bastnasite

Yttrium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Y and atomic number 39. A silvery metallic transition metal, yttrium is common in rare-earth minerals and two of its compounds are used to make the red color in color televisions. Yttrium - Notable Characteristics. Yttrium is a silver-metallic, lustrous rare earth metal that is relatively stable in air and chemically resembles the lanthanides. Shavings or turnings of the metal can ignite in air when they exceed 400 °C. When yttr ...

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• Yttrium - Notable Characteristics
• Yttrium - Applications
• Yttrium - History
• Yttrium - Occurrence
• Yttrium - Isotopes
• Yttrium - Precautions

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Cerium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. Cerium - Notable characteristics. Cerium is a silvery metallic element, belonging to the lanthanide group. It is used in some rare-earth alloys. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. It tarnishes readily in the air. Only europium is more reactive than cerium among rare earth elements. Alkali solutions and dilute and concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. ...

Including:

• Cerium - Notable characteristics
• Cerium - Applications
• Cerium - History
• Cerium - Occurrence
• Cerium - Compounds
• Cerium - Isotopes
• Cerium - Precautions

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Cerium is a silvery metallic element, belonging to the lanthanide group. It is used in some rare-earth alloys. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. It tarnishes readily in the air. Only europium is more reactive than cerium among rare earth elements. Alkali solutions and dilute and concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. The pure metal is likely to ignite if scratched with a knife. Cerium oxidi ...

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Cerium, Cerium - Notable characteristics, Cerium - Applications, Cerium - History, Cerium - Occurrence, Cerium - Compounds, Cerium - Isotopes, Cerium - Precautions

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Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 156-Dy, 158-Dy, 160-Dy, 161-Dy, 162-Dy, 163-Dy and 164-Dy, with 164-Dy being the most abundant (28.18% natural abundance). 28 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 154-Dy with a half-life of 3.0E+6 years, 159-Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and 166-Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 seconds. This el ...

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Dysprosium, Dysprosium - Notable characteristics, Dysprosium - Applications, Dysprosium - History, Dysprosium - Occurrence, Dysprosium - Compounds, Dysprosium - Isotopes, Dysprosium - Precautions

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Yttrium(III) oxide is the most important yttrium compound and is widely used to make YVO4 europium and Y2O3 europium phosphors that give the red color in color television picture tubes. Other uses; Yttrium oxide is also used to make yttrium-iron garnets which are very effective microwave filters. Yttrium iron, aluminium, and gadolinium garnets (e.g. Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12) have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron ...

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Yttrium, Yttrium - Notable Characteristics, Yttrium - Applications, Yttrium - History, Yttrium - Occurrence, Yttrium - Isotopes, Yttrium - Precautions

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Naturally occurring samarium is composed of 4 stable isotopes, 144-Sm, 150-Sm, 152-Sm and 154-Sm, and 3 radioisotopes, 147-Sm, 148-Sm and 149-Sm, with 152-Sm being the most abundant (26.75% natural abundance). 32 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 148-Sm with a half-life of 7E+15 years, 149-Sm with a half-life of more than 2E+15 years, and 147-Sm with a half-life of 1.06E+11 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 1.04E+8 years, and the majority of these have half lif ...

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Samarium, Samarium - Notable characteristics, Samarium - Applications, Samarium - History, Samarium - Biological role, Samarium - Occurrence, Samarium - Compounds, Samarium - Isotopes, Samarium - Precautions

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Lanthanum was discovered in 1839 by Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander, when he partially decomposed a sample of cerium nitrate by heating and treating the resulting salt with dilute nitric acid. From the resulting solution, he isolated a new rare earth he called lantana. Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923. The word lanthanum comes from the Greek lanthanein, to lie hidden. ...

