Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Ben Sira, (or The Wisdom of Yeshua Ben Sira or merely Sirach), called Ecclesiasticus by Christians, is a book written circa 180–175 BCE. The author, Yeshua ben Sira, was a Jew who had been living in Jerusalem, who may in fact have established his school and written his work in Alexandria (Guillaume). His work was written in Hebrew, nevertheless, and translated into Greek ...

Including:

• Ben Sira - The author
• Ben Sira - Date

Read more here: » Ben Sira: Encyclopedia - Ben Sira

The author is called in the Greek text (l. 27) "Jesus the son of Sirach of Jerusalem." The copy owned by Saadia Gaon had the reading "Shim`on, son of Yeshua`, son of El`azar ben Sira"; and a similar reading occurs in the Hebrew manuscript B. By interchanging the positions of the names "Shim`on" and "Yeshua`," the same reading is obtained as in the other manuscripts. The correctness of the name "Shim`on" is confirmed by the Syriac version, which has "Yeshua`, son of Shim`on, surnamed Bar Asira." The discrepancy between the two readings "Bar A ...

See also:

Ben Sira, Ben Sira - The author, Ben Sira - Date

Read more here: » Ben Sira: Encyclopedia II - Ben Sira - The author

Kabbalah (Hebrew קַבָּלָה "reception", Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah, Kaballah) is an interpretation (exegesis, hermeneutic) key, "soul" of the Torah (Hebrew Bible), or the religious mystical system of Judaism claiming an insight into divine nature. Kabbalah is a doctrine of esoteric knowledge concerning God, God's creation of the universe and the laws of nature, and the path by whic ...

Including:

• Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism
• Kabbalah - Mystic doctrines in Talmudic times
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the early Middle Ages
• Kabbalah - Lurianic Kabbalah in the Middle Ages
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Sefardim and Mizrahim
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Maharal
• Kabbalah - The failure of Sabbatian mysticism
• Kabbalah - Spread of Kabbalah during the 1700s
• Kabbalah - The modern world
• Kabbalah - Primary texts
• Kabbalah - Theodicy: explanation for the existence of evil
• Kabbalah - Kabbalistic understanding of God
• Kabbalah - Sefirot
• Kabbalah - A Greek Orthodox theological view
• Kabbalah - The human soul in Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Foretelling the future
• Kabbalah - Practical applications
• Kabbalah - Textual antiquity of esoteric mysticism
• Kabbalah - Gnosticism and Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Criticisms
• Kabbalah - Dualism
• Kabbalah - Debate about Kabbalah in Judaism
• Kabbalah - Early critiques
• Kabbalah - Within Conservative and Reform Judaism
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah Centre
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah in non-Jewish society
• Kabbalah - Hermetic Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Fictional representations
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah personalities
• Kabbalah - Footnotes

Read more here: » Kabbalah: Encyclopedia - Kabbalah

The Amidah ("Standing"), also called the Shemoneh Esreh ("The Eighteen"), is the central prayer in the Jewish liturgy that observant Jews recite each morning, afternoon, and evening. It is also part of the additional ( Musaf) service, which is held after the morning Torah reading every Shabbat and on Biblical holidays. As the prayer par excellence, it is sometimes designated as simply "Tefillah" (prayer) and consists of a series of blessings, originally 18 in number for daily worship, hence "Shemoneh Esreh." The n ...

Including:

• Amidah - Prayers in the weekday Amidah
• Amidah - Concluding Benedictions
• Amidah - Changes to the Amidah
• Amidah - Ancient changes
• Amidah - Modern changes
• Amidah - Shorter form used on the Sabbath
• Amidah - Mode of prayer
• Amidah - Changes in winter
• Amidah - Linguistic sources
• Amidah - Biblical sources
• Amidah - Apocrypha of Ben Sira
• Amidah - History of the Amidah
• Amidah - Edited by Gamaliel II.

Read more here: » Amidah: Encyclopedia - Amidah

The Alphabet of Ben-Sira (Alphabetum Siracidis, Othijoth ben Sira) is an anonymous medieval text, attributed to Ben Sira (Sirach), the author of Ecclesiastes. It is dated to anywhere between AD 700 and 1000. It is a compilation of two lists of proverbs, 22 in Aramaic and 22 in Hebrew, both arranged as alphabetic acrostics. Each proverb is followed by an Haggadic commentary. The text has been translated into Latin, Yiddish, Judeo-Spanish, French and German. A p ...

