The troubles began in 235, when the emperor Alexander Severus was murdered by soldiers at the age of 27 after Roman legions were defeated in a campaign against Persia. As general after general squabbled over control of the empire, the frontiers were neglected and subjected to frequent raids by Carpians, Goths, Vandals and Alamanni, and outright attacks from Sassanids in the east. Finally, by 258, the attacks were coming from within, when the Empire broke up in to three separate competing states. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain an ...

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Crisis of the Third Century, Crisis of the Third Century - History, Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia II - Crisis of the Third Century - History

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Crisis of the Third Century, Crisis of the Third Century - History, Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia II - Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

The troubles began in 235, when the emperor Alexander Severus was murdered by soldiers at the age of 27 after Roman legions were defeated in a campaign against Sassanid Persia. As general after general squabbled over control of the empire, the frontiers were neglected and subjected to frequent raids by Carpians, Goths, Vandals and Alamanni, and outright attacks from aggressive Sassanids in the east. Finally, by 258, the attacks were coming from within, when the Empire broke up in to three separate competing states. The Roman provinces ...

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Crisis of the Third Century, Crisis of the Third Century - History, Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia II - Crisis of the Third Century - History

Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" ) is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by the three simultaneous crises of external invasion, internal civil war and economic collapse. The changes in the institutions, society, economic life and eventually religion were so profound and fundamental, the "Crisis of the Third Century" is increasingly seen as the watershed marking the difference between the classic ...

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Crisis of the Third Century - History Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

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268 - Events. The Alamanni invade Italy. September - Gallienus aided by Aurelian, defeats the Goths at Battle of Naissus Claudius II Gothicus becomes Roman Emperor. Claudius II Gothicus defeats the Alamanni at the Battle of Lake Benacus. First appearance of the Visigoths as a distinct people. Victorinus becomes the fourth Emperor of the Gallic Empire, following the murders of his predecessors 268 - Births.

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268 - Events 268 - Births 268 - Deaths

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Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus (May 10, 213/214 - January, 270), more often referred to as Claudius II, ruled the Roman Empire for less than two years (268 - 270), but during that brief time, he was so successful and beloved by the people of Rome that he attained divine status. His origin is uncertain. Claudius was either from the Sirmium region (in Pannonia Inferior) or from Dardania (in Moesia Superior). Claudius was the commander of the Roman army that defeated decisively the Goths at the battle of Naissus, in Sept ...

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Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor Claudius II - Death of St. Valentine

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At the time of his accession, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The most pressing of these was an invasion of Illyricum and Pannonia by the Goths. Not long after being named emperor (or just prior to Gallienus' death, depending on the source), he won his greatest victory, and one of the greatest in the history of Roman arms. At the Battle of Naissus, Claudius and his legions routed a huge Gothic army. Together with his cavalry commander, the future Emperor Aurelian, th ...

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Claudius II, Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor, Claudius II - Death of St. Valentine

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At the time of his accession, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The most pressing of these was an invasion of Illyricum and Pannonia by the Goths. Not long after being named emperor (or just prior to Gallienus' death, depending on the source), he won his greatest victory, and one of the greatest in the history of Roman arms. At the Battle of Naissus, Claudius and his legions routed a huge Gothic army. Together with his cavalry commander, the future Emperor Aurelian, th ...

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Claudius II, Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor

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Born to an obscure provincial family in Sirmium (city in Pannonia), his career began during the reign of emperor Valerian, when he earned a consulship. Later on, he served as a general in several wars, and his success ultimately made him the right-hand man and cavalry commander of the army of Emperor Gallienus. In 268, his cavalry routed the powerful cavalry force of the Goths at the battle of Naissus and broke the back of the most fearsome i ...

