Battle of Rocroi

The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. Thirty Years' War - Origins of the War. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of Speyer and ended the ...

Including:

• Thirty Years' War - Origins of the War
• Thirty Years' War - The Bohemian Revolt
• Thirty Years' War - Danish intervention
• Thirty Years' War - Swedish intervention
• Thirty Years' War - Swedish-French intervention
• Thirty Years' War - The Peace of Westphalia
• Thirty Years' War - Casualties and disease
• Thirty Years' War - Political consequences
• Thirty Years' War - List of battles in the Thirty Years' War

Read more here: » Thirty Years' War: Encyclopedia - Thirty Years' War

1643 - Events. January 21 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga February 6 - Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands. May 19 - Battle of Rocroi: French victory over the Spanish at Rocroi, France. July 13 - English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down - In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller. An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn inaugurated as the last king of Conn ...

Including:

• 1643 - Events
• 1643 - Ongoing events
• 1643 - Births
• 1643 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1643: Encyclopedia - 1643

On May 28, 1588 the Armada,with 130 ships and 30,000 men, began to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel. At this time the English fleet was prepared and waiting in Plymouth for news of Spanish movements. It took until May 30 for all ships to leave port, and on the same day Elizabeth's ambassador Dr Valentine Dale met Parma's representatives to begin peace negotiations. It was not until July 17 that the peace negotiations were wholly abandoned. ...

See also:

Spanish Armada, Spanish Armada - Background, Spanish Armada - Execution, Spanish Armada - The English Channel, Spanish Armada - Calais and the fireships, Spanish Armada - Battle of Gravelines, Spanish Armada - Pursuit, Spanish Armada - Tilbury speech, Spanish Armada - The return to Spain, Spanish Armada - Consequences, Spanish Armada - Points of view, Spanish Armada - Ships involved, Spanish Armada - England and the Netherlands, Spanish Armada - Spain and Portugal, Spanish Armada - Other meanings

Read more here: » Spanish Armada: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Armada - Execution

The 16th and 17th centuries are sometimes called "the Golden Age of Spain" (in Spanish, Siglo de Oro). During the sixteenth century, Spain held the equivalent of US$1.5 trillion dollars (1990 terms) in gold and silver received from New Spain. It was often said during this time that it was the empire on which the sun never set. The unwieldy empire of this Golden Age was controlled, not from distant inland Madrid, but from Seville. The Habsburg dynasty squandered the American and Castilian riches in wars across Europe for Habsburg inter ...

See also:

Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External link

Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643

The 16th and 17th centuries are sometimes called "the Golden Age of Spain" (in Spanish, Siglo de Oro). During the sixteenth century, Spain held the equivalent of US$1.5 trillion dollars (1990 terms) in gold and silver received from New Spain. It was often said during this time that it was the empire on which the sun never set. The unwieldy empire of this Golden Age was controlled, not from distant inland Madrid, but from Seville. The Habsburg dynasty squandered the American and Castilian riches in wars across Europe for Habsburg inter ...

See also:

Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External Link

Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643

It was in this year that the old prince of Condé died. The enormous power that fell into the hands of his successor was naturally looked upon with serious alarm by the regent and her minister. Condé's birth and military renown placed him at the head of the French nobility; but, added to that, the family of which he was chief was both enormously rich and master of a large part of France. Condé himself held Burgundy, Berry and the marches of Lorraine, as well as other less important territory; his brother Conti held Champagne, his brother-i ...

See also:

Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Early life, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Success at Rocroi, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - The Fronde, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Rehabilitation, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Review, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Reference

Read more here: » Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé: Encyclopedia II - Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - The Fronde

Period: 1618–1625 Being without descendents, Emperor Mathias sought to assure an orderly transition during his lifetime by having his dynastic heir (that fiercely Catholic, Ferdinand of Styria, later Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor) elected to the separate royal thrones of Bohemia and Hungary. Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia feared losing the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II and so preferred the Protestant Frederick V, elector of the Palatinate (successor of Frederick IV, the creator of the Lea ...

See also:

Thirty Years' War, Thirty Years' War - Origins of the War, Thirty Years' War - The Bohemian Revolt, Thirty Years' War - Danish intervention, Thirty Years' War - Swedish intervention, Thirty Years' War - Swedish-French intervention, Thirty Years' War - The Peace of Westphalia, Thirty Years' War - Casualties and disease, Thirty Years' War - Political consequences, Thirty Years' War - List of battles in the Thirty Years' War

Read more here: » Thirty Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Thirty Years' War - The Bohemian Revolt

Louis was born in Paris, the son of Henry II of Bourbon, and Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency. As a boy, under his father's careful supervision, he studied diligently at the Jesuits' College at Bourges, and at seventeen, in the absence of his father, he governed Burgundy. The duc d'Enghien, as he was styled during his father's lifetime, took part with distinction in the campaigns of 1640 and 1641 in northern France while still under twenty years of age. During the youth of Enghien all power in France was in the hands of Cardinal Ri ...

