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Beaker culture | A Wisdom Archive on Beaker culture | | Beaker culture A selection of articles related to Beaker culture | |
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Beaker culture
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Beaker culture | | | |  Beaker culture: Encyclopedia - Beaker cultureThe Beaker culture (also Bell-Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk, German Glockenbecherkultur), ca. 2600 — 1900 BC, is the term for a widely but spottily scattered archaeological culture of prehistoric western Europe starting in the late Neolithic (stone age) running into the early bronze age.
Beaker culture - Extent.
Its remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding the central massif), Great Britain and Ireland, the Low Countries, and Ger ...
Including:
Read more here: » Beaker culture: Encyclopedia - Beaker culture |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Beaker culture - Interpretation Given the unusual form and fabric of Beaker pottery, and its abrupt appearance in the archaeological record, the traditional explanation for the Beaker culture has been to interpret it as a diffusion of one group of people across Europe. During the early twentieth century, Beaker pottery was seen as one element of a people who, through repeated waves of invasion, brought with them metal-working, crouched burials and round barrows, replacing an earlier Neolithic race of Europeans. Vere Gordon Childe wrote of the Beaker culture as:
See also:Beaker culture, Beaker culture - Extent, Beaker culture - Pottery, Beaker culture - Origin, Beaker culture - Interpretation, Beaker culture - Sources Read more here: » Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Beaker culture - Interpretation |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Material culture
Urnfield - Pottery.
The pottery is normally well made, with a smooth surface and a normally sharply carinated profile. Some forms are thought to imitate metal prototypes. Biconical pots with cylindrical necks are especially characteristic. There is some incised decoration, but a large part of the surface was normally left plain. Fluted decoration is common. In the Swiss pile dwellings, the incised decoration was sometimes inlaid with tin foil. Pottery kilns were already known (Elchinger Kreuz, Bavaria), as is ind ...
See also:Urnfield, Urnfield - Chronology, Urnfield - Origin, Urnfield - Distribution and local groups, Urnfield - Burial, Urnfield - Construction of the graves, Urnfield - Grave gifts, Urnfield - Upper-class burials, Urnfield - Material culture, Urnfield - Pottery, Urnfield - Tools, Urnfield - Weapons, Urnfield - Chariots, Urnfield - Iron, Urnfield - Settlements, Urnfield - Open settlements, Urnfield - Pile dwellings, Urnfield - Fortified settlements, Urnfield - Hoards, Urnfield - Cult, Urnfield - Economy, Urnfield - Ethnic ascription, Urnfield - Migrations, Urnfield - Related cultures, Urnfield - Sites, Urnfield - Sources Read more here: » Urnfield: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Material culture |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Chronology In some areas like south-western Germany, the date is taken as 1200 BC (beginning of Ha A), but the Bronze D Riegsee-phase already contains cremations. As the change between the middle bronze age and the urnfield culture was gradual, this is a matter of definition. The Urnfield culture covers the phases Hallstatt A and B (Ha A and B) in Paul Reinecke's chronological system, not to be confused with the Hallstatt culture (Ha C and D) of the following Iron Age. This corresponds to the Phases Montelius III-IV in the North. Whether Reinecke's Bro ...
See also:Urnfield, Urnfield - Chronology, Urnfield - Origin, Urnfield - Distribution and local groups, Urnfield - Burial, Urnfield - Construction of the graves, Urnfield - Grave gifts, Urnfield - Upper-class burials, Urnfield - Material culture, Urnfield - Pottery, Urnfield - Tools, Urnfield - Weapons, Urnfield - Chariots, Urnfield - Iron, Urnfield - Settlements, Urnfield - Open settlements, Urnfield - Pile dwellings, Urnfield - Fortified settlements, Urnfield - Hoards, Urnfield - Cult, Urnfield - Economy, Urnfield - Ethnic ascription, Urnfield - Migrations, Urnfield - Related cultures, Urnfield - Sites, Urnfield - Sources Read more here: » Urnfield: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Chronology |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Distribution and local groups The Urnfield culture is found from western Hungary to eastern France, from the Alps almost to the coast of the North Sea. Local groups, mainly differentiated by pottery, include:
Knovíz-culture in western and Northern Bohemia, southern Thuringia and North-eastern Bavaria
Milavce-culture in southeastern Bohemia
Velatice-Baierdorf in Moravia and Austria
?aka in western Slovakia
Northeast-Bavarian Group, divided into a lower Bavarian and an upper Palatinate group
Unstrut group in Thuringia, a mixture between Kno ...