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Aurelian, Aurelian - Rise to power, Aurelian - Against the Germans, Aurelian - Against the Palmyrene Empire, Aurelian - Against the Gallic Empire, Aurelian - Death, Aurelian - Sources

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The Visigoths first appeared in history as a distinct people in the year 268 when they invaded the Roman Empire and swarmed over the Balkan peninsula. This invasion overran the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Illyricum and even threatened Italia itself. However, the Visigoths were defeated in battle near the modern Italian-Slovenian border that summer and then routed in the Battle of Naissus that September. Over the next three years they were driven back over the Danube River in a series of campaigns by the emperors Claudius II Gothicus and Aurelian. However, they maintained their hold on the Roman province ...

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Visigoth, Visigoth - Visigoths as Tervingi, Visigoth - Early history, Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Aquitaine, Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Iberia, Visigoth - Kings of the Visigoths, Visigoth - Early kings, Visigoth - Balti dynasty, Visigoth - Later kings, Visigoth - Doubtful kings, Visigoth - Select bibliography

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Aurelian was born in Sirmium, Pannonia, to an obscure provincial family; his father was tenant to a senator named Aurelius, who gave his name to the family. Aurelian served as a general in several wars, and his success ultimately made him the right-hand man and dux equitum (cavalry commander) of the army of Emperor Gallienus. In 268, his cavalry routed the powerful cavalry force of the Goths at the Battle of Naissus and broke the back of the most fearsome invasion of Roman territory since Hannibal. According to some sources (Aurelius Victor, Caes. 33,21), Aurelian partecipated to the assassination of Gallienus (268), ...

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Aurelian, Aurelian - Rise to power, Aurelian - Conqueror and reformer, Aurelian - Reunification of the Empire, Aurelian - Reformations, Aurelian - Death

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Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (Latin: IMP CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS ¹) (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Orthodox Christians) Saint Constantine, was proclaimed Augustus by his troops on July 25, 306 and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of Byzantium (modern Istanbul) as "Nova Roma" (New Rome) or Constantinople (Const ...

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Constantine I emperor - Early life Constantine I emperor - Constantine and Christianity
Constantine I emperor - Persian reaction
Constantine I emperor - Constantine's life and actions after the Edict of Milan Constantine I emperor - Later life Constantine I emperor - Constantine's legal standards Constantine I emperor - Constantine's courts and appointees Constantine I emperor - Constantine's legacy
Constantine I emperor - Legend and Donation of Constantine Constantine I emperor - Constantine in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia
Constantine I emperor - Notes Constantine I emperor - References and further reading

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The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the loosely-termed Germanic peoples who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. After the collapse of the western Roman Empire the Visigoths played a major role in western European affairs for another two and a half centuries. Visigoth - Visigoths as Tervingi. The naming of this people is problematic. Some time shortly after 291 Mamertinus made a eulogy of Em ...

Including:

Visigoth - Visigoths as Tervingi Visigoth - Early history Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Aquitaine Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Iberia Visigoth - Kings of the Visigoths
Visigoth - Early kings Visigoth - Balti dynasty Visigoth - Later kings Visigoth - Doubtful kings
Visigoth - Select bibliography

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The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were an alliance of warbands formed from Germanic tribes, first mentioned by Dio Cassius when they fought Caracalla in 213. They apparently dwelt in the basin of the Main, to the south of the Chatti. Alamanni - Tribal connections. The Alamanni emerged from the Irminones. According to Asinius Quadratus their name —"all men"—indicates that they were a conglomeration of various tribes formed into warbands, similar to the contemporary Huns. Another source < ...

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Alamanni - Tribal connections Alamanni - Conflicts with the Roman Empire
Alamanni - List of battles between Romans and Alamanni
Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers Alamanni - Christianization Alamanni - Modern Alemanni

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The city's early name under the Roman Empire remained Naissus ("city of the nymphs"). Niš is a possible location of Nysa, a mythical place in Greek mythology where the young god Dionysus was raised. Naissus was first mentioned in Roman documents near the beginning of 2nd century CE, and was considered a place worthy of note in the Geography of Ptolemy of Alexandria. The Romans occupied the town in the period of the "Dardanian War" (75-73 BC), and the city developed as a strategic crossroads, garrison and market town in ...