See also:

Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Early life, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Success at Rocroi, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - The Fronde, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Rehabilitation, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Review, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Reference

Read more here: » Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé: Encyclopedia II - Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Early life

Spanish Armada - England and the Netherlands. Ark (flag, Lord High Admiral) Elizabeth Bonaventure Rainbow (Henry Seymour) Golden Lion (Thomas Howard) White Bear Vanguard (William Winter) Revenge (Francis Drake) Elizabeth (Robert Southwell) Victory (John Hawkins) Antelope (Henry Palmer) Triumph (Martin Frobisher) Dreadnought (George Beeston) Mary Rose (E ...

See also:

Spanish Armada, Spanish Armada - Background, Spanish Armada - Execution, Spanish Armada - The English Channel, Spanish Armada - Calais and the fireships, Spanish Armada - Battle of Gravelines, Spanish Armada - Pursuit, Spanish Armada - Tilbury speech, Spanish Armada - The return to Spain, Spanish Armada - Consequences, Spanish Armada - Points of view, Spanish Armada - Ships involved, Spanish Armada - England and the Netherlands, Spanish Armada - Spain and Portugal, Spanish Armada - Other meanings

Read more here: » Spanish Armada: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Armada - Ships involved

There is an understandable discrepancy between the Spanish and English/Dutch Wikipedia articles on this historical event; the English and Dutch versions describe it as a military victory over the Spanish while the Spanish version (see Grande y Felicísima Armada, especially the Tergiversaciones históricas section) describes it as a Spanish loss mostly to weather conditions, expressed by king Philip II of Spain as "Mandé a mis barcos a luchar contra los ingleses, no contra los elementos" (I sent my ships to fight the English, ...

See also:

Spanish Armada, Spanish Armada - Background, Spanish Armada - Execution, Spanish Armada - The English Channel, Spanish Armada - Calais and the fireships, Spanish Armada - Battle of Gravelines, Spanish Armada - Pursuit, Spanish Armada - Tilbury speech, Spanish Armada - The return to Spain, Spanish Armada - Consequences, Spanish Armada - Points of view, Spanish Armada - Ships involved, Spanish Armada - England and the Netherlands, Spanish Armada - Spain and Portugal, Spanish Armada - Other meanings

Read more here: » Spanish Armada: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Armada - Points of view

Period: 1625–1629 The Danish Period began when Christian IV of Denmark (1577–1648), King of Denmark, himself a Lutheran and, as Dule of Holstein, an Imperial nobleman, helped the Lutheran rulers of neighboring Lower Saxony by leading an army against the Holy Roman Empire, fearing that Denmark's sovereignty as a Protestant nation was being threatened. Christian IV had profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany (in 1621 Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish sovereignty and Christian's second son was made bishop ...

See also:

Thirty Years' War, Thirty Years' War - Origins of the War, Thirty Years' War - The Bohemian Revolt, Thirty Years' War - Danish intervention, Thirty Years' War - Swedish intervention, Thirty Years' War - Swedish-French intervention, Thirty Years' War - The Peace of Westphalia, Thirty Years' War - Casualties and disease, Thirty Years' War - Political consequences, Thirty Years' War - List of battles in the Thirty Years' War

Read more here: » Thirty Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Thirty Years' War - Danish intervention

Three examples set for the Spanish empire are to be recognized in the Aragonese, Burgundian and Portuguese Empire. Meanwhile, during the latest part of Reconquista, the Castilian kings, tolerated the Moorish taifa client-kingdom of Granada by exacting tributes of gold, the parias, and, in so doing, ensured that gold from the Niger region of Africa entered Europe. Castile also intervened in Northern Africa itself , competing with the Portuguese Empire, when Henry III of Castile began the colonization of ...

See also:

Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External link

Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521

The first major territory Spain was to lose in the nineteenth century was the vast and wild Louisiana Territory, which stretched north to Canada and was ceded by France in 1763. The French, under Napoleon, took back possession as part of the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 and sold it to the United States (Louisiana Purchase, 1803). The destruction of the main Spanish fleet, under French command, at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) undermined Spain's ability to defend and hold on to its empire. The later intrusion of Napoleonic forces into Sp ...