See also:Urnfield, Urnfield - Chronology, Urnfield - Origin, Urnfield - Distribution and local groups, Urnfield - Burial, Urnfield - Construction of the graves, Urnfield - Grave gifts, Urnfield - Upper-class burials, Urnfield - Material culture, Urnfield - Pottery, Urnfield - Tools, Urnfield - Weapons, Urnfield - Chariots, Urnfield - Iron, Urnfield - Settlements, Urnfield - Open settlements, Urnfield - Pile dwellings, Urnfield - Fortified settlements, Urnfield - Hoards, Urnfield - Cult, Urnfield - Economy, Urnfield - Ethnic ascription, Urnfield - Migrations, Urnfield - Related cultures, Urnfield - Sites, Urnfield - Sources Read more here: » Urnfield: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Distribution and local groups |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Burial In the tumulus-period, multiple inhumations under barrows were common, at least for the upper levels of society. In the Urnfield period, inhumation and burial in single graves prevails, though some barrows exist.
In the earliest phases of the Urnfield period, man-shaped graves were dug, sometimes provided with a stone lined floor, in which the cremated remains of the deceased were spread. Only later, burial in urns became prevalent. Some scholars speculate that this may have marked a fundamental shift in people's beliefs or ...
See also:Urnfield, Urnfield - Chronology, Urnfield - Origin, Urnfield - Distribution and local groups, Urnfield - Burial, Urnfield - Construction of the graves, Urnfield - Grave gifts, Urnfield - Upper-class burials, Urnfield - Material culture, Urnfield - Pottery, Urnfield - Tools, Urnfield - Weapons, Urnfield - Chariots, Urnfield - Iron, Urnfield - Settlements, Urnfield - Open settlements, Urnfield - Pile dwellings, Urnfield - Fortified settlements, Urnfield - Hoards, Urnfield - Cult, Urnfield - Economy, Urnfield - Ethnic ascription, Urnfield - Migrations, Urnfield - Related cultures, Urnfield - Sites, Urnfield - Sources Read more here: » Urnfield: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Burial |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Migrations The numerous hoards of the Urnfield culture and the existence of fortified settlements (hill forts) were taken as evidence for widespread warfare and upheaval by some scholars. As there are a number of collapses in the Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia and the Levant as well
Israelite exodus from Egypt ca. 1250 BC
end of the Mycenean culture with a conventional date of ca. 1200 BC
destruction of Troy VI ca. 1200 BC
Battles of Ramses III against the Sea Peoples, 1195-1190 BC
end of the Hittite empire 1180 BC
settlement of the Phil ...
See also:Urnfield, Urnfield - Chronology, Urnfield - Origin, Urnfield - Distribution and local groups, Urnfield - Burial, Urnfield - Construction of the graves, Urnfield - Grave gifts, Urnfield - Upper-class burials, Urnfield - Material culture, Urnfield - Pottery, Urnfield - Tools, Urnfield - Weapons, Urnfield - Chariots, Urnfield - Iron, Urnfield - Settlements, Urnfield - Open settlements, Urnfield - Pile dwellings, Urnfield - Fortified settlements, Urnfield - Hoards, Urnfield - Cult, Urnfield - Economy, Urnfield - Ethnic ascription, Urnfield - Migrations, Urnfield - Related cultures, Urnfield - Sites, Urnfield - Sources Read more here: » Urnfield: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Migrations |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Economy Cattle, pigs, sheep and goats were kept, as well as horses and dogs, and maybe geese. The cattle was rather small, with a height of 1,20m at the withers. Horses were not much bigger with a mean of 1,25m.
