Battle of Ain Jalut

For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. 1260 - Events. 1260 - Europe. September 4 - The Senese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti. King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Kressenbrunn. The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe. The Duchy of Saxony is div ...

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• 1260 - Events
• 1260 - Europe
• 1260 - Asia
• 1260 - Africa
• 1260 - Births
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The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultante المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to them ruling from al-Manyal island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) off Cairo. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks owned by sultan killed his owner's heir, and the Mamluk general Aybak (who ruled 1250 - 1257) married Shajar al-Dur ...

Including:

• Bahri dynasty - List of Bahri Sultans

Read more here: » Bahri dynasty: Encyclopedia - Bahri dynasty

September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). There are 119 days remaining. September 3 - Events. 36 BC - In the battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. 301 - San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus. 590 - St. Gregory I ...

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• September 3 - Events
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The Latin population of the kingdom was always small; although a steady stream of settlers and new crusaders continually arrived, most of those who fought in the First Crusade simply went home. The Latins were little more than a superstrate over the native Muslim and Syrian population. But Jerusalem came to be known as Outremer, the French word for "overseas," and as new generations grew up in the kingdom, they also began to think of themselves as native easterners, rather than immigrants. Thus, in many senses, they behaved and thought more ...

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Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Demographics, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Economy, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Government and legal system, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Primary sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Secondary sources

Read more here: » Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom

While Baldwin of Boulogne and Tancred headed east from Asia Minor to set up the County of Edessa, the main army of the First Crusade continued south to besiege Antioch. Bohemund of Taranto led the siege, beginning in October, 1097. With over four hundred towers, the city was almost impenetrable. The siege lasted throughout the winter, with much suffering among the Crusaders, who were often forced to eat their own horses, or, as legend has it, the b ...

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Principality of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Foundation, Principality of Antioch - Early history, Principality of Antioch - Antioch in the Byzantine Empire, Principality of Antioch - Fall of the Principality, Principality of Antioch - Geography and demographics, Principality of Antioch - Princes of Antioch 1098–1268, Principality of Antioch - Titular Princes of Antioch 1268–1457, Principality of Antioch - Family tree of the Princes of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Vassals of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Lords of Saone, Principality of Antioch - Great Officers of Antioch

Read more here: » Principality of Antioch: Encyclopedia II - Principality of Antioch - Foundation

He was a commander of the Mamluks in around 1250, when he defeated the Seventh Crusade of Louis IX of France. He was still a commander under Sultan Qutuz at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. After the battle he killed Qutuz and took power for himself. He continued what was to become a lifelong struggle against the Crusader kingdoms in Syria, starting with the Principality of Antioch, which had attempted to ally itself with the ...

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Baibars, Baibars - Biography, Baibars - Legacy, Baibars - Assessment, Baibars - In Fiction

Read more here: » Baibars: Encyclopedia II - Baibars - Biography

1260s - Europe. 1260 - The Baltic Samogatians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe. 1263 - October - King Alexander III of Scotland defeats the Viking armada of King Haakon IV of Norway in the Battle of Largs. 1263 - The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to the Norwegian king, bringing a more complete end to the Icelandic Commonwealth and the Icelandic civil war. 1266 - The war between Scotland an ...

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1260s, 1260s - War and politics, 1260s - Europe, 1260s - Asia and Africa, 1260s - Culture, 1260s - Science literature and industry, 1260s - Art architecture and music, 1260s - Cities and institutions, 1260s - Religion, 1260s - Births, 1260s - Deaths

Read more here: » 1260s: Encyclopedia II - 1260s - War and politics

The first Mamluks worked for Abbasid caliphs in 9th century Baghdad. The Abbasids recruited them from enslaved mainly Turkic non-Muslim families captured in areas including modern Turkey, Eastern Europe, the steppes around modern Volgograd and the Caucasus. Using non-Muslims as soldiers helped partially overcome Islamic prohibitions on Muslims fighting each other. The rulers also desired troops with no link to the established power structure. The local warriors were often more loyal to their tribal sheiks, their families or nobles other than ...

