Battle of Hattin

Guy of Lusignan became king of Jerusalem in 1186, in right of his wife Sibylla, after the death of Sibylla's son (and Guy's stepson) Baldwin V. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was at this time divided between the "court faction" of Guy, Sibylla, and relative newcomers to the kingdom such as Raynald of Chatillon, as well as Gerard of Ridefort and the Knights Templar; and the "nobles’ faction", led by Raymond III of Tripoli, who had been regent for the child-king Baldwin V and had opposed the succession of Guy. Raymond left Jerusalem for Tripoli. T ...

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Battle of Hattin, Battle of Hattin - Location, Battle of Hattin - Background, Battle of Hattin - Siege of Tiberias, Battle of Hattin - The battle, Battle of Hattin - Aftermath, Battle of Hattin - Legends and fiction, Battle of Hattin - Sources

Read more here: » Battle of Hattin: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Hattin - Background

Eusebius describes in his Life of Constantine [1] how the site of the Holy Sepulchre, originally a site of veneration for the Christian community in Jerusalem, had been covered with earth and a temple of Venus had been built on top — although Eusebius does not say as much, this would probably have been done as part of Hadrian's reconstruction of Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina in 135, following the destruction of the Jewish Revolt of 70 and Bar Kokhba's revolt of 132–135. Following his conversion to Christianity, Emperor Constantine ...

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True Cross, True Cross - Finding the True Cross, True Cross - Conservation of the relics, True Cross - Dispersal of relics of the True Cross, True Cross - Veneration of the Cross, True Cross - Movies

Read more here: » True Cross: Encyclopedia II - True Cross - Finding the True Cross

Audita tremendi was a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory VIII on October 29, 1187, calling for the Third Crusade. It was issued just days after Gregory had succeeded Urban III as pope, in response to the defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin on July 4 of 1187. Jerusalem itself had fallen to Saladin on October 2 (see Siege of Jerusalem), but news of this had not yet reached Europe by ...

Including:

• Audita tremendi - Sources

Read more here: » Audita tremendi: Encyclopedia - Audita tremendi

The silver reliquary that was left at the Basilica in care of the bishop of Jerusalem was exhibited periodically to the faithful. In the 380s a nun named Egeria who was travelling on pilgrimage described the veneration of the True Cross at Jerusalem in a long letter, the Itinerario Egeriae that she sent back to her community of women: "Then a chair is placed for the bishop in Golgotha behind the [liturgical] Cross, which is now standing; the bishop duly takes his seat in the chair, and a table covered with a linen cloth i ...

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True Cross, True Cross - Finding the True Cross, True Cross - Conservation of the relics, True Cross - Dispersal of relics of the True Cross, True Cross - Veneration of the Cross, True Cross - Movies

Read more here: » True Cross: Encyclopedia II - True Cross - Conservation of the relics

1187 - Events. May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. September 20 - October 2 - Siege of Jerusalem - Saladin captures Jerusalem. October 29 - Pope Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi, proposing the Third Crusade. Alexis Branas attempts to seize Constantinople in defiance of his master Isaac II Angelus. Cathedral of St. Jacob consecrated in Szc ...

Including:

• 1187 - Events
• 1187 - Births
• 1187 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1187: Encyclopedia - 1187

An inscription of 359, found at Tixter, in the neighbourhood of Sétif in Mauretania, was said to mention, in an enumeration of relics, a fragment of the True Cross, according to an entry in Roman Miscellanies, X, 441. But most of the very small relics of the True Cross in Europe came from Constantinople. The town was captured and sacked by the Fourth Crusade in 1204: After the conquest of the city Constantinople inestimable wealth was found, incomparably precious jewels and also a part of the cross of the gentleman, which H ...

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True Cross, True Cross - Finding the True Cross, True Cross - Conservation of the relics, True Cross - Dispersal of relics of the True Cross, True Cross - Veneration of the Cross, True Cross - Movies

Read more here: » True Cross: Encyclopedia II - True Cross - Dispersal of relics of the True Cross

St John Chrysostom wrote homilies on the three crosses: "Kings removing their diadems take up the cross, the symbol of their Saviour's death; on the purple, the cross; in their prayers, the cross; on their armour, the cross; on the holy table, the cross; throughout the universe, the cross. The cross shines brighter than the sun." The Roman Catholic Church, many Protestant denominations (most notably those with Anglican origins), and the Eastern Orthodox churches celebrate the Feast of the Exaltation of the C ...

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True Cross, True Cross - Finding the True Cross, True Cross - Conservation of the relics, True Cross - Dispersal of relics of the True Cross, True Cross - Veneration of the Cross, True Cross - Movies

Read more here: » True Cross: Encyclopedia II - True Cross - Veneration of the Cross

The Ayyubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, and northern Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Ayyubid Dynasty was founded by Saladin (Salah ah-Din), who, with his uncle Shirkuh, conquered Egypt for the Zengid King Nur ad-Din of Damascus in 1169. In 1171, Saladin deposed the last Fatimid Caliph, but he gradually became estranged from his former master. When Nur ed-Din died in 1174, Saladin declared war against Nur ed-Din's young son, As-Salih Ismail, and seized Damascus. Ismail fled ...

