Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza
Benedictus de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), was named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de E...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography
Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza. Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being. 1662. On the Improvement of the Understanding. Project Gut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Quotes
Mind and body are one and the same individual which is conceived now under the attribute of thought, and now under the attribute of exten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza (Netherlands, 1632-1677) is in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus and Tractatus Politicus a proto-liberal defending the va...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy
Known as both the "greatest Jew" and the "greatest Atheist", Spinoza contended that God and Nature were two names for the same reality, n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy - Overview
Known as both the "greatest Jew" and the "greatest Atheist", Spinoza contended that God and Nature were two names for the same reality, n...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Baruch Spinoza: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary On Baruch Spinoza
Spinoza, Baruch: Dutch philosopher (1632-1677) who taught a monistic pantheism of one infinite substance, God or nature. (See also: ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia - René Descartes
René Descartes (IPA: /deˈkaʁt/, March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, was a noted French philosopher, mathem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews
Israel: nn Europe: nn South Africa: nn Oceania: nn   • Ashkenazi Jews   • Mizrahi Jews   •&...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory
This is an (partial) overview of individuals that contributed to the development of liberal theory on a worldwide scale and therefore are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Continental Rationalism: Encyclopedia - Continental Rationalism
Continental rationalism is an approach to philosophy based on the thesis that human reason can in principle be the source of all knowledg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 17th-century Philosophy: Encyclopedia - 17th-century Philosophy
17th-century philosophy in the West is generally regarded as seeing the start of modern philosophy, and the shaking off of the mediæval ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser
Louis Pierre Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the presti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1677: Encyclopedia - 1677
1677 - Events. May 31 - Danish ships clash with Swedish ships under Niels Iuel between Femern and Warnemunde - Danish defeat the Swedi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dynamism: Encyclopedia - Dynamism
Dynamism is a concept that has several meanings. One is a concept pertaining to objects and the material world. The other is a social cul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rationalism: Encyclopedia - Rationalism
Rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth can best be discovered by re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1632: Encyclopedia - 1632
1632 - Events. February 22 - Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300 colonists for New Fr...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Spinoza, Baruch: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Spinoza, Baruch
Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677) {SD, BCW}   (See also: Spinoza, Baruch , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul) &nb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novalis: Encyclopedia Ii - Novalis - Biography
Novalis was born May 2, 1772 on his father's estate at Oberwiederstedt in Prussian Saxony. His parents were members of the Moravian (Herr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Biography
Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France. At the age of eleven, he entered the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novalis: Encyclopedia Ii - Novalis - Writing
Novalis' works are for the most part fragments, of which Heinrich von Ofterdingen, an unfinished romance, is the most significant. This c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Mathematical Legacy
Descartes said, "Nature can be defined through numbers." Mathematicians consider Descartes of the utmost importance for his discovery of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Philosophical Legacy
Descartes is often regarded as the first modern thinker to provide a philosophical framework for the natural sciences as these began to d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Medicine
Although less than in Ashkenazi Jews, there is a higher incidence of certain hereditary diseases in Sephardi Jews. The most important one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Sephardim Under Islam
With the victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711, the lives of the Sephardim changed dramatically. In spite of the stigma attached to being dhi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Definition
A Sephardi is a Jew originating in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal: ספרד, Standard Hebrew Səfárad, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Distribution
Prior to 1492 substantial Sephardi populations existed in most Spanish provinces. Among the more prominent were in Toledo, Córdoba, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Language
The traditional language of the Sephardim is Judæo-Spanish, also called Ladino (a term considered pejorative in some circles). It is a R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Names
In contrast to Ashkenazic Jews, who do not name newborn children after living relatives, Sephardic Jews often name their children after t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Relationship To Other Jews
Although the Sephardim lived on peaceful terms with other Jews, they rarely intermarried with them; neither did they unite with them in f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Early History
