Bell Labs

Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc., also known as Bell Labs and AT&T Bell Laboratories, was the research and development arm of the US Bell System. It was the premier facility of its type, developing a range of revolutionary technologies including the transistor, Laser, and the UNIX operating system. There have been 6 Nobel Prizes awarded for work done at Bell Labs [1]. Bell Labs - History. In 1925, Walter Gifford, then president of AT&T, established Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc as a ...

Including:

• Bell Labs - History
• Bell Labs - Basis
• Bell Labs - Calculators built by Bell Labs

Read more here: » Bell Labs: Encyclopedia - Bell Labs

In 1925, Walter Gifford, then president of AT&T, established Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc as a separate entity which took over work previously conducted by the research division of Western Electric's engineering department. Half of Bell Labs was owned by Western Electric, the other half being owned by AT&T. Discoveries and inventions at Bell Labs include: 1925: Facsimile (fax) transmission first demonstrated publicly 1927: Long-distance television transmission, of images of Herbert Hoover, from Washing ...

See also:

Bell Labs, Bell Labs - History, Bell Labs - Basis, Bell Labs - Calculators built by Bell Labs

Read more here: » Bell Labs: Encyclopedia II - Bell Labs - History

C++ (pronounced "see plus plus", IPA: /siː plʌs plʌs/) is a general-purpose computer programming language. It is a statically typed free-form multi-paradigm language supporting procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and generic programming. Since the 1990s, C++ has been one of the most popular commercial programming languages. Bell Labs' Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ (originally named "C with Classes") in 1983 as an enhancement to ...

Including:

• C++ - History
• C++ - Future development
• C++ - The name C++
• C++ - Philosophy
• C++ - Syntax
• C++ - Features introduced in C++
• C++ - Sample code
• C++ - Objects
• C++ - Standard Library
• C++ - Incompatibility with C

Read more here: » C++: Encyclopedia - C++

Bash is a Unix command shell written for the GNU project. Its name is an acronym for Bourne-again shell —a pun on the Bourne shell (sh), which was an early, important Unix shell. The Bourne shell was the shell distributed with Version 7 Unix, circa 1978. The original Bourne shell was written by Stephen Bourne, then a researcher at Bell Labs. The Bash shell was written in 1987 by Brian Fox. In 1990, Chet Ramey became the primary maintainer. Bash is the default shell on most Linux systems as well as on Mac ...

Including:

• Bash - Bash syntax highlights
• Bash - Integer mathematics
• Bash - I/O redirection
• Bash - In-process regular expressions
• Bash - Backslash escapes
• Bash - Bash startup scripts

Read more here: » Bash: Encyclopedia - Bash

B was the name of a programming language developed at Bell Labs. It is almost extinct, as it was replaced by the C language. It was mostly the work of Ken Thompson with contributions from Dennis Ritchie, and first appeared in 1969 or thereabouts. It was essentially the BCPL system stripped of any component that Thompson felt he could do without, in order to make it fit within the memory capacity of the minicomputers of the time. The language also included some changes made to suit Thompson's preferences (mostly along the lines of reducing t ...

Including:

• B programming language - Example

Read more here: » B programming language: Encyclopedia - B programming language

The Bell System was a trademark and service mark used by the US telecommunications company American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and its affiliated companies to co-brand their extensive circuit-switched telephone network and their affiliations with each other. Bell System - History. The Bell trademark (pictured right) used by both the AT&T corporation and the regional operating corporations from 1921 to 1939 to co-brand themselves under a single Bell System trademark would have the regio ...

Including:

• Bell System - History
• Bell System - Present-day usage of the Bell name
• Bell System - Subsidiaries
• Bell System - Operating Company logos

Read more here: » Bell System: Encyclopedia - Bell System

Bubble memory is a type of computer memory that uses a thin film of a magnetic material to hold small magnetized areas, known as bubbles, which each store one bit of data. Bubble memory was a very promising technology in the 1970s, but flopped commercially when hard disks proliferated in the 1980s. Bubble memory - Prehistory: Twistor memory. Bubble memory is largely the brainchild of a single person, Andrew Bobeck. Bobeck had worked on all sorts of magnetics related projects through the 1960s, and tw ...

Including:

• Bubble memory - Prehistory: Twistor memory
• Bubble memory - Magnetic bubbles
• Bubble memory - Features and applications

Read more here: » Bubble memory: Encyclopedia - Bubble memory

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is the Unix derivative distributed by the University of California, Berkeley starting in the 1970s. The name is also used collectively for the modern descendants of these distributions. BSD was widely identified with the versions of Unix available for workstation-class systems. This can be attributed to the ease with which it could be licensed and the familiarity it found among the founders of many technology companies during the 1980s. This fami ...