See also:

Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External link

Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898

In 1481 the papal Bull Aeterni regis had granted all land south of the Canary Islands to Portugal. Only this archipelago and the cities of Sidi Ifni (1476-1524), known then as "Santa Cruz de Mar Pequeña", Melilla (conquered by Pedro de Estopiñán in 1497), Villa Cisneros (founded in 1502 in current Western Sahara), Mazalquivir (1505), Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508), Oran (1509-1790), Algiers (1510-1529), Bugia (1510-1554), Tripoli (1511-1551), Tunis (1535-1569) and ...

See also:

Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External link

Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975

Under the Treaties of Utrecht (April 11, 1713), the European powers decided what the fate of Spain would be, in terms of the continental balance of power. The new Bourbon king Philip V retained the Spanish overseas empire, but ceded the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia to Austria; Sicily and parts of the Milanese to Savoy; and Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain. Thus the Empire largely turned its back on European territories (the disastrous showing in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1718-1720, confirmed this reo ...

See also:

Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External link

Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806

Traditionally, historians mark the Battle of Rocroi (1643) as the end of Spanish dominance in Europe, but the war was not finished. Supported by the French, the Catalans, Neapolitans, and Portuguese rose up in revolt against the Spanish in the 1640s. With the Netherlands effectively lost after the Battle of Lens in 1648, the Spanish made peace with the Dutch and recognized the independent United Provinces in ...

See also:

Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External link

Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713

English losses were minimal and none of their ships was sunk, but the English sailors were themselves decimated by the deadly typhus epidemic, as well as a possibly concurrent outbreak of dysentery, which killed an estimated 6,000–8,000 soldiers according to varying estimates. English sailors also suffered from exposure and a demoralising financial dispute after England's persistent fiscal shortfalls left many of the Armada defenders unpaid for months, in contrast to the assistance given by the ...

See also:

Spanish Armada, Spanish Armada - Background, Spanish Armada - Execution, Spanish Armada - The English Channel, Spanish Armada - Calais and the fireships, Spanish Armada - Battle of Gravelines, Spanish Armada - Pursuit, Spanish Armada - Tilbury speech, Spanish Armada - The return to Spain, Spanish Armada - Consequences, Spanish Armada - Points of view, Spanish Armada - Ships involved, Spanish Armada - England and the Netherlands, Spanish Armada - Spain and Portugal, Spanish Armada - Other meanings

Read more here: » Spanish Armada: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Armada - Consequences

The earlier political career of Condé was typical of the great French noble of his day. Success in love and war, predominant influence over his sovereign and universal homage to his own exaggerated pride, were the objects of his ambition. Even as an exile he asserted the precedence of the royal house of France over the princes of Spain and Austria, with whom he was allied for the moment. To be first in war and in gallantry was still his aim, but for the rest he was a submissive, even a subservient, minister of the royal will. It is on his m ...

See also:

Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Early life, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Success at Rocroi, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - The Fronde, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Rehabilitation, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Review, Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Reference

Read more here: » Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé: Encyclopedia II - Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé - Review

In 1481 the papal Bull Aeterni regis had granted all land south of the Canary Islands to Portugal. Only this archipelago and the cities of Sidi Ifni (1476-1524), known then as "Santa Cruz de Mar Pequeña", Melilla (conquered by Pedro de Estopiñán in 1497), Villa Cisneros (founded in 1502 in current Western Sahara), Mazalquivir (1505), Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508), Oran (1509-1790), Algiers (1510-1529), Bugia (1510-1554), Tripoli (1511-1551), Tunis (1535-1569) and ...

See also:

Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External Link

Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975

Period: 1636–1648 France, though a largely Catholic country, was a rival of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, and now entered the war on the Protestant side. Cardinal Richelieu, the Chief Minister of King Louis XIII of France, felt that the Habsburgs were still too powerful, since they held a number of territories on France's eastern border and had influence in the Netherlands. France therefore allied itself with the Dutch and Sweden. Spain, in retaliation, invaded French territory. The Imperial general Johann von Werth ...

See also:

Thirty Years' War, Thirty Years' War - Origins of the War, Thirty Years' War - The Bohemian Revolt, Thirty Years' War - Danish intervention, Thirty Years' War - Swedish intervention, Thirty Years' War - Swedish-French intervention, Thirty Years' War - The Peace of Westphalia, Thirty Years' War - Casualties and disease, Thirty Years' War - Political consequences, Thirty Years' War - List of battles in the Thirty Years' War

Read more here: » Thirty Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Thirty Years' War - Swedish-French intervention