The precise origins of the Sephardim are unclear. There is fragmentary and inconclusive evidence of a Jewish presence on the Iberian Peni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Later History And Culture
Among the Sephardim were many who were the descendants, or heads, of wealthy families and who, as Marranos, had occupied prominent positi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hasdai Crescas: Encyclopedia Ii - Hasdai Crescas - Biography
Hadai Crescas came from a family of scholars; he was a disciple of the Talmudist and philosopher Nissim ben Reuben, known as The RaN. Fol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli (Florence, 1469-1527), best known for his Il Principe was the founder of realist political philosophy, advocated rep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Francis Fukuyama
Francis Fukuyama (United States, 1952- ) Fukuyama is best known as the author of the controversial book The End of History and the Last M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - William Lloyd Garrison
William Lloyd Garrison (United States, 1805-1879) Some literature: Articles advocating abolition of slavery in the newspaperThe Liberat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (United Kingdom, 1806-1873) is one of the first champions of modern "liberalism" as such, his work on political economy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Adolf Berle
Adolf Berle (United States, 1895-1971) was author of The Modern Corporation and Private Property, detailing the importance of differentia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Anders Chydenius
Anders Chydenius (Finland (then a part of the Swedish realm), 1729-1803) His book Den Nationale Winsten proposed roughly same the ideas a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pantheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Pantheism - Varieties Of Pantheism
This article distinguishes between two divergent groups of pantheists: Classical pantheism, which is expressed in the immanent God of Ka...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dynamism: Encyclopedia Ii - Dynamism - Metaphysics
Dynamism is term of philosophy and science coined by Gottfried Leibniz (1646—1716) and developed into a full system of cosmology. The D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Causation In The History Of Philosophy
Causality - Aristotle. Aristotle suggested four types of cause for a thing that exists: Material, Efficient, Final and Formal. Take for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia Ii - Louis Althusser - Biographical Information
Louis Althusser - Early Life. Althusser wrote two autobiographies, L'Avenir dure longtemps, or "The Future Lasts a Long Time," which is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia Ii - Louis Althusser - Thought
Althusser's earlier works include the influential volume Reading Capital, which collects the work of Althusser and his students on an int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - De Grootste Nederlander: Encyclopedia Ii - De Grootste Nederlander - From 11-50
11 Aletta Jacobs 12 Christiaan Huygens 13 Annie M.G. Schmidt 14 Queen Juliana of the Netherlands 15 Johan Rudolf Thorbecke 16 Majoor Boss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nondualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Nondualism - Individuals Subscribing To A Non-dual View Of Reality
Nondualism - Ancient Western philosophers. Plotinus Nondualism - Medieval Western philosphers. Hildegard of Bingen Mechteld of Mag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anne Conway Viscountess Conway: Encyclopedia Ii - Anne Conway Viscountess Conway - The Principles Of The Most Ancient And Modern Philosophy
Conway's only work was originally written (in English) between 1671 and 1675, and it was first published posthumously in 1690 in a Latin ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philip Verheyen: Encyclopedia Ii - Philip Verheyen - His Career And The Influence Of Ruysch And Spinoza
Embarking on a career in medicine, he initially continued at H-Drievuldigheids College and then in 1678 moved to Leids Universitair Medic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Franciscus Van Den Enden: Encyclopedia Ii - Franciscus Van Den Enden - Importance
One of the central question concerning Franciscus van den Enden is whether and in how far he was an influence on the philosophy of Spinoz...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Substance Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Substance Theory - Primitive Concepts Of Substance Theory
Two primitive concepts (i.e. genuine notions that cannot be explained in terms of something else) in substance theory are the bare partic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Golden Age - Religion
Calvinism was the predominant belief in the Low Countries. This does not imply that unity existed. The opposite seems true. In the beginn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 17th-century Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - 17th-century Philosophy - Europe
In Western Philosophy, the modern period is usually taken to start with the seventeenth century — more specifically, with the work of R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dynamism: Encyclopedia Ii - Dynamism - Libertarianism
Libertarian pundit Virginia Postrel used the term dynamism to describe her social philosophy that embraces cultural change, individual ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Or Hashem: Encyclopedia Ii - Or Hashem - Purpose Of The Work
In the early medieval era there had been a tendency for some Jewish religious rationalists to reinterpret classical Jewish theology in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontological Argument - Revisionists
Obviously Anselm thought this argument was valid and persuasive, and it still has occasional defenders, but many, perhaps most, contempor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euclid's Elements: Encyclopedia Ii - Euclid's Elements - First Principles
Euclid based his work in Book I on 23 definitions, such as point, line and surface, five postulates and five "common notions" (both of wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hasdai Crescas: Encyclopedia Ii - Hasdai Crescas - His Works