Including:

• Berkeley Software Distribution - History
• Berkeley Software Distribution - PDP-11 beginnings
• Berkeley Software Distribution - VAX versions
• Berkeley Software Distribution - 4.3BSD
• Berkeley Software Distribution - Net/2 and legal troubles
• Berkeley Software Distribution - 4.4BSD and descendants
• Berkeley Software Distribution - Technology
• Berkeley Software Distribution - Open source BSD derivatives
• Berkeley Software Distribution - Structure
• Berkeley Software Distribution - BSD descendants

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Bruce Schneier (born January 15, 1963) is an American cryptographer, computer security specialist, and writer. He is the author of several books on computer security and cryptography, and is the founder and chief technology officer of Counterpane Internet Security[1]. Originally from New York, Schneier currently lives in Minneapolis, Minnesota with his wife Karen Cooper. Schneier has a Master's in computer science degree from American University and a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from the University of Rochester. Before Counterpane, he worked at the Un ...

Including:

• Bruce Schneier - Publications
• Bruce Schneier - RSS Feed

Read more here: » Bruce Schneier: Encyclopedia - Bruce Schneier

Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 The binary numeral system represents numeric values using two symbols, typically 0 and 1. More specifically, binary is a positional notation with a radix of two. Owing to its relatively straightforward implementation in electronic circuitry, the binary system is used internally by virtually all modern computers. Binary numeral system - History. The ancient Indian ...

Including:

• Binary numeral system - History
• Binary numeral system - Representation
• Binary numeral system - Counting in binary
• Binary numeral system - Binary Simplified
• Binary numeral system - Binary arithmetic
• Binary numeral system - Addition
• Binary numeral system - Subtraction
• Binary numeral system - Multiplication
• Binary numeral system - Division
• Binary numeral system - Bitwise logical operations
• Binary numeral system - Conversion to and from other numeral systems
• Binary numeral system - Decimal
• Binary numeral system - Hexadecimal
• Binary numeral system - Octal
• Binary numeral system - Representing real numbers
• Binary numeral system - Binary humor

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Arno Allan Penzias (born April 26, 1933) is an American physicist and winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize in physics. He was born in Munich, Germany. Aged six he fled to Britain as part of the Kindertransport. Six months later his parents also left Germany, and the family moved to the garment district of New York City in 1940. In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He received a bachelor's degree from the City College of New York in 1954. From Columbia University, he re ...

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Alec Reeves (10 March 1902 - 13 October 1971) was a British scientist best known for his invention of pulse-code modulation (PCM). Reeves was born in Redhill, Surrey. His father Edward was surveyor to the Royal Geographical Society. Alec studied engineering at Imperial College London and in 1923 joined International Western Electric, a leading manufacturer of radio and telecommunications equipment. In 1925, the firm was taken over by Sosthenes Behn's International Telephone and Telegraph Company (ITT) and Reeves went to ...

Including:

• Alec Reeves - Invention of pulse code modulation
• Alec Reeves - Work on radio navigation
• Alec Reeves - Work on communications systems

Read more here: » Alec Reeves: Encyclopedia - Alec Reeves

AT&T Inc. NYSE: T, based in San Antonio, Texas, is the largest provider of both local long distance telephone services and wireless service (through its Cingular joint venture with BellSouth) in the United States. The modern company was formed by SBC Communications' purchase of its former parent company, AT&T Corp., in 2005. As a part of the merger, SBC shed its name and took on the iconic AT&T moniker (originally American Telephone and Telegraph) and the famed T stock-trading symbol (for "Telephone"). ...

Including:

• AT&T - History
• AT&T - AT&T Corporation
• AT&T - SBC Communications
• AT&T - Creation of AT&T Inc.
• AT&T - Bell Operating Companies
• AT&T - Corporate Governance
• AT&T - Places/Events named after SBC/AT&T
• AT&T - AT&T's competitors

Read more here: » AT&T: Encyclopedia - AT&T

The Alef programming language was designed by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs as part of the Plan 9 operating system. In a February 2000 slideshow, Rob Pike noted: "…although Alef was a fruitful language, it proved too difficult to maintain a variant language across multiple architectures, so we took what we learned from it and built the thread library for C." ...

Read more here: » Alef programming language: Encyclopedia - Alef programming language

Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-American-Canadian scientist and inventor. He was, until recently, widely considered to be the inventor of the telephone, although this matter has become controversial, with a number of people claiming that Antonio Meucci was the 'real' inventor and others holding out for Elisha Gray, the founder of the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. In addition to his work in telecommunications technology, he was responsible for important advances in aviation and hydrofoi ...