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Mamluk, Mamluk - Overview, Mamluk - Mamluks in Egypt, Mamluk - Mamluks in France, Mamluk - Mamluk uniform, Mamluk - Mamluks in Baghdad, Mamluk - Mamluks in India, Mamluk - Related terms

Read more here: » Mamluk: Encyclopedia II - Mamluk - Overview

Fragmentation. The regional states established during the disintegration of the Il-khanate raised their own candidates as claimants. Musa (1336-1337) (puppet of 'Ali Padshah of Baghdad) Muhammad Khan (1336-1338) (Jalayirid puppet) Sati Beg (1338-1339) (Chobanid puppet) Suleiman Khan (1339-1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the Sarbadars 1341-1343) Jahan Temur (1339-1340) (Jalayirid puppet) Anusirvan (1343-1353) (Chobanid puppet) Claimants from eastern Persia ...

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Ilkhanate, Ilkhanate - Il-Khans

Read more here: » Ilkhanate: Encyclopedia II - Ilkhanate - Il-Khans

Jauhar immediately began the building of a new city, Cairo, to furnish quarters for the army which he had brought. A palace for the Caliph and a mosque for the army were immediately constructed, which for many centuries remained the centre of Muslim learning. However, the Carmathians of Damascus under Hasan al-Asam advanced through Palestine to Egypt, and in the autumn of 971 Jauhar found himself besieged in his new city. By a timely sortie, preceded by the administration of bribes to various officers in the Carmathian h ...

See also:

History of early Arab Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Arab Conquest of Egypt, History of early Arab Egypt - The Fatimid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Ayyubid Period, History of early Arab Egypt - Bahri Mameluk dynasty, History of early Arab Egypt - Period of Burji Mamelukes

Read more here: » History of early Arab Egypt: Encyclopedia II - History of early Arab Egypt - The Fatimid Period

The first Mamluks served the Abbasid caliphs in 9th century Baghdad. The Abbasids recruited them from enslaved mainly Turkic non-Muslim families captured in areas including modern Turkey, Eastern Europe, the steppes of modern Southwestern Russia and the Caucasus. Using non-Muslims as soldiers helped partially overcome Islamic prohibitions on Muslims fighting each other. The rulers also desired troops with no link to the established power structure. The local warriors were often more loyal to their tribal sheiks, their families or nobles othe ...

See also:

Mamluk, Mamluk - Overview, Mamluk - Mamluks in Egypt, Mamluk - Mamluks in France, Mamluk - Mamluk uniform, Mamluk - Mamluks in Baghdad, Mamluk - Mamluks in India, Mamluk - Related terms

Read more here: » Mamluk: Encyclopedia II - Mamluk - Overview

Lordship of Sidon - Lordship of the Schuf. The Schuf was created out of the Lordship of Sidon as a vassal around 1170. It was centred on the Cave of Tyron. Julian of Sidon sold it to the Teutonic Knights in 1256. Andrew of Schuf (13th century) John of Schuf (13th century) Julian of Sidon (mid 13th century) ...

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Lordship of Sidon, Lordship of Sidon - Lords of Sidon, Lordship of Sidon - Lordship of the Schuf, Lordship of Sidon - Sources

Read more here: » Lordship of Sidon: Encyclopedia II - Lordship of Sidon - Lords of Sidon

1260 - Europe. September 4 - The Senese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti. King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Kressenbrunn. The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe. The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state. War breaks out in the Valais (today in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion ...

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1260, 1260 - Events, 1260 - Europe, 1260 - Asia, 1260 - Africa, 1260 - Births, 1260 - Deaths, 1260 - In fiction

Read more here: » 1260: Encyclopedia II - 1260 - Events

Baibars was a popular ruler in the Muslim World who had defeated the crusaders in 3 crusades. In order to support his military campaigns, Baibars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. His military campaign also extended into Libya and Nubia. He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various infrastructure projects, such as a mounted message relay system capable of delivery from Cairo to Damascus in 4 days. He also built bridges, irrigation and shipping canals, improve ...

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Baibars, Baibars - Biography, Baibars - Legacy, Baibars - Assessment, Baibars - In Fiction

Read more here: » Baibars: Encyclopedia II - Baibars - Legacy

As the first great Sultan of the Bahri Mamluk dynasty, Baibars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks of Mamluk society. He took final control by killing Sayf al Din Qutuz, but it was he who led the Mamluk forces in the most important battle of the Middle Periods, repelling a diminished Mongol force at the legendary battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. His reign marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their servile military system. He took Saladin's military success as hi ...