Including:

• The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - Aramaic proverbs
• The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - The second Alphabet
• The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - Lilith
• The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - Editions

Read more here: » The Alphabet of Ben-Sira: Encyclopedia - The Alphabet of Ben-Sira

The siddur (plural siddurim) is the prayerbook used by Jews the world over, containing a set order of daily prayers. A separate article, Jewish services, discusses the prayers that appear in the siddur, and when they are said. This entry discusses how some of these prayers evolved, and how the siddur as we know it today has developed. Siddur - History of the siddur. The earliest parts of Jewish prayer are the "Shema Yisrael" (Hear O Israel) (Deuteronomy 6:4 et seq) and the set of 19 blessings ...

Including:

• Siddur - History of the siddur
• Siddur - Creating the siddur
• Siddur - Different Jewish rites
• Siddur - Complete versus weekday siddurim
• Siddur - Variations and additions on holidays
• Siddur - Popular siddurim
• Siddur - Ashkenazi Orthodox
• Siddur - Sephardic
• Siddur - Yemenite Jews - Teimanim
• Siddur - Chabad
• Siddur - Conservative
• Siddur - Reform
• Siddur - Reconstructionist
• Siddur - External link

Read more here: » Siddur: Encyclopedia - Siddur

The two books can be essentially broken down into five parts: The period of Yahweh's rejection of Eli, Samuel's birth, and subsequent judgement (1 Samuel 1:1-7:17) The period of the life of Saul prior to meeting David (1 Samuel 8:1-15:35) The period of Saul's interaction with David (1 Samuel 16:1-2 Samuel 1:27) The period of David's reign and the rebellions he suffers (2 Samuel 2:1-20:22) An appendix of material concerning David in no particular order, and out of s ...

See also:

Books of Samuel, Books of Samuel - The contents of the books, Books of Samuel - Authorship, Books of Samuel - Tribes and peoples, Books of Samuel - In Islam

Read more here: » Books of Samuel: Encyclopedia II - Books of Samuel - The contents of the books

Below are listed many popular siddurim used by religious Jews. Siddur - Ashkenazi Orthodox. Siddur Ha-Shalem (a.k.a. the Birnbaum Siddur) Ed. Philip Birnbaum. The Hebrew Publishing Company. ISBN 0884820548 The Metsudah Siddur: A New Linear Prayer Book Ziontalis. The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth, translation by Rabbi Eli Cashdan (the new version of the "Singer's Prayer Book") The Artscroll Siddur Mesorah Publications. (In a number of versions a ...

See also:

Siddur, Siddur - History of the siddur, Siddur - Creating the siddur, Siddur - Different Jewish rites, Siddur - Complete versus weekday siddurim, Siddur - Variations and additions on holidays, Siddur - Popular siddurim, Siddur - Ashkenazi Orthodox, Siddur - Sephardic, Siddur - Yemenite Jews - Teimanim, Siddur - Chabad, Siddur - Conservative, Siddur - Reform, Siddur - Reconstructionist, Siddur - External link

Read more here: » Siddur: Encyclopedia II - Siddur - Popular siddurim

The twenty-two Hebrew proverbs are quite different in character from the Aramaic ones, and of much younger date. Half of the proverbs are borrowed from the Talmud, and they are only a pretext for the presentation of a number of legends surrounding Ben Sira. Ben Sira is presented as the son of Jeremiah. Ben Sira's fame reached Nebuchadnezzar, who called him to his court. Nebuchadnezzar sets forth various ordeals for Ben Sira, who responds with twenty-two stories. Some of the fables of the collection are indebted to Christian legend, and to the Indian Panchatantra. ...

See also:

The Alphabet of Ben-Sira, The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - Aramaic proverbs, The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - The second Alphabet, The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - Lilith, The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - Editions

Read more here: » The Alphabet of Ben-Sira: Encyclopedia II - The Alphabet of Ben-Sira - The second Alphabet

List of rabbis - Rabbis: 18th Century. Haim Isaac Carigal, rabbi in Newport, Rhode Island in 1773 who became great influence on Reverend Ezra Stiles, and therefore on Yale University Dovber of Mezeritch, (Maggid), 18th century Eastern European mystic, primary disciple of the Baal Shem Tov Elijah ben Solomon, (Gra), 18th century Talmudist and mystic, Lithuanian leader of the Mitnagdim, opponent of Hasidim Jacob Emden, 18th century German Talmu ...

