Sir William Wallace (c. 1270 – August 22, 1305), sometimes called The Wallace, was a Scottish knight who led his countrymen in resistance to English domination in the reign of King Edward I, during significant periods of the Wars of Scottish Independence. He inspired the composition of "The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie" by the minstrel Blind Harry, from which many popular conceptions of Wallace are drawn. William Wallace - Origins. Tradition often describes Wallace as ...

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• William Wallace - Origins
• William Wallace - Scotland in Wallace's time
• William Wallace - Wallace's exploits begin
• William Wallace - The Battle of Stirling Bridge
• William Wallace - The Battle of Falkirk
• William Wallace - Wallace's capture and execution
• William Wallace - Portrayal in fiction
• William Wallace - 700th anniversary of Wallace's execution
• William Wallace - Bibliography

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There were two Battles of Dunbar: Battle of Dunbar (1296), in the Wars of Scottish Independence. Battle of Dunbar (1650), in the Third English Civil War. Other related archivesBattle of Dunbar (1296), Battle of Dunbar (1650), Third English Civil War, Wars of Scottish Independence

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I. King Domnall II was the first man to have been called rí Alban (i.e. King of Alba), when he died at Dunnotar in 900.[15] This meant king of Britain or Scotland. All his predecessors bore the style of either King of the Picts or King of Fortriu. Such an apparent innovation in the Gaelic chronicles is occasionally taken ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Tradition often describes Wallace as "one of the common people", in contrast to his countryman, Robert the Bruce, who came from the upper nobility. More likely, Wallace's family were minor gentry, descending from Richard Wallace the Welshman, a landowner under an early member of the House of Stuart, which later became royal house of Scotland. While some suggest Wallace was born around 1270, the 16th century work History of William Wallace and Scottish Af ...

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William Wallace, William Wallace - Origins, William Wallace - Scotland in Wallace's time, William Wallace - Wallace's exploits begin, William Wallace - The Battle of Stirling Bridge, William Wallace - The Battle of Falkirk, William Wallace - Wallace's capture and execution, William Wallace - Portrayal in fiction, William Wallace - 700th anniversary of Wallace's execution, William Wallace - Bibliography

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The population of Scotland in this period is unknown. Not until 1755 do we get reliable information about the population of Scotland, when it was 1,265,380. However, best estimates put the Scottish population in this period between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people, growing from a low point to a high point.[45] This population was much more evenly spread than today. We can estimate that between 60 and 80% of people lived north of the Forth river, with the ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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The Scottish economy of this period was dominated by agriculture and by short-distance, local trade. There was an increasing amount of foreign trade in the period, as well as exchange gained by means of military plunder. By the end of this period, coins were replacing barter goods, but for most of this period most exchange was done without the use of metal currency.[34] Most of Scotland's agricultural wealth in this period came from p ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Medieval Scottish society was stratified. We know more about status in early Gaelic society than perhaps any other early medieval European society, owing primarily to the large body of legal texts and tracts on status which are extant.[48] The legal tract that has come down to us as the Laws of Brets and Scots, lists five grades of man: King, mormaer/earl, toísech/thane, ócthigern and serf.^{See also:}

Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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After the "Norman Conquest" of David I, the warriors of Scotland can be classed as of two types. Firstly, the native exercitus Scoticanus (i.e. "Gaelic army"); and, secondly, the exercitus militaris (i.e. "feudal army"). The Gaelic army formed the larger part of all pre-Stewart Scottish armies, but in the wider world of European (i.e. French) chivalry the feudal section was the more prestigious. The native Scots, like all early medieval Europeans, practiced organized slave-raiding. Presumably, they did so with each other. Howev ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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The Irish thought of Scotland as a provincial place. Others thought of it as a outlandish or barbaric place. To the Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, Scotland was associated with having many lakes, to the Arabs, it was an uninhabited peninsula to the north of England. "Who would deny that the Scots are barbarians?" was a rhetorical question posed by the author of the De expugnatione Lyxbonensi (i.e. "On the Conquest of Lisbon").[76]See also:

Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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In this period, the word Scot was not the word used by vast majority of Scots to describe themselves. This was in fact only the word they used to describe themselves to foreigners, amongst whom it was the most common word. The Scots called themselves Albanach or simply Gaidel. As with Scot, in the latter word, they used an ethnic term which connected them to the majority of the inhabitants of Ireland. As the author of De ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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As a predominantly Gaelic society, most Scottish cultural practices throughout this period mirrored closely those of Ireland, or at least those of Ireland with some Pictish borrowings. After David I, the French-speaking kings introduced cultural practices popular in Anglo-Norman England, France and elsewhere. As in all pre-modern societies, storytelling was popular. In the words of D.D.R. Owen, a scholar who specialises in the literature of the era, writes that "Professional storytellers would ply their trade from court to court. Some of the ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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We can be sure that at least all of northern Britain, except the Scandinavian far north and west was Christian by the tenth century. The most important factors for the conversion of Scotland were the Roman province of Britannia to the south, and later the so-called Gaelic or Columban church, an interlinked system of monasteries and aristocratic networks which combined to spread both Christianity and the Gaelic language amongst the Picts. Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints. Like every other Christian ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Neither the political nor the theoretical boundaries of Scotland in this period, as both Alba and Scotia, corresponded exactly to modern Scotland. The closest approximation came at the end of the period, when the Treaty of York (1237) and Treaty of Perth (1266) fixed the boundaries between the Kingdom of the Scots with England and Norway respectively; although in neither case did this border exactly match the modern one, Berwick and the Isle of Man being eventually lost to En ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Early Gaelic law tracts, first written down in the ninth century, reveal a society highly concerned with kinship, status, honour and the regulation of blood feuds. Scottish common law began to take shape at the end of the period, assimilating Gaelic and Celtic law with practices from Anglo-Norman England and the Continent.[52] In the twelfth century, and certainly in the thirteenth, strong continental legal influences began to have more effect, s ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Main articles: Scotland in the Early Middle Ages, and Origins of the Kingdom of Alba In the Roman period, the province province of Britannia formally ended at Hadrian's Wall. Between Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall, the Romans created a series of buffer state, and beyond the latter lay the Picts. The development of "Pictland", according to the historical model developed by Peter Heather, was a natural response to Roman Imperialism.[3]See also:

Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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On September 11, 1297, Wallace achieved victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish forces led by Andrew Moray (a more prominent noble, being a first son) and with Wallace as their captain, routed the English army. The Earl of Surrey's professional army of 300 cavalry and 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river. The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had p ...

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William Wallace, William Wallace - Origins, William Wallace - Scotland in Wallace's time, William Wallace - Wallace's exploits begin, William Wallace - The Battle of Stirling Bridge, William Wallace - The Battle of Falkirk, William Wallace - Wallace's capture and execution, William Wallace - Portrayal in fiction, William Wallace - 700th anniversary of Wallace's execution, William Wallace - Bibliography

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According to local Ayrshire legend, two English soldiers challenged Wallace in the Lanark marketplace regarding his catching of fish. The argument escalated into a brawl in which the two soldiers were killed. The authorities issued a warrant for his arrest shortly thereafter. Whatever the truth of this story, Wallace had long hated the English. Wallace murdered Sir William Heselrig, the English Sheriff of Lanark, in May 1297, and dismembered his corpse, supposedly to avenge the death of Marion Braidfute of Lamington — the young maid ...

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William Wallace, William Wallace - Origins, William Wallace - Scotland in Wallace's time, William Wallace - Wallace's exploits begin, William Wallace - The Battle of Stirling Bridge, William Wallace - The Battle of Falkirk, William Wallace - Wallace's capture and execution, William Wallace - Portrayal in fiction, William Wallace - 700th anniversary of Wallace's execution, William Wallace - Bibliography

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At the time of Wallace's birth, King Alexander III had reigned for over twenty years. His rule had seen a period of peace and economic stability, and he had successfully fended off continuing English claims to suzerainty. In 1286, Alexander died after falling from his horse; none of his children survived him. The Scottish lords declared Alexander's 4 year-old granddaughter, Margaret (called "the Maid of Norway"), Queen. Due to her age, they set up an interim government to administer Scotland until she came of age. King Edward I took advantag ...

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William Wallace, William Wallace - Origins, William Wallace - Scotland in Wallace's time, William Wallace - Wallace's exploits begin, William Wallace - The Battle of Stirling Bridge, William Wallace - The Battle of Falkirk, William Wallace - Wallace's capture and execution, William Wallace - Portrayal in fiction, William Wallace - 700th anniversary of Wallace's execution, William Wallace - Bibliography

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A year later the military tables turned at the Battle of Falkirk. On April 1, 1298, the English had invaded Scotland at Roxburgh. They plundered Lothian and regained some castles, but had failed to bring Wallace to combat. The Scots had adopted a scorched-earth policy, and English suppliers' mistakes had left morale and food low, but Edward's search for Wallace would end at Falkirk. Wallace had arranged his spearmen in four "schiltrons" — circular, hedgehog formations surrounded by a defensive wall of wooden stakes. The English gain ...

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William Wallace, William Wallace - Origins, William Wallace - Scotland in Wallace's time, William Wallace - Wallace's exploits begin, William Wallace - The Battle of Stirling Bridge, William Wallace - The Battle of Falkirk, William Wallace - Wallace's capture and execution, William Wallace - Portrayal in fiction, William Wallace - 700th anniversary of Wallace's execution, William Wallace - Bibliography

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Sir William evaded capture by the English until August 5, 1305, when Sir John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroystoun, near Glasgow. Wallace was transported to London and tried for treason at Westminster Hall where he was crowned with a garland of oak to suggest that he was the king of outlaws. He responded to the charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject." The absent John Bal ...

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William Wallace, William Wallace - Origins, William Wallace - Scotland in Wallace's time, William Wallace - Wallace's exploits begin, William Wallace - The Battle of Stirling Bridge, William Wallace - The Battle of Falkirk, William Wallace - Wallace's capture and execution, William Wallace - Portrayal in fiction, William Wallace - 700th anniversary of Wallace's execution, William Wallace - Bibliography

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