Including:

• Alexander Graham Bell - Biography
• Alexander Graham Bell - The photophone
• Alexander Graham Bell - Metal detector
• Alexander Graham Bell - Experimental aircraft
• Alexander Graham Bell - The hydrofoil
• Alexander Graham Bell - Eugenics

Read more here: » Alexander Graham Bell: Encyclopedia - Alexander Graham Bell

Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (born December 16, 1917) is a British author and inventor, most famous for his science-fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, and for collaborating with director Stanley Kubrick on the film of the same name. Clarke is considered one of the Big Three of science fiction, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Isaac Asimov. 2001: A Space Odyssey was written concurrently with the film version by Stanley Kubrick. It was loosely inspired by Clarke's short story "The Sentinel", but became its own novel ...

Including:

• Arthur C. Clarke - Biography
• Arthur C. Clarke - Bibliography
• Arthur C. Clarke - Themes style and influence
• Arthur C. Clarke - The adapted screenplays of Arthur C. Clarke
• Arthur C. Clarke - 2001: A Space Odyssey
• Arthur C. Clarke - 2010: The Year We Make Contact
• Arthur C. Clarke - Rendezvous with Rama
• Arthur C. Clarke - Essays and short stories

Read more here: » Arthur C. Clarke: Encyclopedia - Arthur C. Clarke

Arthur Leonard Schawlow (May 5, 1921-April 28, 1999) was an American physicist. His mother, Helen Mason, was from Canada and his father, Arthur Schawlow, was an immigrant from Latvia. When Arthur was three years old, they moved to Toronto, Canada. At the age of 16 he completed high school and received a scholarship in science at the University of Toronto. After earning his undergraduate degree Schawlow continued in graduate school at the University of Toronto which was interrupted due to World War II. At the end of the war he b ...

Including:

• Arthur Leonard Schawlow - External link

Read more here: » Arthur Leonard Schawlow: Encyclopedia - Arthur Leonard Schawlow

The C programming language is a standardized imperative computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use on the Unix operating system. It has since spread to many other operating systems, and is one of the most widely used programming languages. C is prized for its efficiency, and is the most popular programming language for writing system software, though it is also used for writing applications. It is also commonly used in computer science education, despite not being designed for novices. Including:

• C programming language - Features
• C programming language - Overview
• C programming language - hello world example
• C programming language - Types
• C programming language - Unification of arrays and pointers
• C programming language - Data storages
• C programming language - Syntax
• C programming language - Criticism
• C programming language - Memory allocation
• C programming language - Pointers
• C programming language - Arrays
• C programming language - Variadic functions
• C programming language - Syntax
• C programming language - Maintenance problems
• C programming language - Compiler-external static-checking tools
• C programming language - History
• C programming language - Early developments
• C programming language - K&R C
• C programming language - ANSI C and ISO C
• C programming language - C99
• C programming language - Relation to C++
• C programming language - Intermediate language

Read more here: » C programming language: Encyclopedia - C programming language

In physics, wave-particle duality holds that light and matter can exhibit properties of both waves and of particles. It is a central concept of quantum mechanics. The idea is rooted in a debate over the nature of light and matter dating back to the 1600s, when competing theories of light were proposed by Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton. Through the work of Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie and many others, it is now established that small objects, such as atoms, have both wave and particle nature, and that quantum mechanics provi ...

Including:

• Wave-particle duality - History
• Wave-particle duality - Huygens and Newton; Earliest theories of light
• Wave-particle duality - Fresnel Maxwell and Young
• Wave-particle duality - Einstein and photons
• Wave-particle duality - De Broglie
• Wave-particle duality - Wave nature of large objects
• Wave-particle duality - Theoretical review
• Wave-particle duality - Applications

Read more here: » Wave-particle duality: Encyclopedia - Wave-particle duality

The Colossus machines were early computing devices used by British codebreakers to read encrypted German messages during World War II. Colossus was an early electronic digital computer. Colossus was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill. The prototype, Colossus Mark I, was operational at Bletchley Park in February 1944. An improved Colossus Mark II was first installed in June 1944, and ...

Including:

• Colossus computer - Purpose and origins
• Colossus computer - The construction of Colossus
• Colossus computer - Design and operation
• Colossus computer - Influence and fate
• Colossus computer - Reconstruction
• Colossus computer - Other meanings

Read more here: » Colossus computer: Encyclopedia - Colossus computer