Alum, in chemistry, is a term given to the crystallized double sulfates of the typical formula M+2SO4·M3+2(SO4)3·24H2O, where M+ is the sign of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or caesium), and M3+ denotes one of the trivalent metals (typically aluminium, chromium, or iron (III)). The ammonium ion (NH4+) also occurs in the M+ position. These salts are employed in ...

Including:

Alum - Alchemical and later discoveries and uses Alum - Pliny's writings Alum - Alum from alunite Alum - Alum from clays or bauxite Alum - Types of alum
Alum - Soda alum Alum - Chrome alum Alum - Ammonium alum Alum - Alum solubility
Alum - Uses

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Rainforest - Characteristics Rainforest - Trees Rainforest - The canopy Rainforest - The rainforest as a source of drugs Rainforest - Degradation of the rainforests Rainforest - Bibliography

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Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 mm (about 100 inches or 200 centimetres) and 1700 mm (about 67 inches). The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients. Rain forests are home to two-thirds of all the living animal and plant species on the planet. It has been estimated that many hundreds of millions of new species of plants, insects, and microorganisms are still undiscovered and as yet unnamed by science. Tropical rain ...

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Rainforest, Rainforest - Characteristics, Rainforest - Trees, Rainforest - The canopy, Rainforest - The rainforest as a source of drugs, Rainforest - Degradation of the rainforests, Rainforest - Bibliography

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Vanadium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol V and atomic number 23. A rare, soft and ductile element, vanadium is found combined in certain minerals and is used mainly to produce certain alloys. Vanadium - Notable characteristics. Vanadium is a soft and ductile, gray-white metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K. Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, ...

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Vanadium - Notable characteristics Vanadium - Applications Vanadium - History Vanadium - Biological role Vanadium - Occurrence Vanadium - Isolation Vanadium - Compounds Vanadium - Isotopes Vanadium - Precautions

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Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local amenity. A subfocus in recent decades has been to reduce waste materials' effect on the environment and to recover resources from them. Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous wastes, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urb ...

Including:

Waste management - Waste management concepts
Waste management - The waste hierarchy Waste management - Source reduction and toxics use reduction Waste management - Extended producer responsibility
Waste management - Waste management techniques
Waste management - Landfill Waste management - Incineration
Waste management - Volume reduction
Waste management - Compaction Waste management - Shearing Waste management - Grinding
Waste management - Resource recovery techniques
Waste management - Recycling Waste management - Composting and digestion Waste management - Incineration pyrolysis and gasification

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Cryolite (Na3AlF6, sodium aluminium fluoride) is an uncommon mineral of very limited natural distribution. It is mostly identified with the once large deposit at Ivigtût on the west coast of Greenland. It was historically used as an ore of aluminium and later in the electroytic processing of the aluminium rich oxide ore, bauxite, which is a combination of aluminium oxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore. The difficulty of removing aluminium from oxygen in the oxide ores was overcome by the ...

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Aluminium foil (Aluminum foil in North American English) is aluminium prepared in thin sheets (on the order of 0.02 mm in thickness). As a result of this, the foil is extremely pliable, and can be bent or wrapped around objects with ease. Aluminium foil is sometimes known as al-foil or alu-foil. It is also often called tinfoil, although it is not made from tin; or in North America, as Reynolds wrap after Reynolds Metals Company, the leading manufacturer when it was introduced on the American market (Much to the chagrin of Alcoa, Reynolds main competitor, which had its brand ...

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Aluminium foil - Aluminium foil in popular culture

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Arkansas and Missouri Railroad (AAR reporting mark AM) is a short-line railroad headquartered in Springdale, Arkansas. AM operates 139.5 miles of line from Fort Smith, Arkansas to Monnett, Missouri. ALM interchanges with Kansas City Southern at Fort Smith, with Union Pacific at Van Buren, Arkansas and with Burlington Northern Santa Fe at Monnett. AM also leases 3.2 miles of track (locally known as "the Bottoms") from Union Pacific at Van Buren, and provides ...

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Queensland is a state of Australia, in the north-east of the country. It is the second largest state by area and the third largest state by population. Queensland is also Australia's most decentralised state: The capital and largest city is Brisbane, but others regional centres include the Gold Coast (the state's second largest city, the seventh largest city in the country, and a major tourism destination), Townsville, Rockhampton, Mackay, Cairns, Toowoomba, and Mount Isa. Queensland is often nicknamed the Sunshine State, since it enjoys warm weather and ...

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Queensland - Geography Queensland - Demographics
Queensland - Population Queensland - Religion
Queensland - Economy Queensland - Government
Queensland - Constitution Queensland - Policing
Queensland - History Queensland - Colleges and universities Queensland - Towns and settlements

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Aluminium or aluminum (Symbol Al) (see the spelling section below) is a silvery and ductile member of the poor metal group of chemical elements. Its atomic number is 13. Aluminium is found primarily as the ore bauxite and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation (due to the phenomenon of passivation), its strength, and its light weight. Aluminium is used in many industries to make millions of different products and is very important to the world economy. Structural components made from aluminium are vital to the aer ...