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Niš, Niš - History, Niš - Historical Sites, Niš - Museums, Niš - Sport, Niš - Local Media, Niš - Newspapers, Niš - TV stations, Niš - Radio stations, Niš - Administrative Divisions

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One of the key characteristics of the Crisis of the Third Century was the inability of the Emperors to maintain their hold on the Imperium for any marked length of time. An exception to this rule was the reign of the Emperor Gallienus. The fact that Gallienus served as junior Emperor with his father, Valerian, from 253 to 260 may have had something to do with his successes. Father and son each wielded his authority over a smaller area, thus allowing for more flexible control and imperial presence. Another, more probable reason, lay in Gallie ...

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Gallienus, Gallienus - Reign, Gallienus - Legacy

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List of wars and disasters by death toll - War and military action. These figures include deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, and atrocities as well as deaths of soldiers in battle. 62,000,000 - World War II (1937–1945), (see World War II casualties) 36,000,000 - An Lushan Rebellion (756–763) 30,000,000–60,000,000 - Mongol Conquests (13th century) 25,000,000 - Manchu Conquest of Ming China (1616–1644) 20,000,000–50,000,000 - Taiping Rebellion (1851 ...

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List of wars and disasters by death toll, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by humans, List of wars and disasters by death toll - War and military action, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Genocide and democide, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Terrorism, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Murder by individuals other than through terrorism, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Human sacrifice and mass suicide, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Riot or political demonstration, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Deaths caused by natural disasters, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Earthquake, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Volcanic eruption, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Tsunami, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Limnic eruption, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Extreme weather, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Hurricane typhoon and tropical cyclone, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Floods, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Blizzards, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Contractible disease, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Famine, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Death from other causes, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Fire, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Explosion, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Coal mine disasters, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Aviation, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Maritime, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Space travel, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Sporting events, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Industrial accidents, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Stampedes and Panics, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Other accidents, List of wars and disasters by death toll - Nuclear accidents

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The Alamanni were continually engaged in conflicts with the Roman Empire. They launched a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy in 268, when the Romans were forced to denude much of their German frontier of troops in response to a massive invasion of the Goths. Their depredations in the three parts of Gaul remained traumatic: Gregory of Tours (died ca 594) mentions their destructive force at the time of Valerian and Gallienus (253–260), when the Alemanni assembled under their "king", whom he calls Chrocus, "by the advice, it is said, o ...

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Alamanni, Alamanni - Tribal connections, Alamanni - Conflicts with the Roman Empire, Alamanni - List of battles between Romans and Alamanni, Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks, Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers, Alamanni - Christianization, Alamanni - Modern Alemanni

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Aurelian - Reunification of the Empire. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern part of Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians, expelling them from Roman territory and earning the title of Germanicus Maximus. The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several usurpers — Septimius, Urbanus, Domitianus —, who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the Empire and the overhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, ...

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Aurelian, Aurelian - Rise to power, Aurelian - Conqueror and reformer, Aurelian - Reunification of the Empire, Aurelian - Reformations, Aurelian - Death

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Constantine was born at Naissus, (today's Niš, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro) in Upper Moesia to Greek general,Constantius I Chlorus, and his first wife Helena, an innkeeper's daughter who at the time was an adolescent of only sixteen years. His father left his mother around 292 to marry Flavia Maximiana Theodora, daughter or step-daughter of the Western Roman Emperor Maximian. Theodora would give birth to six half-si ...

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Constantine I emperor, Constantine I emperor - Early life, Constantine I emperor - Constantine and Christianity, Constantine I emperor - Persian reaction, Constantine I emperor - Constantine's life and actions after the Edict of Milan, Constantine I emperor - Later life, Constantine I emperor - Constantine's legal standards, Constantine I emperor - Constantine's courts and appointees, Constantine I emperor - Constantine's legacy, Constantine I emperor - Legend and Donation of Constantine, Constantine I emperor - Constantine in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia, Constantine I emperor - Notes, Constantine I emperor - References and further reading

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