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Baibars, Baibars - Biography, Baibars - Legacy, Baibars - Assessment, Baibars - In Fiction

Read more here: » Baibars: Encyclopedia II - Baibars - Assessment

Baldwin II was succeded in 1131 by his daughter Melisende, who ruled jointly with her husband Fulk, the former Count of Anjou. During their reign Jerusalem exercised its greatest economic and artistic expansion, with the Melisende Psalter commissioned between 1135 and 1143, and the expansion of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in western Gothic style completed by 1149. Fulk, a renowned military commander, was faced with a new and more dangerous enemy - the Atabeg Zengi of Mosul. Although Fulk held off Zengi throughout his reign, William of T ...

See also:

Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Demographics, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Economy, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Government and legal system, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Primary sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Secondary sources

Read more here: » Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century

Amalric was succeeded by his young son, Baldwin IV, who was discovered at a very young age to be a leper. During Baldwin's reign the kingdom began to collapse internally, as family and marriage alliances developed into two competing factions. One of these, the "court party", was centred around the royal family and was led by Baldwin IV's mother, Amalric's first wife Agnes of Courtenay, who had much influence over the reign of her leprous son. Agnes was supported by a number of relative newcomers to the kingdom, including Raynald of Chatillon ...

See also:

Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Demographics, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Economy, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Government and legal system, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Primary sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Secondary sources

Read more here: » Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery

The First Crusade was preached at the Council of Clermont in 1095 by Pope Urban II, with the goal of assisting the Byzantine Empire against the invasions of the Seljuk Turks. Very soon, however, the capture, or recapture as the participants saw it, of the Holy Land became the main objective. The kingdom came into being with the capture of Jerusalem in July of 1099, the climax of the crusade. Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine and one of the main leaders of the crusade, was chosen as the first king. He refused, however, to take this ...

See also:

Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Demographics, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Economy, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Government and legal system, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Primary sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Secondary sources

Read more here: » Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history

For the next hundred years, the Kingdom of Jerusalem clung to life as a tiny kingdom hugging the Syrian coastline. Its capital was moved to Acre and at best, it included only a couple of other significant cities (Beirut, Tyre), as well as suzerainty over Tripoli and Antioch. Saladin died in 1193, and his sons fought with each other as much as they did with the crusader kingdom. Henry of Champagne died accidentally in 1197 and Isabella married for a fourth time, to Amalric of Lusignan, Guy's brother. A Fourth Crusade was planned after the failure of the Third, but it resulted in the sack of Constantinople in 1 ...

See also:

Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Foundation and early history, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Life in the kingdom, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Demographics, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Economy, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Government and legal system, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Jerusalem in the mid-12th century, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Disaster and recovery, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Arms of Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Primary sources, Kingdom of Jerusalem - Secondary sources

Read more here: » Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Jerusalem - The Kingdom of Acre

After the fall of Edessa in 1144, Antioch was attacked by Nur ad-Din during the Second Crusade. Much of the eastern part of the Principality was lost, and Raymond was killed at the battle of Inab in 1149. Baldwin III of Jerusalem was technically regent for Raymond's widow Constance until 1153 when she married Raynald of Chatillon. Raynald, too, immediately found himself in conflict with the Byzantines, this time in Cyprus; he made peace with Manuel I Comnenus, however, in 1158, and the next year Manuel arrived to take personal control of the ...

See also:

Principality of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Foundation, Principality of Antioch - Early history, Principality of Antioch - Antioch in the Byzantine Empire, Principality of Antioch - Fall of the Principality, Principality of Antioch - Geography and demographics, Principality of Antioch - Princes of Antioch 1098–1268, Principality of Antioch - Titular Princes of Antioch 1268–1457, Principality of Antioch - Family tree of the Princes of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Vassals of Antioch, Principality of Antioch - Lords of Saone, Principality of Antioch - Great Officers of Antioch

Read more here: » Principality of Antioch: Encyclopedia II - Principality of Antioch - Antioch in the Byzantine Empire