Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions

The five individual nuclei that make up the primate basal ganglia are the striatum, external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and substantia nigra. Some of these nuclei may be further subdivided: for example, the striatum is separated into the putamen, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens; the substantia nigra is generally divided into the pars compact ...

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Basal ganglia, Basal ganglia - History, Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions, Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming, Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters, Basal ganglia - Connections, Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

Read more here: » Basal ganglia: Encyclopedia II - Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions

The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain associated with motor and learning functions. However, there is no single definitive function that can be assigned to the mammalian basal ganglia. Basal ganglia - History. The first anatomical identification of distinct subcortical structures was published by the English anatomist Thomas Willis in 1664. At that time it was referred to as the corpus striatum (comprising only the globus pallidus segments and striatum). At the beginning of the 20th century i ...

Including:

• Basal ganglia - History
• Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions
• Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming
• Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters
• Basal ganglia - Connections
• Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

Read more here: » Basal ganglia: Encyclopedia - Basal ganglia

"Basal ganglia"-like areas are observed in the central nervous systems of many species. The striatal and pallidal components can be clearly identified in all amniotes (mammals, birds, and reptiles) and amphibians. The anatomical connections of these nuclei and their pharmacology also appear relatively conserved. Non-tetrapod vertebrates such as fish also display basal ganglia-like structures, although the data is less clear in this case. The names given to the various nuclei comprising the basal ganglia can vary greatly depending on s ...

See also:

Basal ganglia, Basal ganglia - History, Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions, Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming, Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters, Basal ganglia - Connections, Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

Read more here: » Basal ganglia: Encyclopedia II - Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming

Classically, these nuclei were considered to be connected as shown (left). The striatum is the primary (but not exclusive) input zone for other brain areas to connect to the basal ganglia. Via the striatum the basal ganglia receives input from the cortex, with a majority of projections from the motor and prefrontal cortices. The circuitry of the basal ganglia is often divided into two major pathways, the direct pathway and the indirect pathway: Direct pathway: striatum -→ GPi/SN ...

See also:

Basal ganglia, Basal ganglia - History, Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions, Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming, Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters, Basal ganglia - Connections, Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

Read more here: » Basal ganglia: Encyclopedia II - Basal ganglia - Connections