Including:

• Ayyubid dynasty - Ayyubid Sultans of Egypt
• Ayyubid dynasty - Ayyubid Sultans of Damascus
• Ayyubid dynasty - Ayyubid Emirs of Aleppo
• Ayyubid dynasty - Ayyubid Emirs of Hamah
• Ayyubid dynasty - Ayyubid Emirs of Homs
• Ayyubid dynasty - Ayyubid Emirs of Yemen
• Ayyubid dynasty - Ayyubid Rulers of the Jezireh

Read more here: » Ayyubid dynasty: Encyclopedia - Ayyubid dynasty

Agnes died around 1184 and Baldwin IV finally succumbed to his leprosy in 1185, leaving Baldwin V as king with Raymond III as his regent. The succession crisis had prompted a mission to the west to seek assistance: in 1184, Patriarch Heraclius, along with Roger de Moulins, grand master of the Knights Hospitaller, and Arnaud de Toroge, grand master of the Knights Templar, travelled throughout the courts of Europe, but no help was forthcoming. The chronicler Ralph Niger reports that his enormous retinue and opulent dress offended the sensibili ...

See also:

Baldwin V of Jerusalem, Baldwin V of Jerusalem - Baldwin V and the political factions, Baldwin V of Jerusalem - Baldwin as co-king of Jerusalem, Baldwin V of Jerusalem - Baldwin's succession and death, Baldwin V of Jerusalem - Consequences of Baldwin's death, Baldwin V of Jerusalem - Sources

Read more here: » Baldwin V of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Baldwin V of Jerusalem - Baldwin's succession and death

The capture of Jerusalem by the Khwarezmians in August had excited great alarm among both the Chrisitan and the Muslim states. Al-Mansur, the Emir of Homs and an-Nasr Dawud, ruling in the Transjordan, joined the Templars, the Hospitallers, the Teutonic Knights, and the remaining forces of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to take the field against the Egyptian Sultanate. The two armies met near La Forbie, a small village northeast of Gaza. On the allied side, al-Mansur was present in person, commanding about 2,000 cavalry and a detachment of t ...

See also:

Battle of La Forbie, Battle of La Forbie - Prelude, Battle of La Forbie - Battle, Battle of La Forbie - Aftermath

Read more here: » Battle of La Forbie: Encyclopedia II - Battle of La Forbie - Prelude

Meanwhile, Saladin had sent a small force towards Tiberias led by his son al-Afdal, seeking revenge for an attack on a Muslim caravan by Raynald of Chatillon. Raymond III hoped Saladin would ally with him against Guy, and allowed this force to pass through Tiberias on April 30, although he warned the Christians in Nazareth about the army's presence. Hearing this, Gerard quickly assembled a small army, consisting of the Templar garrisons from Qaqun and al-Fulah and the royal knights stationed at Nazareth, only about 140 knights in total; Bali ...

See also:

Battle of Cresson, Battle of Cresson - Background, Battle of Cresson - The battle, Battle of Cresson - The problem of the sources, Battle of Cresson - Bibliography

Read more here: » Battle of Cresson: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Cresson - The battle

On two occasions, in 1171 and 1173, Saladin retreated from an invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. These had been launched by Nur ad-Din, and Saladin hoped that the Crusader kingdom would remain intact, as a buffer state between Egypt and Syria, until Saladin could gain control of Syria as well. Nur ad-Din and Saladin were headed towards open war on these counts when Nur ad-Din died in 1174. Nur ad-Din's heir as-Salih Ismail al-Malik was a mere boy ...

See also:

Saladin, Saladin - Rise to power, Saladin - Fighting the Crusaders, Saladin - Recognition, Saladin - Burial site, Saladin - Saladin in Media, Saladin - Reference

Read more here: » Saladin: Encyclopedia II - Saladin - Fighting the Crusaders

It was a literal tithe of 10%, on revenues and movable properties. The tithe was assessed by dioceses, rather than by shires, and local sheriffs had no role in collection of the tithe. The money was collected instead by the local priest or bishop, the dean of the local church, the local baron, and a sergeant of the king, as well as, notably, a Knight Templar and a Knight Hospitaller, whose orders were especially concerned with the defense of the Holy Land. Assessments were made by oaths in rural areas, and by a jury in urban areas. Certain i ...