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Lanthanum, Lanthanum - Notable characteristics, Lanthanum - Applications, Lanthanum - History, Lanthanum - Biological role, Lanthanum - Occurrence, Lanthanum - Isotopes, Lanthanum - Precautions

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Neodymium was discovered by Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist, in Vienna in 1885. He separated neodymium, as well as the element praseodymium, from a material known as didymium by means of spectroscopic analysis; however, it was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. The name neodymium is derived from the Greek words neos, new, and didymos, twin. Today, neodymium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process of monazite sand ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements, and thro ...

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Neodymium, Neodymium - Notable characteristics, Neodymium - Applications, Neodymium - History, Neodymium - Occurrence, Neodymium - Compounds, Neodymium - Isotopes, Neodymium - Precautions

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Naturally occurring europium is composed of 2 stable isotopes, 151-Eu and 153-Eu, with 153-Eu being the most abundant (52.2% natural abundance). 35 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 150-Eu with a half-life of 36.9 years, 152-Eu with a half-life of 13.516 years, and 154-Eu with a half-life of 8.593 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 4.7612 years, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 12.2 seconds. This element also has 8 meta states, with the most stable being 150m-Eu (t½ 12.8 hours), 152m1-Eu (t½ 9.3116 hours) and ...

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Europium, Europium - Notable characteristics, Europium - Applications, Europium - History, Europium - Occurrence, Europium - Compounds, Europium - Isotopes, Europium - Precautions

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Gadolinium is a silvery white, malleable and ductile rare earth metal with a metallic luster. It crystallizes in hexagonal, close-packed alpha form at room temperature; when heated to 1508 K, it transforms into its beta form, which has a body-centered cubic structure. Unlike other rare earth elements, gadolinium is relatively stable in dry air; however, it tarnishes quickly in moist air and forms a loosely adhering oxide that spalls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. Gadolinium r ...

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Gadolinium, Gadolinium - Notable characteristics, Gadolinium - Applications, Gadolinium - History, Gadolinium - Biological role, Gadolinium - Occurrence, Gadolinium - Compounds, Gadolinium - Isotopes, Gadolinium - Precautions

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The name Praseodymium comes from the Greek prasios, meaning green, and didymos, or twin. In 1841, Mosander extracted the rare earth didymium from lanthana. In 1874, Per Teodor Cleve concluded that didymium was in fact two elements, and in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, Samarium, from didymium obtained from the mineral samarskite. In 1885, the Austrian chemist baron Carl Auer von Welsbach separated didymium into two elements, Praseodymium and Neodymiu ...

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Praseodymium, Praseodymium - Notable characteristics, Praseodymium - Applications, Praseodymium - History, Praseodymium - Occurrence, Praseodymium - Compounds, Praseodymium - Isotopes, Praseodymium - Precautions

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Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth's crust by weight. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite (also known as orthite)—(Ca, Ce, La, Y)2(Al, Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH), monazite (Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4, bastnasite(Ce, La, Y)CO3F, hydroxylbastnasite (Ce, La, Nd)CO3(OH, F), rhabdophane (Ce, La, Nd)PO4-H2O, and synchysite Ca(Ce, La, Nd, Y)(CO3)2F. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the ...

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Cerium, Cerium - Notable characteristics, Cerium - Applications, Cerium - History, Cerium - Occurrence, Cerium - Compounds, Cerium - Isotopes, Cerium - Precautions

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Lanthanum has no known biological role. The element is not absorbed orally, and when injected its elimination is very slow. Lanthanum carbonate was approved as a medication (Fosrenol®, Shire Pharmaceuticals) to absorb excess phosphate in cases of end-stage renal failure. Some rare-earth chlorides, such as lanthanum chloride (LaCl3), are known to have anticoagulant properties. ...

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Lanthanum, Lanthanum - Notable characteristics, Lanthanum - Applications, Lanthanum - History, Lanthanum - Biological role, Lanthanum - Occurrence, Lanthanum - Isotopes, Lanthanum - Precautions

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Naturally occurring lanthanum is composed of one stable (139La) and one radioactive (138La) isotope, with the stable isotope, 139La, being the most abundant (99.91% natural abundance). 38 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 138La with a half-life of 1.05×1011 years, and 137La with a half-life of 60,000 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 24 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 minute ...