Including:

Aluminium - Properties Aluminium - Applications
Aluminium - Engineering use
Aluminium - History Aluminium - Natural occurrence Aluminium - Isotopes
Aluminium - Clusters
Aluminium - Precautions Aluminium - Spelling
Aluminium - Etymology / Nomenclature history Aluminium - Present day spelling
Aluminium - Chemistry
Aluminium - Oxidation state 1 Aluminium - Oxidation state 2 Aluminium - Oxidation state 3
Aluminium - Aluminium in popular culture

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 • Summer (DST) not observed (UTC) Darwin is the territorial capital and most populous city of the Northern Territory. It is a city of 109,478 (est. June 2004) people on Australia's far north-western coastline. Darwin has a tropical climate, and is subjected to tropical thunderstorms and cyclones; the first recorded cyclone to hit Darwin was the 1867 cyclone, and much of the city was destroyed by Cyclone Tracy in 1974. It is also the only Australian capital city to have come under substantial attack du ...

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Darwin Northern Territory - History Darwin Northern Territory - Geography and climate Darwin Northern Territory - Government Darwin Northern Territory - Economy Darwin Northern Territory - Education Darwin Northern Territory - Culture
Darwin Northern Territory - Media Darwin Northern Territory - Sports
Darwin Northern Territory - Sister cities

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Amapá is one of the states of Brazil, located in the extreme north, bordering French Guiana in the north. In the east is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south and west is the Brazilian state Pará. Amapá - Geography. Amapá is located at the mouth of the Amazon River, and is mostly covered with rainforest. The interior features a number of low hills that constitute the extreme eastern end of the Guiana Highlands. The state is currently a great producer and exporter of iron, bauxite, and other ores.< ...

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Amapá - Geography Amapá - History Amapá - Flag

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Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is an important ore of aluminium and is one of three minerals that make up the rock bauxite. Bauxite is often thought of as a mineral but is really a rock composed of aluminium oxide and hydroxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite (AlO(OH)), and diaspore (HAlO2), as well as clays, silt, and iron oxides and hydroxides. Bauxite is a laterite, a rock formed from intense weathering environments such as foun ...

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The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe a region of south-eastern Europe. The region has a combined area of 728,000 km² and a population of around 53 million. The region takes its name from the Balkan mountains which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia. Balkans - Definitions and boundaries. Balkans - Balkan Peninsula. The Balkans are sometimes referred to as the "Balkan Peninsula" as they are surrounded by ...

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Balkans - Definitions and boundaries
Balkans - Balkan Peninsula Balkans - The Balkans Balkans - Etymology and evolving meaning Balkans - Southeastern Europe Balkans - Ambiguities and controversies Balkans - Current common definition Balkans - Related countries
Balkans - Nature and natural resources Balkans - History and geopolitical significance Balkans - Population composition by nationality and religion

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Shanxi (Chinese: 山西; Hanyu Pinyin: Shānxī; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Its one-character abbreviation is Jin (晋 pinyin jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period. Shanxi has an area of 150,000 km² and a population of 32.97 million. Shanxi's name literally means "mountains' west", which refers to ...

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Shanxi - History Shanxi - Geography Shanxi - Administrative divisions Shanxi - Economy Shanxi - Demographics Shanxi - Culture Shanxi - Tourism Shanxi - Miscellaneous topics

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Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel, phosphate, rock salt, tin, and uranium. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes must be mined. Mining in a wider sense can also include extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and even water. Mining - History. The oldest kno ...

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Mining - History Mining - Mining techniques Mining - Extractive metallurgy Mining - Environmental effects Mining - Mining industry Mining - Mine Planning Software

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Pneumoconiosis is a lung condition caused by the inhalation of dust, characterized by formation of nodular fibrotic changes in lungs. Many substances can cause pneumoconiosis including asbestos, silica, talc and metals. Depending on the type of dust, variants of the disease are considered. For example there are silicosis, also known as grinders' disease; and pneumosilicosis, which is caused by the inhalation of the dust of stone, sand, or flint containing silica. Because many common minerals co ...

Including:

Pneumoconiosis - Incidents Pneumoconiosis - Types
Pneumoconiosis - Bauxite pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis - Black lung disease

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Calcination is the process of heating a substance to a high temperature, but below its melting or fusing point, to bring about thermal decomposition or a phase transition in its physical or chemical constitution. The process, which usually takes place in long cylindrical kilns, often has the effect of making a substance friable. The objects of calcination are usually: to drive off water, present as absorbed moisture, as "water of crystallization", or as "water of constitution" (as in the conversion of ferric hydrox ...

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Aluminium oxide or aluminum oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O3. It is also commonly referred to as alumina in the mining, ceramic, and materials science communities. Alumina is generally available in two concentrations: 99.5% and 96%. Aluminium oxide is responsible for metallic aluminium's resistance to weathering. Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin passivation layer of aluminium oxide quickly forms on any ...

Including:

Aluminium oxide - Industrial Fabrication Process

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Caliche is a hardened deposit of calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate cements together other materials, including gravel, sand, clay, and silt. It is found in aridisol and mollisol soil orders. Caliche occurs worldwide, generally in arid or semi-arid regions, including in central and western Australia, in the Kalahari Desert, and in the High Plains of the western USA. Caliche is also known as hardpan, calcrete, kankar (in India), or duricrust. The term caliche is Spanish and is origin ...

Including:

Caliche - How it forms Caliche - Economic uses
Caliche - Building applications Caliche - Sugar refining Caliche - Chilean caliche
Caliche - Caliche and Gardening
Caliche - Problems Caliche Causes Caliche - Fixing these problems

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