His works on Jewish law, if indeed ever committed to writing - have not reached us. But his concise philosophical work Or Adonai, The Lig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontological Argument - Philosophical Assumptions Underlying The Argument
In order to understand the place this argument has in the history of philosophy, it is important to understand the essence of the argumen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Gulden: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Gulden - History
In the Netherlands, both gold and silver gulden coins were issued. In the 18th century, the silver gulden was divided into 20 stuivers, e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Network - Modern Management Theory
Modern management science and practitioners like Dee Hock and Ricardo Semler emphasize the need for workplace democracy and a degree of d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ehrenfried Walther Von Tschirnhaus: Encyclopedia Ii - Ehrenfried Walther Von Tschirnhaus - The Mathematician
In 1682 he worked out the theory of caustics by reflection, or, as they were usually called, catacaustics, and showed that they were rect...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Network - In Practice
Perhaps not surprisingly, some modern power networks claim some of their practices originate in the above principles and doctrines. An ea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antonio Negri: Encyclopedia Ii - Antonio Negri - Political Thought And Writings
Among the central themes in Negri's work are Marxism, democratic globalization, Anti-capitalism, Postmodernism, Neoliberalism, Democracy,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia Ii - Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah
The joy of his followers knew no bounds. Sabbatai, assisted by his wife, now became the sole ruler of the community. In this capacity he ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Golden Age - Causes Of The Golden Age
Several factors have contributed to the flowering of the arts and sciences during this period. Dutch Golden Age - Wealth. During a larg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pantheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Pantheism - Islam
Islamic Sufism is regarded by some as being influenced by eastern philosophies (Indian and Persian) and has Pantheistic doctrines within ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antonio Negri: Encyclopedia Ii - Antonio Negri - Early Years
Antonio (Toni) Negri was born in Padua, Italy in 1933. He had a stellar academic career at the University of Padua and was promoted to fu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia Ii - Apostasy - Noted Apostates
This is a list of some notable persons that have been labelled an apostate by a notable source, regardless whether they fit any of the me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alfred Döblin: Encyclopedia Ii - Alfred Döblin - Life
Alfred Döblin - 1878 - 1918. The family moved to Berlin in 1898, where Döblin studied medicine, first at the University of Berlin, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Golden Age - Culture
The Low Countries witnessed a cultural development that stood out from neighbouring countries. With some exceptions (notably Dutch playwr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Golden Age - Architecture
Dutch architecture was taken to a new height in the Golden Age. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls, weig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Golden Age - Literature
In the 17th century the center of literary activity shifted from the southern Netherlands to the northern part of the country. This was a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Golden Age - Music
Family music-making was a favorite pastime in the 17th century. Common instruments were the lute, the harpsichord, viola da gamba and the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Franciscus Van Den Enden: Encyclopedia Ii - Franciscus Van Den Enden - Life
Van den Enden, the son of weavers, was baptized at Antwerp on 6 February 1602. He was a pupil at the Augustinian and the Jesuit colleges ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kabbalah: Encyclopedia Ii - Kabbalah - Foretelling The Future
A small number of Kabbalists have attempted to foretell events by the Kabbalah. The term has come to be used to refer to secret science i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nondualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Nondualism - Nondualistic World Views
To the Nondualist, reality is ultimately neither physical nor mental. Instead, it is an ineffable state or realization. This ultimate thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontological Argument: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontological Argument - A Modern Description Of The Argument
Here's a short, and very general description of the ontological argument: 1) God is the greatest possible being and thus possesses all p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Or Hashem: Encyclopedia Ii - Or Hashem - The First Cause
The first main division opens with a thorough criticism of the twenty-five (or twenty-six) Aristotelian propositions ("hakdamot") which M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nondualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Nondualism - Terminology
The term "nondual" is a literal translation of the Sanskrit term advaita. In the context of postmodern feminism and Tibetan Buddhism, Ann...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - De Castro Family: Encyclopedia Ii - De Castro Family - Benedict Baruch Nehamias De Castro
Physician in ordinary to Queen Christina of Sweden and writer on medicine, born at Hamburg in 1597, died there 31st January 1684 He atten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nondualism: Encyclopedia Ii - Nondualism - Nondual Realization
To the Nondualist, reality is ultimately neither physical nor mental. Instead, it is an ineffable state or realization. This ultimate thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophy Of Religion: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophy Of Religion - What Is God?
