baryogenesis

edit In cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1, the normal, light hydrogen, during the early phases of the universe, shortly after the Big Bang. It is believed to be responsible for the formation of hydrogen (H-1 or H), its isotope deuterium (H-2 or D), the helium isotopes He-3 and He-4, and the lithium isotope Li-7. Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN. Big Bang nucleosynthesis begins about one ...

Including:

• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - History of Big Bang nucleosynthesis
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Heavy elements
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Helium-4
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Deuterium
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Status and Implications of BBN
• Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Non-standard BBN

Read more here: » Big Bang nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia - Big Bang nucleosynthesis

In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the Universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 billion years ago. The Big Bang is a consequence of the observed Hubble's law velocities of distant galaxies that when taken together with the cosmological principle imply that space is expanding according to the Friedmann-Lemaître model of general relativity. Extrapolated into the past, these observations show that the Universe has expanded from a primeval state, in which all the matter and energy ...

Including:

• Big Bang - History
• Big Bang - Overview
• Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings
• Big Bang - Observational evidence
• Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion
• Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation
• Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements
• Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution
• Big Bang - Features issues and problems
• Big Bang - Horizon problem
• Big Bang - Flatness problem
• Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles
• Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry
• Big Bang - Globular cluster age
• Big Bang - Dark matter
• Big Bang - Dark energy
• Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory
• Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang
• Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia - Big Bang

In physics, and specifically particle physics, CP violation is a violation of the postulated CP symmetry of the laws of physics. It plays an important role in theories of cosmology that attempt to explain the dominance of matter over antimatter in the present Universe. The discovery of CP violation in 1964 in the decays of neutral kaons resulted in the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1980 for its discoverers James Cronin and Val Fitch. The study of CP violation remains a vibrant area of theoretical and exp ...

Including:

• CP-violation - What is CP?
• CP-violation - CP Violation
• CP-violation - CP Violation and the Existence of the Universe

Read more here: » CP-violation: Encyclopedia - CP-violation

A chiral anomaly is the anomalous nonconservation of a chiral current. In some theories of fermions with a chiral symmetry the quantization may lead to the breaking of this (global) chiral symmetry. In that case, the charge associated with the chiral symmetry is not conserved. A heuristic handwaving way of explaining this is to suppose there is a Dirac sea of fermions and a large (and therefore adiabatic) instanton suddenly appears, and suddenly, the energy levels gradually shift upwards or downwards. This means particles which ...

Including:

• Chiral anomaly - An example: baryonic charge non-conservation
• Chiral anomaly - Published articles
• Chiral anomaly - Textbooks

Read more here: » Chiral anomaly: Encyclopedia - Chiral anomaly

The baryon asymmetry problem in astrophysics refers to the apparent fact that the baryons in the universe which have been observed are overwhelmingly matter as opposed to anti-matter. Neither the standard model of particle physics, nor the theory of general relativity provide an obvious explanation for why this should be so. There are competing theories to explain this part of the phenomena of baryogenesis, but there is no one consensus theory to explain this phenomena at this time. Other related archive

Read more here: » Baryon asymmetry: Encyclopedia - Baryon asymmetry

Particle accelerator Penning trap positron antiproton antineutron Antimuon Antitauon Electron antineutrino Muon antineutrino Tau antineutrino PET Fuel Weaponry CERN ATRAP ATHENA Paul Dirac Carl Anderson Antimatter or contra-terrene matter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that c ...

Including:

• Antimatter - History
• Antimatter - Antimatter production
• Antimatter - Notation
• Antimatter - Antimatter as fuel
• Antimatter - The Antiuniverse
• Antimatter - Antimatter in popular culture

Read more here: » Antimatter: Encyclopedia - Antimatter

In particle physics, the baryons are a family of subatomic particles including the proton and the neutron (collectively called nucleons), as well as a number of unstable, heavier particles (called hyperons). The term "baryon" is derived from the Greek barys, meaning "heavy," as they are heavier than the other main groups of particles. Baryons are strongly interacting fermions — that is, they experience the strong nuclear force and are described by Fermi-Dirac statistics, which apply to all particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle. This is in contrast to the boson ...

Including:

• Baryon - Baryonic matter

Read more here: » Baryon: Encyclopedia - Baryon

A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today, and have been avoided either through modifications to the theory or as the result of better observations. Other issues, such as the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter, are not considered to be fatal as they can be addressed through refinements of the theory. There are a small number of proponents of non-standard cosmologies who doubt that there was a Big Bang at all. ...

See also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - Features issues and problems

The Standard Model of electroweak interactions has all the necessary ingredients for successful baryogenesis. Beyond the violation of charge conjugation C and CP violation CP, baryonic charge violation appears through the Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly [5] of the U(1) group. Baryons are not conserved by the usual electroweak interactions due to quantum chiral anomaly. The classic electroweak Lagrangian conserves baryonic charg ...

