The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain associated with motor and learning functions. However, there is no single definitive function that can be assigned to the mammalian basal ganglia. Basal ganglia - History. The first anatomical identification of distinct subcortical structures was published by the English anatomist Thomas Willis in 1664. At that time it was referred to as the corpus striatum (comprising only the globus pallidus segments and striatum). At the beginning of the 20th century i ...

Including:

Basal ganglia - History Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters Basal ganglia - Connections Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

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Basal ganglia, Basal ganglia - History, Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions, Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming, Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters, Basal ganglia - Connections, Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

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The five individual nuclei that make up the primate basal ganglia are the striatum, external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and substantia nigra. Some of these nuclei may be further subdivided: for example, the striatum is separated into the putamen, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens; the substantia nigra is generally divided into the pars compact ...

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Basal ganglia, Basal ganglia - History, Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions, Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming, Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters, Basal ganglia - Connections, Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

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In medicine (neurology), bradykinesia denotes "slow movement" (etymology: brady = slow, kinesia = movement). It is a feature of a number of diseases, most notably Parkinson's disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia. Other related archivesParkinson's disease, basal ganglia, etymology, medicine, neurology

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White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system. It forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord. Aggregates of grey matter such as the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens) and brain stem nuclei (red nucleus, substantia nigra, cranial nerve n ...

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"Basal ganglia"-like areas are observed in the central nervous systems of many species. The striatal and pallidal components can be clearly identified in all amniotes (mammals, birds, and reptiles) and amphibians. The anatomical connections of these nuclei and their pharmacology also appear relatively conserved. Non-tetrapod vertebrates such as fish also display basal ganglia-like structures, although the data is less clear in this case. The names given to the various nuclei comprising the basal ganglia can vary greatly depending on s ...

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Basal ganglia, Basal ganglia - History, Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions, Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming, Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters, Basal ganglia - Connections, Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

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The surgery involves craniotomy for implantation of an electrode into the thalamus or basal ganglia of the brain. The electrode is powered by a battery-operated neurostimulator placed under the collar bone. Electrical stimulation through the electrode interferes with neural activity at the target site (usually specific areas of the thalamus or the subthalamic nucleus and pallidum of the basal ganglia) which can alleviate tremors, rigidity or bradykinesia. The choice of target site depends on the symptoms being addressed. After the surgery is ...

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Deep brain stimulation, Deep brain stimulation - Parkinson's disease, Deep brain stimulation - Clinical depression

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Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata Tectum, Cerebral peduncle, Pretectum, Mesencephalic duct Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland, Third ventricle Basal ganglia, Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Neocortex, Lateral ventricles ...

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Central nervous system, Central nervous system - Parts of the CNS

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There are four cerebral ventricles: the paired lateral ventricles and the third and fourth ventricle. The two lateral ventricles are relatively large and C-shaped, roughly wrapping around the dorsal aspects of the basal ganglia. It is here within the embryo that the successive generation of neurons gives rise to the 6-layered structure of the neocortex, constructed from the inside out during development. They extend into the temporal lobe and occipital lobe via the ...

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Ventricular system, Ventricular system - Ventricles, Ventricular system - Flow of cerebrospinal fluid, Ventricular system - Protection of the brain, Ventricular system - Role in disease, Ventricular system - Embryology

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Dopamine - Role in movement. Dopamine is critical to the way the brain controls our movements and is a crucial part of the basal ganglia motor loop. Shortage of dopamine, particularly the death of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, causes Parkinson's disease, in which a person loses the ability to execute smooth, controlled movements. D ...

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Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of dopamine in the brain, Dopamine - Role in movement, Dopamine - Role in cognition and frontal cortex function, Dopamine - Role in pleasure and motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major dopamine pathways

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Dopamine - Role in Movement. Dopamine is critical to the way the brain controls our movements and is a crucial part of the basal ganglia motor loop. Shortage of dopamine, particularly the death of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, causes Parkinson's disease, in which a person loses the ability to execute smooth, controlled movements. D ...

