forest fires, and is also a component of cigarette smoke. Up until World War II, most benzene was produced as a byproduct of coke production in the steel industry. However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing plastics industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a sm ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Production

Benzene may result whenever carbon-rich materials undergo incomplete combustion. It is produced naturally in volcanoes and forest fires, and is also a component of cigarette smoke. Up until World War II, most benzene was produced as a byproduct of coke production in the steel industry. However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing plastics industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a sm ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts acylation, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts alkylation, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Production

Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of substituting aromatic rings such as benzene. Benzene is nucleophilic enough, so that in the presence of strong electrophiles such as acylium ions or alkyl carbocations, reaction will occur to ultimately give substituted benzenes. Benzene - Friedel-Crafts acylation. The Friedel-Crafts acylation is a specific example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The reaction is the acylation of an aromatic ring (such as benzene) with an a ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts acylation, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts alkylation, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Reactions of benzene

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, benzene was used as an aftershave because of its pleasant smell. Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. As its toxicity became obvious, other solvents replaced benzene in applications that directly exposed the user to benzene. Benzene was also used to initially decaffeinate coffee by German importer Lugwig Roselius in 1903. This lead to the production of Sanka, -ka for kaffein, but later ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts acylation, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts alkylation, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Uses

Breathing very high levels of benzene can result in death, while high levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness. Eating or drinking foods containing high levels of benzene can cause vomiting, irritation of the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, rapid heart rate, and death. The major effect of benzene from chronic (long term) exposure is to the blood. Benzene damages the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells leading to anemia. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the immune s ...

See also:

Benzene, Benzene - History, Benzene - Structure, Benzene - Substituted benzenes, Benzene - Alkyl substituents alkylbenzenes, Benzene - Other substituents, Benzene - Fused aromatic rings, Benzene - Heterocyclic analogs, Benzene - Production, Benzene - Catalytic reforming, Benzene - Toluene hydrodealkylation, Benzene - Steam cracking, Benzene - Uses, Benzene - Reactions of benzene, Benzene - Electrophilic aromatic substitution, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts acylation, Benzene - Friedel-Crafts alkylation, Benzene - Health effects, Benzene - Benzene exposure

Read more here: » Benzene: Encyclopedia II - Benzene - Health effects