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Saladin tithe, Saladin tithe - Background, Saladin tithe - Collection of the tithe, Saladin tithe - Aftermath

Read more here: » Saladin tithe: Encyclopedia II - Saladin tithe - Collection of the tithe

In 1164, Bohemund and Raymond III of Tripoli marched out to relieve Harim, under siege from Nur ad-Din, but when Nur ad-Din retreated Bohemund led a charge against him. The ensuing battle was a disaster and both Bohemund and Raymond were taken prisoner. King Amalric I of Jerusalem hastened back from his invasion of Egypt to take control of the regency of Antioch; Bohemund was freed, for a large ransom, in 1165 with the intervention of Amalric and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, his nominal overlord; Manuel was also his brother-in-law, a ...

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Bohemund III of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Early life, Bohemund III of Antioch - Prince of Antioch, Bohemund III of Antioch - Excommunication, Bohemund III of Antioch - Collapse of Jerusalem, Bohemund III of Antioch - Later life and death, Bohemund III of Antioch - Family and children, Bohemund III of Antioch - Sources

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Raymond also was drawn into the developing strife in the kingdom. Economically, the opposing sides were the established barons who drew regular income from their holdings, and the new crusaders, who wanted war spoils. Socially, these were arranged as a baronial party and a court party, the royal court being the best source of favour, military commands and other opportunities to become rich. The baronial party appreciated more peaceful relations, trade, and at least peaceful enjoyment of their agricultural incomes. Dynastically, Dowager Queen ...

See also:

Raymond III of Tripoli, Raymond III of Tripoli - Early life, Raymond III of Tripoli - Regent of Jerusalem, Raymond III of Tripoli - Raymond and the nobles' party, Raymond III of Tripoli - Battle of Hattin and death, Raymond III of Tripoli - Physical characteristics, Raymond III of Tripoli - Raymond in fiction, Raymond III of Tripoli - Sources

Read more here: » Raymond III of Tripoli: Encyclopedia II - Raymond III of Tripoli - Raymond and the nobles' party

The Latin population of the kingdom was always small; although a steady stream of settlers and new crusaders continually arrived, most of those who fought in the First Crusade simply went home. The Latins were little more than a superstrate over the native Muslim and Syrian population. But Jerusalem came to be known as Outremer, the French word for "overseas," and as new generations grew up in the kingdom, they also began to think of themselves as native easterners, rather than immigrants. Thus, in many senses, they behaved and thought more ...

See also:

Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Demographics, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Economy, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Government and legal system, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Primary sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Secondary sources

Read more here: » Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom

Sibylla was raised by her great-aunt, the abbess Ioveta of Bethany, sister of former Queen Melisende of Jerusalem, who founded the convent of St. Lazarus in Bethany for her sister in 1138, and died there in 1163. In the convent Sibylla was taught scripture and other church traditions. Though not raised by her mother, Sibylla would later become closer with Agnes and inherit her political supporters. Once her brother became king as Baldwin IV, she was his heir and her choice of husband was of paramount concern in the kingdom. Raymond II ...

See also:

Sibylla of Jerusalem, Sibylla of Jerusalem - Dynasty, Sibylla of Jerusalem - Baldwin IV's reign, Sibylla of Jerusalem - Succession, Sibylla of Jerusalem - Sibylla's reign, Sibylla of Jerusalem - Death, Sibylla of Jerusalem - Sources

Read more here: » Sibylla of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Sibylla of Jerusalem - Dynasty

Negotiations were carried out between Saladin and Balian, through the mediation of the Yusuf Batit, one of the Eastern Orthodox clergy, who had been largely suppressed under Latin Christian rule and knew that they would have more freedoms if the city were returned to the Muslims. Saladin preferred to take the city without bloodshed, but those inside refused to leave their holy city, vowing to destroy it in a fight to the death rather than ...

See also:

Siege of Jerusalem 1187, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Background, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Situation in Jerusalem, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - The siege, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Negotiations between Balian and Saladin, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Surrender of the city, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Aftermath, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - In fiction, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Sources

Read more here: » Siege of Jerusalem 1187: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - The siege

Lordships in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were usually hereditary, in principle, but in practice the circumstances were such that their holders did not form long uninterrupted lines of inheritance, which was contrary to the usual patterns of succession in Europe. Firstly, in the early years of the kingdom, lords sought out their own territories, and lordships changed hands often. Secondly, the average lifespan of male lords in Palestine was rather low, due to the constant state of warfare and violence, which led to inheritances by females and/or ...

See also:

Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

According to John of Ibelin, it was one of the four major Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. John, writing in the 13th century, called it a lordship, but it may have been treated as a principality in the 12th century. It was established after the expedition of Baldwin I, but due to the relative size and inaccessibility of the area, the lords of Oultrejordain tended to claim some independence from the kingdom. With its mostly undefined borders, it was one of the largest seigneuries. Baldwin I may have given it away to Roman of Le Puy in 111 ...

See also:

Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Geography and demography, Oultrejordain - Crusader Lordship of Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Lords of Oultrejordain, Oultrejordain - Sub-vassals, Oultrejordain - Sources

Read more here: » Oultrejordain: Encyclopedia II - Oultrejordain - Crusader Lordship of Oultrejordain