Forest-clearance was intensive in the Urnfield period. Probably open meadows were created for the first time, as shown by pollen-analysis. This led to increased erosion and sediment-load of the rivers.
Wheat and barley were cultivated, together with pulses and the horse-bean. Poppy-seeds were used for oil or as a drug. Millet a ...
See also:Urnfield, Urnfield - Chronology, Urnfield - Origin, Urnfield - Distribution and local groups, Urnfield - Burial, Urnfield - Construction of the graves, Urnfield - Grave gifts, Urnfield - Upper-class burials, Urnfield - Material culture, Urnfield - Pottery, Urnfield - Tools, Urnfield - Weapons, Urnfield - Chariots, Urnfield - Iron, Urnfield - Settlements, Urnfield - Open settlements, Urnfield - Pile dwellings, Urnfield - Fortified settlements, Urnfield - Hoards, Urnfield - Cult, Urnfield - Economy, Urnfield - Ethnic ascription, Urnfield - Migrations, Urnfield - Related cultures, Urnfield - Sites, Urnfield - Sources Read more here: » Urnfield: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Economy |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Cult The Kyffhäuser caves Thuringia contain headless skeletons and split human and animal bones that have been interpreted as sacrifices. Other deposits include grain, knotted vegetable fibres and hair and bronze objects (axes, pendants and pins). The Ith-caves (Niedersachsen) have yielded comparative material.
In the Knovíz-culture, human bones with cut-marks and traces of burning have been found in settlement pits. They have been interpreted as evidence for cannibalism. As these bones form a large part of the burials known this may hav ...
See also:Urnfield, Urnfield - Chronology, Urnfield - Origin, Urnfield - Distribution and local groups, Urnfield - Burial, Urnfield - Construction of the graves, Urnfield - Grave gifts, Urnfield - Upper-class burials, Urnfield - Material culture, Urnfield - Pottery, Urnfield - Tools, Urnfield - Weapons, Urnfield - Chariots, Urnfield - Iron, Urnfield - Settlements, Urnfield - Open settlements, Urnfield - Pile dwellings, Urnfield - Fortified settlements, Urnfield - Hoards, Urnfield - Cult, Urnfield - Economy, Urnfield - Ethnic ascription, Urnfield - Migrations, Urnfield - Related cultures, Urnfield - Sites, Urnfield - Sources Read more here: » Urnfield: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Cult |
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| | | | Beaker culture: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Related cultures The eastern European Lusatian culture forms part of the urnfield tradition, but continues into the Iron age without a notable break.
The Piliny culture in northern Hungary and Slovakia grew from the tumulus culture, but used urn burials as well. The pottery shows strong links to the Gáva-culture, but in the later phases, a strong influence of the Lusatian culture is found. Urnfields are found in the French Languedoc and Catalonia from the 9th to 8th centuries. The change in burial custom was most prob ...
See also:Urnfield, Urnfield - Chronology, Urnfield - Origin, Urnfield - Distribution and local groups, Urnfield - Burial, Urnfield - Construction of the graves, Urnfield - Grave gifts, Urnfield - Upper-class burials, Urnfield - Material culture, Urnfield - Pottery, Urnfield - Tools, Urnfield - Weapons, Urnfield - Chariots, Urnfield - Iron, Urnfield - Settlements, Urnfield - Open settlements, Urnfield - Pile dwellings, Urnfield - Fortified settlements, Urnfield - Hoards, Urnfield - Cult, Urnfield - Economy, Urnfield - Ethnic ascription, Urnfield - Migrations, Urnfield - Related cultures, Urnfield - Sites, Urnfield - Sources Read more here: » Urnfield: Encyclopedia II - Urnfield - Related cultures |
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