The question "What is God?" is sometimes also phrased as "What is the meaning of the word 'God'?" Most philosophers expect some sort of d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In The Netherlands: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In The Netherlands - Economic Influences
Jews played a major role in the development of Dutch colonial territories and international trade, and many Jews in former colonies have ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pantheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Pantheism - Methods Of Explanation
An oft-cited feature of pantheism is that each individual human, being part of the universe or nature, is part of God. One issue discusse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pantheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Pantheism - Debate
Some critics argue that pantheism is little more than a redefinition of the word "God" to mean "existence" "life"or "reality". Many panth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uriel Da Costa: Encyclopedia Ii - Uriel Da Costa - Life
Uriel was born in Oporto with the name Gabriel da Costa. He hailed from a Marrano family that had converted from Judaism to Catholicism i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tlön Uqbar Orbis Tertius: Encyclopedia Ii - Tlön Uqbar Orbis Tertius - Publication History
As already stated, "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" originally appeared in Spanish in Sur in 1940. The Spanish-language original was then pu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - De Castro Family: Encyclopedia Ii - De Castro Family - Daniel Andreas Do Castro
Physician, born Hamburg 1599 Younger brother of Baruch Nahamias, with whom he attended the gymnasium and studied medicine. He was physici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Gulden: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Gulden - History
In the Netherlands, both gold and silver gulden coins were issued. In the 18th century, the silver gulden was divided into 20 stuivers, e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Golden Age - Social Structure
In the Netherlands the social status in the 17th century was largely determined by income. Social classes existed but in a new way. Arist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Dutch Golden Age - Science
Due to its climate of intellectual tolerance the Dutch Republic attracted scientists and other thinkers from all over Europe. Especially ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Philosophy - Approaches
As with any fusion of religion and philosophy, the attempt is difficult because classical philosophers start with no preconditions for w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Edison: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Edison - Trivia
"To Steinway & Sons — Gents, I have decided to keep your grand piano. For some reason unknown to me it gives better results than an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography
Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza. Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being. 1662. On the Improvement of the Understanding. Project Gut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Life
Born to a great family of Sephardic Jews, among the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, he gained fame for his positions of pantheism and neutr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Life
Born to a great family of Sephardic Jews, among the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, he gained fame for his positions of pantheism and neutr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy - Relativism
Encapsulated at the start in his Treatise on the Improvement of the Understanding (Tractatus de intellectus emendatione) is the core of S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Modern Relevance
Albert Einstein said that Spinoza was the philosopher who had most influenced his worldview (Weltanschauung). Spinoza equated God (infini...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Modern Relevance
Albert Einstein said that Spinoza was the philosopher who had most influenced his worldview (Weltanschauung). Spinoza equated God (infini...   » Read the article

Article - Hindu Hinduism Sitemap I - B
This is a sitemap for topic pages related to Hinduism. Click on a link and you will find multiple articles related to the topic:  ...   » Read the article