See also:

Dopamine, Dopamine - Biochemistry, Dopamine - Functions of Dopamine in the Brain, Dopamine - Role in Movement, Dopamine - Role in Cognition and Frontal Cortex Function, Dopamine - Role in Pleasure and Motivation, Dopamine - Dopamine and psychosis, Dopamine - Therapeutic use, Dopamine - Major Dopamine Pathways

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Primary dystonia is caused by a pathology of the central nervous system, likely originating in those parts of the brain concerned with motor function, such as the basal ganglia. The precise cause of primary dystonia is unknown. In many cases it probably involves some genetic predisposition towards the disorder combined with environmental conditions. Secondary dystonia refers to dystonia brought on by some identified cause, usually involving brain damage or chemical imbalance. Some cases of (particularly focal) dystonia are brought on after trauma, are induced by certain drugs (tardive dystonia), or may be the result of diseases of the nervo ...

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Dystonia, Dystonia - Causes, Dystonia - Symptoms, Dystonia - Types of Dystonia, Dystonia - The Focal Dystonias, Dystonia - Treatment

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There are four cerebral ventricles: the paired lateral ventricles and the third and fourth ventricle. The two lateral ventricles are relatively large and C-shaped, roughly wrapping around the dorsal aspects of the basal ganglia. It is in the lateral ventricles of the embryo that the successive generation of neurons gives rise to the 6-layered structure of the neocortex, constructed from the inside out during development. Each lateral ventricle extends into the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes via the frontal (anterior), temporal (inferior ...

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Ventricular system, Ventricular system - Ventricles, Ventricular system - Flow of cerebrospinal fluid, Ventricular system - Protection of the brain, Ventricular system - Role in disease, Ventricular system - Embryology

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The treatment of Parkinson's disease mainly relies on replacing dopamine with levodopa (L-DOPA) or mimicking its action with dopamine agonists such as pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide or bromocriptine. Discovered as a Parkinson's treatment by Arvid Carlsson, levodopa is a dopamine precursor that is transfomed into dopamine by dopa-decarboxylase, present in the basal ganglia in the brain as well as other tissues. Levodopa is almost always supplemented with carbidopa or benserazide, dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors which prevent levodopa from b ...

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Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

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The treatment of Parkinson's disease mainly relies on replacing dopamine with levodopa (L-DOPA) or mimicking its action with dopamine agonists such as pramipexole, ropinirole, pergolide or bromocriptine. Discovered as a Parkinson's treatment by Arvid Carlsson, levodopa is a dopamine precursor that is transfomed into dopamine by dopa-decarboxylase, present in the basal ganglia in the brain as well as other tissues, e.g., the retina. Levodopa is almost always supplemented with carbidopa or benserazide, dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors which preve ...

See also:

Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease - Debate over Causes: A Complex Etiology is Probable, Parkinson's disease - Genetic, Parkinson's disease - Toxins, Parkinson's disease - Head trauma, Parkinson's disease - Loss of dopamine-secreting cells, Parkinson's disease - Symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Cardinal symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional psychological and cognitive symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional sensory symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Additional physical symptoms, Parkinson's disease - Other notes, Parkinson's disease - Diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Differential diagnosis, Parkinson's disease - Imaging, Parkinson's disease - Treatment, Parkinson's disease - Related diseases, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson-Plus diseases, Parkinson's disease - Secondary parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease - Parkinson's and death, Parkinson's disease - Notable Parkinson's sufferers

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According to the U.S. Surgeon General, and ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Disease Revised Edition 2005), ADHD is a metabolic form of encephalopathy, impairing the release and homeostasis of neurological chemicals, and reducing the function of the limbic system. Research, however, indicates that the frontal lobes, their connections to the basal ganglia, and the central aspects of the cerebellum (vermis) are most likely to be involved in this disorder, as may be a region in th ...