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Lanthanum, Lanthanum - Notable characteristics, Lanthanum - Applications, Lanthanum - History, Lanthanum - Biological role, Lanthanum - Occurrence, Lanthanum - Isotopes, Lanthanum - Precautions

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Naturally occurring praseodymium is composed of one stable isotope, 141-Pr. 38 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 143-Pr with a half-life of 13.57 days and 142-Pr with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has 6 meta states with the most stable being 138m-Pr (t½ 2.12 hours), 142m-Pr (t½ 14.6 minutes) ...

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Praseodymium, Praseodymium - Notable characteristics, Praseodymium - Applications, Praseodymium - History, Praseodymium - Occurrence, Praseodymium - Compounds, Praseodymium - Isotopes, Praseodymium - Precautions

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Natural yttrium is composed of only one isotope (Y-89). The most stable radioisotopes are Y-88 which has a half life of 106.65 days and Y-91 with a half life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half lifes of less than a day except Y-87 which has a half life of 79.8 hours. The dominant decay mode below the stable Y-89 is electron capture and the dominant mode after it is beta emission. Twenty six unstable isotopes have been characterized. Y-90 exists in equilibrium with its parent isotope strontium-90, which ...

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Yttrium, Yttrium - Notable Characteristics, Yttrium - Applications, Yttrium - History, Yttrium - Occurrence, Yttrium - Isotopes, Yttrium - Precautions

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Naturally occurring cerium is composed of 3 stable isotopes and 1 radioactive isotope; 136-Ce, 138-Ce, 140-Ce, and 142-Ce with 140-Ce being the most abundant (88.48% natural abundance). 27 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most {abundant and/or stable} being 142-Ce with a half-life of greater than 5×1016 years, 144-Ce with a half-life of 284.893 days, 139-Ce with a half-life of 137.640 days, and 141-Ce with a half-life of 32.501 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes. T ...

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Cerium, Cerium - Notable characteristics, Cerium - Applications, Cerium - History, Cerium - Occurrence, Cerium - Compounds, Cerium - Isotopes, Cerium - Precautions

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In 1880, Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac observed spectroscopic lines due to gadolinium in samples of didymium and gadolinite; French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran separated gadolinia, the oxide of Gadolinium, from Mosander's yttria in 1886. The element itself was isolated only recently. Gadolinium, like the mineral gadolinite, is named after Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin. ...

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Gadolinium, Gadolinium - Notable characteristics, Gadolinium - Applications, Gadolinium - History, Gadolinium - Biological role, Gadolinium - Occurrence, Gadolinium - Compounds, Gadolinium - Isotopes, Gadolinium - Precautions

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Gadolinium is used for making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications, and gadolinium compounds are used for making phosphors for colour TV tubes. Gadolinium is also used for manufacturing compact discs and computer memory. Gadolinium is used in nuclear marine propulsion systems as a burnable poison. The gadolinium slows the initial reaction rate, but as it decays other neutron poisons accumulate, allowing for long-running cores. Gadolinium is also used as a secondary, emergency shut-down measure in some nuclea ...

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Gadolinium, Gadolinium - Notable characteristics, Gadolinium - Applications, Gadolinium - History, Gadolinium - Biological role, Gadolinium - Occurrence, Gadolinium - Compounds, Gadolinium - Isotopes, Gadolinium - Precautions

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Naturally occurring gadolinium is composed of 5 stable isotopes, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd and 158Gd, and 2 radioisotopes, 152Gd and 160Gd, with 158Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). 30 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 160Gd with a half-life of more than 1.3×1021 years (the decay is not observed, only the lower limit on the half-life is known), alpha-decaying 152Gd with ...

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Gadolinium, Gadolinium - Notable characteristics, Gadolinium - Applications, Gadolinium - History, Gadolinium - Biological role, Gadolinium - Occurrence, Gadolinium - Compounds, Gadolinium - Isotopes, Gadolinium - Precautions

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