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List of rabbis, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Pre-Mishnaic, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Mishnaic Tannaim, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Talmudic Amoraim, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Middle Ages, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Later Middle Ages, List of rabbis - Rabbis: 18th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Union for Traditional Judaism, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Other rabbis

Read more here: » List of rabbis: Encyclopedia II - List of rabbis - Rabbis: Later Middle Ages

As with 1 Esdras, there is some confusion about the numbering of this book. Some early Latin manuscripts call it 3 Esdras, and Jerome denoted it 4 Esdras. Once Jerome's 1 and 2 Esdras were denoted Ezra and Nehemiah in more recent times, the designation 2 Esdras became the most common. The Russian Orthodox Church, which accords this book canonical status in the Slavonic Bible, calls it 3 Esdras, with Ezra ...

See also:

2 Esdras, 2 Esdras - Naming numbering and language, 2 Esdras - Author and criticism, 2 Esdras - Usage, 2 Esdras - External link

Read more here: » 2 Esdras: Encyclopedia II - 2 Esdras - Naming numbering and language

While the authorship of Judges has traditionally been ascribed to Samuel, the great majority of modern scholars have come to a much more complex conclusion, regarding the work as having hardly any literary unity at all. Many suspect the brief Book of Ruth to have originally been part of the Appendices of Judges, owing to its style, linguistic features and the time period in which its contents are set, it somehow becomin ...

See also:

Book of Judges, Book of Judges - Structure and content, Book of Judges - Authorship, Book of Judges - The introduction, Book of Judges - The main text, Book of Judges - The appendices

Read more here: » Book of Judges: Encyclopedia II - Book of Judges - Authorship

The following analysis may indicate the Biblical passages underlying the Amidah. Amidah - Biblical sources. Benediction No. i.: "Blessed be Thou, our God and the God of our fathers, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" recalls Ex. iii. 15 (comp. Mek., Bo, 16). "The high God," Gen. xiv. 19. God "great, mighty, and awe-inspiring," Deut. x. 17 (comp. Ber. 33b; Soṭah 69b). "Creator of all," Gen. xiv. 19. "Bringing a redeemer," Isa. lix. 20. "Shield of Abraham," Ps. v ...

See also:

Amidah, Amidah - Prayers in the weekday Amidah, Amidah - Concluding Benedictions, Amidah - Changes to the Amidah, Amidah - Ancient changes, Amidah - Modern changes, Amidah - Shorter form used on the Sabbath, Amidah - Mode of prayer, Amidah - Changes in winter, Amidah - Linguistic sources, Amidah - Biblical sources, Amidah - Apocrypha of Ben Sira, Amidah - History of the Amidah, Amidah - Edited by Gamaliel II.

Read more here: » Amidah: Encyclopedia II - Amidah - Linguistic sources

New Testament references show that the earliest Christians used the Psalms in worship, and the Psalms have remained an important part of worship in virtually all Christian Churches. The Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches have always made systematic use of the Psalms, with a cycle for the recitation of all or most of them over the course of one or more weeks. In the early centuries of the Church, it was expected that any candidate for bishop would be able to recite the entire Psalter from memory, something they often learn ...

See also:

Psalms, Psalms - Composition of the Book of Psalms, Psalms - Authorship and ascriptions, Psalms - Sections of the book, Psalms - Use of the Psalms in Jewish ritual, Psalms - The Psalms in Christian worship, Psalms - Eastern Orthodox usage, Psalms - Roman Catholic usage, Psalms - Protestant usage, Psalms - Anglican usage

Read more here: » Psalms: Encyclopedia II - Psalms - The Psalms in Christian worship

According to adherents of Kabbalah, the origin of Kabbalah begins with the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible). When read by a Kabbalist, the Torah's description of the creation in the Book of Genesis reveals mysteries about God's creation of the universe, Adam and Eve, the Garden of Eden, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and a Tree of Life, the interaction of these creations with the Serpent which leads to disaster when they ...