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Formal definitions, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Symptoms, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Diagnosis, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Comparative behavior, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Incidence, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Testing for ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Psychological testing, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Other forms of testing, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Possible causes, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Genetic vulnerabilities, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Neuro-chemical imbalance, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Smoking during pregnancy, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Nutrition, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Sleep apnea, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Head injuries, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Treatment, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Mainstream treatments, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Alternative treatments, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Parenting, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Evidence for ADHD as an organic phenomenon, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Positive aspects, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Controversy, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Skepticism towards ADHD as a diagnosis, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as pseudo-science and its falsifiability, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Hunter in a Farmer's Society theory, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as a social construct, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about the impact of labeling, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about medication, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADD/ADHD a hoax?, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Twentieth century history, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Terminology

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According to the U.S. Surgeon General, and ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Disease Revised Edition 2005), ADHD is a metabolic form of encephalopathy, impairing the release and homeostasis of neurological chemicals, and reducing the function of the limbic system. Research, however, indicates that the frontal lobes, their connections to the basal ganglia, and the central aspects of the cerebellum (vermis) are most likely to be involved in this disorder, as may be a region in th ...

See also:

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Formal definitions, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Symptoms, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Diagnosis, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Comparative behavior, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Incidence, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Testing for ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Psychological testing, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Other forms of testing, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Possible causes, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Genetic vulnerabilities, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Neuro-chemical imbalance, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Smoking during pregnancy, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Nutrition, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Sleep apnea, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Head injuries, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Treatment, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Mainstream treatments, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Alternative treatments, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Views on neurodiversity, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Views on parenting, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Evidence for ADHD as an organic phenomenon, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Positive aspects, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Controversy, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Skepticism towards ADHD as a diagnosis, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as pseudo-science and its falsifiability, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Hunter in a Farmer's Society theory, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as a social construct, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about the impact of labeling, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about medication, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADD/ADHD a hoax?, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Famous people and ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Twentieth century history, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Terminology, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Footnotes

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According to the U.S. Surgeon General, and ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Disease Revised Edition 2005), ADHD is a metabolic form of encephalopathy, impairing the release and homeostasis of neurological chemicals, and reducing the function of the limbic system. Research, however, indicates that the frontal lobes, their connections to the basal ganglia, and the central aspects of the cerebellum (vermis) are most likely to be involved in this disorder, as may be a region in th ...

See also:

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Formal definitions, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Symptoms, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Diagnosis, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Comparative behavior, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Incidence, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Testing for ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Psychological testing, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Other forms of testing, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Possible causes, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Genetic vulnerabilities, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Neuro-chemical imbalance, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Smoking during pregnancy, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Nutrition, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Sleep apnea, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Head injuries, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Treatment, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Mainstream treatments, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Alternative treatments, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Views on neurodiversity, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Views on parenting, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Evidence for ADHD as an organic phenomenon, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Positive aspects, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Controversy, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Skepticism towards ADHD as a diagnosis, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as pseudo-science and its falsifiability, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Hunter in a Farmer's Society theory, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD as a social construct, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about the impact of labeling, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Concerns about medication, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADD/ADHD a hoax?, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - famous people and ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Twentieth century history, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Terminology, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - Footnotes

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Jaundice, also known as icterus (adjective:"Icteric"), is yellowing of the skin, sclera (the white of the eyes) and mucous membranes caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the human body. Usually the concentration of bilirubin in the blood must exceed 2–3mg/dL for the coloration to be easily visible. Jaundice comes from the French word jaune, meaning yellow. Jaundice - Causes of jaundice. When red blood cells die, the heme in their hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin in the splee ...

Including:

Jaundice - Causes of jaundice
Jaundice - Hepatic Jaundice - Post-hepatic
Jaundice - Neonatal jaundice Jaundice - Trivia

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In the anatomy of animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), is the higher, supervisory center of the nervous system. The term 'brain' is typically used in connection with vertebrate nervous systems, and less often with regard to the nervous system of invertebrates. In the latter, neural control is performed by collections of ganglia. The brain is an extremely complex organ: the human brain is a collection of 100 billion neurons, each linked with up to 25,000 others. This huge number of interconnecting neurons ...

Including:

Brain - The importance of the brain
Brain - Pathology of the brain Brain - Other matters
Brain - The biology of the brain
Brain - Histology Brain - Anatomy Brain - Brain regions in vertebrates Brain - Function
Brain - The study of the brain
Brain - Fields of study Brain - Methods of observation
Brain - History Brain - The brain as a food

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