See also:

Chiral anomaly, Chiral anomaly - An example: baryonic charge non-conservation, Chiral anomaly - Published articles, Chiral anomaly - Textbooks

Read more here: » Chiral anomaly: Encyclopedia II - Chiral anomaly - An example: baryonic charge non-conservation

The Planck Epoch covers the time from 10-43 to 10-35 seconds after the Big Bang. The temperature during this epoch is estimated to decrease from 1032 K to 1027 K. 10-43 seconds A length of 10-43 seconds is known as Planck time. At this point, the force of gravity separated from the other three forces, collectively known as the electronuclear force. A complete theory of quantum gravity such as superstring theory is needed to understand these very earl ...

See also:

Timeline of the Big Bang, Timeline of the Big Bang - Introduction, Timeline of the Big Bang - Overview, Timeline of the Big Bang - The Big Bang and matter formation, Timeline of the Big Bang - The Primordial Age - from 0 years to 379000 years, Timeline of the Big Bang - Planck Epoch, Timeline of the Big Bang - Galaxy and star formation, Timeline of the Big Bang - The Stelliferous Age - from 10⁶ to 10¹⁴ years, Timeline of the Big Bang - Near-term future of the Universe - three different scenarios, Timeline of the Big Bang - Scenario A: The Big Rip, Timeline of the Big Bang - Scenario B: The Heat death of the Universe, Timeline of the Big Bang - Scenario C: The Big Crunch, Timeline of the Big Bang - Long-term future for a long-lived Universe, Timeline of the Big Bang - The Degenerate Age - from 10¹⁴ to 10⁴⁰ years, Timeline of the Big Bang - The Black Hole Age - from 10⁴⁰ years to 10¹⁰⁰ years, Timeline of the Big Bang - Ultimate fate for a long-lived Universe, Timeline of the Big Bang - The Dark Age - from 10¹⁰⁰ years until 10¹⁵⁰ years, Timeline of the Big Bang - The Photon Age - from 10¹⁵⁰ years until the Distant Future

Read more here: » Timeline of the Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of the Big Bang - Planck Epoch

Susskind was born in New York City, NY and now resides in Palo Alto, CA. He is married to Anne Warren and has four children. He graduated with a B.S. in Physics in 1962, from the City College of New York, then went on to get his Ph.D. in 1965 from Cornell University. ...

See also:

Leonard Susskind, Leonard Susskind - Background, Leonard Susskind - Career, Leonard Susskind - Contributions to Physics

Read more here: » Leonard Susskind: Encyclopedia II - Leonard Susskind - Background

Despite the lack of observational evidence for proton decay, some grand unification theories require it. According to some such theories, the proton would have a half-life of 1036 years, and would decay into a positron and a pion that itself immediately decays into photons in the range of gamma radiation. p → e+π0 Though this process has not been observed experimentally, it is within the realm of experimental testability for future planned very larg ...

See also:

Proton decay, Proton decay - Experimental evidence, Proton decay - Theoretical motivation, Proton decay - Dimension-6 proton decay operators, Proton decay - Dimension-5 proton decay operators, Proton decay - Dimension-4 proton decay operators, Proton decay - Sphaleron-mediated proton decay

Read more here: » Proton decay: Encyclopedia II - Proton decay - Theoretical motivation

Below, some of the most active areas of inquiry in cosmology are described, in roughly chronological order. This does not include all of the big bang cosmology, which is presented in cosmological timeline. Physical cosmology - The very early universe. While the early, hot universe appears to be well explained by the big bang from roughly 10-33 seconds onwards, there are several problems. One is that there is no compelling reason, using current particle physics, to expect the universe to be flat, ...

See also:

Physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - History of physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - Areas of study, Physical cosmology - The very early universe, Physical cosmology - Big bang nucleosynthesis, Physical cosmology - Cosmic microwave background, Physical cosmology - Formation and evolution of large-scale structure, Physical cosmology - Dark matter, Physical cosmology - Dark energy, Physical cosmology - Other areas of inquiry, Physical cosmology - External references, Physical cosmology - From groups, Physical cosmology - From individuals

Read more here: » Physical cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Physical cosmology - Areas of study

CP is the product of two symmetries: C for charge conjugation, which transforms a particle into its antiparticle, and P for parity, which creates the mirror image of a physical system. The strong interaction and electromagnetic interaction are invariant under the CP transformation operation, but this symmetry is slightly violated during certain types of weak decay. Historically, CP-symmetry was proposed to restore order after the ...