See also:

Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism, Kabbalah - Mystic doctrines in Talmudic times, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the early Middle Ages, Kabbalah - Lurianic Kabbalah in the Middle Ages, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Sefardim and Mizrahim, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Maharal, Kabbalah - The failure of Sabbatian mysticism, Kabbalah - Spread of Kabbalah during the 1700s, Kabbalah - The modern world, Kabbalah - Primary texts, Kabbalah - Theodicy: explanation for the existence of evil, Kabbalah - Kabbalistic understanding of God, Kabbalah - Sefirot, Kabbalah - A Greek Orthodox theological view, Kabbalah - The human soul in Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Foretelling the future, Kabbalah - Practical applications, Kabbalah - Textual antiquity of esoteric mysticism, Kabbalah - Gnosticism and Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Criticisms, Kabbalah - Dualism, Kabbalah - Debate about Kabbalah in Judaism, Kabbalah - Early critiques, Kabbalah - Within Conservative and Reform Judaism, Kabbalah - Kabbalah Centre, Kabbalah - Kabbalah in non-Jewish society, Kabbalah - Hermetic Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Fictional representations, Kabbalah - Kabbalah personalities, Kabbalah - Footnotes

Read more here: » Kabbalah: Encyclopedia II - Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism

List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 19th Century. Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, (Netziv ; Ha'emek Davar) 19th century head of Volozhin yeshiva in Lithuania Zvi Hirsch Chajes (Maharatz Chayes) Galician talmudic scholar Yechiel Michel Epstein, (Aruch ha-Shulchan) 19th-20th century halakhist and posek (decisor) Jacob Ettlinger, 19th century German scholar and opponent of Reform Jacob of Lissa Galician Halakhist Azriel Hildesheimer, ...

See also:

List of rabbis, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Pre-Mishnaic, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Mishnaic Tannaim, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Talmudic Amoraim, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Middle Ages, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Later Middle Ages, List of rabbis - Rabbis: 18th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Union for Traditional Judaism, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Other rabbis

Read more here: » List of rabbis: Encyclopedia II - List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis

List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 19th Century. Zecharias Frankel, 19th century critical historian, founder of the Positive historical school, the progenitor to Judaism Conservative. Nachman Krochmal, 19th century Austrian philosopher and historian List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 20th Century. Louis Finkelstein, 20th century Conservative Talmud scholar Louis Ginzberg, 20th century American Conservative Talmud scholar Rober ...

See also:

List of rabbis, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Pre-Mishnaic, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Mishnaic Tannaim, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Talmudic Amoraim, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Middle Ages, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Later Middle Ages, List of rabbis - Rabbis: 18th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Union for Traditional Judaism, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Other rabbis

Read more here: » List of rabbis: Encyclopedia II - List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis

Academics treat the text of Judges as having three distinct sections: The Introduction (1:1-3:10 and 3:12) giving a summary of the book of Joshua The Main Text (3:11-16:31), discussing the five Great Judges, Abimelech, and providing glosses for a few minor Judges The Appendices (17:1-21:25), giving two stories set in the time of the Judges, but not discussing the Judges ...

See also:

Book of Judges, Book of Judges - Structure and content, Book of Judges - Authorship, Book of Judges - The introduction, Book of Judges - The main text, Book of Judges - The appendices

Read more here: » Book of Judges: Encyclopedia II - Book of Judges - Structure and content

List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 19th Century. Samuel Adler, 19th century German-American rabbi of Temple Emanu-El Emil Hirsch, 19th century American Reform rabbi and scholar Samuel Hirsch, 19th century German-American philosopher of the Reform Movement Abraham Geiger, 19th century German Reform ideologist Samuel Holdheim, 19th century German rabbi and founder of classic German Reform Judaism ...

See also:

List of rabbis, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Pre-Mishnaic, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Mishnaic Tannaim, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Talmudic Amoraim, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Middle Ages, List of rabbis - Rabbis: Later Middle Ages, List of rabbis - Rabbis: 18th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Orthodox rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Conservative rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Union for Traditional Judaism, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 19th Century, List of rabbis - Reform rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis: 20th Century, List of rabbis - Reconstructionist rabbis: Contemporary, List of rabbis - Other rabbis

Read more here: » List of rabbis: Encyclopedia II - List of rabbis - Reform rabbis

The main body of the book appears to be written for consolation in a period of great distress (most likely Titus' destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70). The author seeks answers, similar to Job's quest for understanding the meaning of suffering. Critics question whether even the main body of the book, not counting the chapters that exist only in the Latin version, has a single author. Kalisch, De Faye, and Charles hold that no less than five people worked on the text. However, Gunkel points to the unity in character and holds tha ...

See also:

2 Esdras, 2 Esdras - Naming numbering and language, 2 Esdras - Author and criticism, 2 Esdras - Usage, 2 Esdras - External link

Read more here: » 2 Esdras: Encyclopedia II - 2 Esdras - Author and criticism