Palaeography - Ancient paleography. Palaeography - Medieval paleography. When the Roman empire collapsed in the 4th century, Europe was taken over by mostly illiterate Goths; the Ostrogoths ruled Italy, the Visigoths took over Spain and southern France, the Franks settled in central and northern France and the Anglo-Saxons ran over the Celts in Great Britain. The Catholic church took on the task of converting the Goths to Christianity and educating them, and over time each tribe of Go ...

See also:

Palaeography, Palaeography - History, Palaeography - Ancient paleography, Palaeography - Medieval paleography

Read more here: » Palaeography: Encyclopedia II - Palaeography - History

Including:

Benevento - History
Benevento - Benevento in antiquity Benevento - Duchy of Benevento Benevento - Papal Benevento
Benevento - Sights Benevento - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Benevento: Encyclopedia - Benevento

Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another. It was used in Charlemagne's empire between approximately 800 and 1200. Codices, pagan and Christian texts, and educational material were written in Carolingian minuscule throughout the Carolingian Renaissance. The script developed into Blackletter and became obsolete, though it forms the basis of more recent scripts. C ...

Including:

Carolingian minuscule - Creation Carolingian minuscule - Characteristics Carolingian minuscule - Spread Carolingian minuscule - Role in Cultural Transmission Carolingian minuscule - See Also

Read more here: » Carolingian minuscule: Encyclopedia - Carolingian minuscule

Carolingian minuscule was clear and uniform, with rounded shapes, disciplined and above all, legible. Clear capital letters and spaces between words — norms we take for granted — became standard in Carolingian minuscule, which was one result of a campaign to achieve a culturally unifying standardization across the Carolingian Empire. The value of a standardized hand is vivid to anyone who has tried to read a paragraph printed in Germanic blackletter typeface, a fact that was not lost on the Nazi government in their attempt to crea ...

See also:

Carolingian minuscule, Carolingian minuscule - Creation, Carolingian minuscule - Characteristics, Carolingian minuscule - Spread, Carolingian minuscule - Role in Cultural Transmission, Carolingian minuscule - See Also

Read more here: » Carolingian minuscule: Encyclopedia II - Carolingian minuscule - Characteristics

Benevento - Benevento in antiquity. The site was the chief town of the Samnites, who took refuge here after their defeat by the Roman Republic in 314 BC. It appears not to have fallen into Roman hands until Pyrrhus's absence in Sicily, but served as a base of operations in the last campaign against Pyrrhus, who gave up his campaign in Italy after the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum (275 BC). A Latin colony was planted here in 268 BC, and it was then that the name was changed for the sake of superstition ...

See also:

Benevento, Benevento - History, Benevento - Benevento in antiquity, Benevento - Duchy of Benevento, Benevento - Papal Benevento, Benevento - Sights, Benevento - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Benevento: Encyclopedia II - Benevento - History

Much damage has been done by earthquakes from time to time. The importance of Benevento in classical times is vouched for by the many remains of antiquity which it possesses, of which the most famous is the triumphal arch erected in honour of Trajan by the senate and people of Rome in 114, with important reliefs relating to its history. There are other considerable remains: The well-preserved ancient theatre. A large cryptoporticus 197 ft. long, known as the ruins of Santi Quaranta, and probably an emporiu ...

See also:

Benevento, Benevento - History, Benevento - Benevento in antiquity, Benevento - Duchy of Benevento, Benevento - Papal Benevento, Benevento - Sights, Benevento - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Benevento: Encyclopedia II - Benevento - Sights

The script ultimately developed from Roman Half Uncial and its cursive version, which had given rise to various Continental minuscule scripts, combined with features from the "Insular" scripts that were being used in Irish and English monasteries. Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of the Emperor Charlemagne (hence Carolingian). Charlemagne had a keen interest in learning, according to his biographer Einhard: Temptabat et scribere tabulasque et codicellos ad hoc in lecto sub cervicalibus circumferre ...

See also:

Carolingian minuscule, Carolingian minuscule - Creation, Carolingian minuscule - Characteristics, Carolingian minuscule - Spread, Carolingian minuscule - Role in Cultural Transmission, Carolingian minuscule - See Also

Read more here: » Carolingian minuscule: Encyclopedia II - Carolingian minuscule - Creation

Scholars during the Carolingian renaissance sought out and copied in the new legible standardized hand many Roman texts that had been wholly forgotten. Most of our knowledge of classical literature now derives from copies made in the scriptoria of Charlemagne. There are over 7000 manuscripts written in Carolingian script surviving from the 8th and 9th centuries alone. Though the Carolingian minuscule was superseded by Gothic hands, it later seemed so thoroughly 'classic' to the humanists of the early Renaissance ...

See also:

Carolingian minuscule, Carolingian minuscule - Creation, Carolingian minuscule - Characteristics, Carolingian minuscule - Spread, Carolingian minuscule - Role in Cultural Transmission, Carolingian minuscule - See Also

Read more here: » Carolingian minuscule: Encyclopedia II - Carolingian minuscule - Role in Cultural Transmission

The new script spread through Western Europe most widely where Carolingian influence was strongest. It reached far afield: the 10th century Freising manuscripts, the first Roman-script record of any Slavic language, which contain the oldest Slovene language are written in Carolingian minuscule. In Switzerland, Carolingian was used in the Rhaetian and Alemannic minuscule types. Manuscripts written in Rhaetian minuscule tend to have slender letters, resembling Insular script, with the letters a and t, and ligatures such as ri, showi ...

See also:

Carolingian minuscule, Carolingian minuscule - Creation, Carolingian minuscule - Characteristics, Carolingian minuscule - Spread, Carolingian minuscule - Role in Cultural Transmission, Carolingian minuscule - See Also

Read more here: » Carolingian minuscule: Encyclopedia II - Carolingian minuscule - Spread