See also:

CP-violation, CP-violation - What is CP?, CP-violation - CP Violation, CP-violation - CP Violation and the Existence of the Universe

Read more here: » CP-violation: Encyclopedia II - CP-violation - What is CP?

Big Bang nucleosynthesis begins about one minute after the Big Bang, when the universe has cooled enough to form stable protons and neutrons, after baryogenesis. From simple thermodynamical arguments, one can calculate the fraction of protons and neutrons based on the temperature at this point. This fraction is in favour of protons, because the higher mass of the neutron results in a spontaneous decay of neutrons to protons with a half-life of about 15 minutes. One feature of BBN is that the physical laws and constants that govern the behavi ...

See also:

Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - History of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Heavy elements, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Helium-4, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Deuterium, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Status and Implications of BBN, Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Non-standard BBN

Read more here: » Big Bang nucleosynthesis: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Sequence of BBN

Baryonic matter is matter composed mostly of baryons (by mass), which includes atoms of any sort (and thus includes nearly all matter that we may encounter or experience in everyday life, including our bodies). Non-baryonic matter is the fundamental antithesis of such matter, being any sort of matter that is not primarily composed of baryons. This might include such ordinary matter as neutrinos, photons or free electrons; however, it may also include exotic species of non-baryonic dark matter, such as supersymmetric particles, ...

See also:

Baryon, Baryon - Baryonic matter

Read more here: » Baryon: Encyclopedia II - Baryon - Baryonic matter

Alfvén's model of plasma cosmology can be divided into three distinct areas. The cosmic plasma, an empirical description of the Universe based on the results from laboratory experiments on plasmas Force free filaments, a proposed mechanism for the formation of large scale structure in the universe. ambiplasma theory, based on a hypothetical matter/antimatter plasma.

Plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Overview, Plasma cosmology - Alfvén's model, Plasma cosmology - Cosmic Plasma, Plasma cosmology - Force free filaments, Plasma cosmology - Ambiplasma, Plasma cosmology - Features and problems, Plasma cosmology - Formation of structure, Plasma cosmology - Light elements abundance, Plasma cosmology - Microwave background, Plasma cosmology - Redshifts, Plasma cosmology - Future, Plasma cosmology - Figures in plasma cosmology, Plasma cosmology - Footnotes, Plasma cosmology - Links and references, Plasma cosmology - Books

Read more here: » Plasma cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Plasma cosmology - Alfvén's model

In antimatter-matter collisions, the entire rest mass of the particles is converted to energy. The energy per unit mass is about 10 orders of magnitude greater than chemical energy, and about 2 orders of magnitude greater than nuclear energy that can be liberated today using chemical reactions or nuclear fission/fusion. The reaction of 1 kg of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8×1017 J (180 petajoules) of energy (by the equation E=mc²). In contrast, burning a kilogram of gasoline produces 4.2×107 ...

See also:

Antimatter, Antimatter - History, Antimatter - Antimatter production, Antimatter - Notation, Antimatter - Antimatter as fuel, Antimatter - The Antiuniverse, Antimatter - Antimatter in popular culture

Read more here: » Antimatter: Encyclopedia II - Antimatter - Antimatter as fuel

A number of problems have arisen within the Big Bang theory throughout its history. Some of them are mainly of historical interest today, and have been avoided either through modifications to the theory or as the result of better observations. Other issues, such as the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter, are not considered to be fatal as they can be addressed through refinements of the theory. There are a small number of proponents of non-standard cosmologies who doubt that there was a Big Bang at all. ...

See also:

Big Bang, Big Bang - History, Big Bang - Overview, Big Bang - Theoretical underpinnings, Big Bang - Observational evidence, Big Bang - Hubble's law expansion, Big Bang - Cosmic microwave background radiation, Big Bang - Abundance of primordial elements, Big Bang - Galactic evolution and distribution, Big Bang - Features, issues and problems, Big Bang - Horizon problem, Big Bang - Flatness problem, Big Bang - Magnetic monopoles, Big Bang - Baryon asymmetry, Big Bang - Globular cluster age, Big Bang - Dark matter, Big Bang - Dark energy, Big Bang - The future according to the Big Bang theory, Big Bang - Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang, Big Bang - Philosophical and religious interpretations

Read more here: » Big Bang: Encyclopedia II - Big Bang - Features, issues and problems

He has been a Professor of Physics at Stanford University since 1979. Susskind is the author of a recent book "The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design". The book has received mixed reviews and has not sold as well as similar books by Brian Greene and Lisa Randall. Susskind has an H index of 68. ...

See also:

Leonard Susskind, Leonard Susskind - Background, Leonard Susskind - Career, Leonard Susskind - Contributions to Physics

Read more here: » Leonard Susskind: Encyclopedia II - Leonard Susskind - Career