Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza

Benedictus de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), was named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de Espinosa or Bento d'Espiñoza in his native Amsterdam. He is one of the three great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, the others being René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz. His magnum opus was the Ethics. His writings, like those of his fellow rationalists, reveal considerable mathematical training and ability. Spinoza was a lens crafter, which in his day was an exc ...

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Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia II - Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza. Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being. 1662. On the Improvement of the Understanding. Project Gutenberg 1663. Principles of Cartesian Philosophy. 1670. Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (A Theologico-Political Treatise) Project Gutenberg: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 1677. Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (The Ethics) Project Gutenberg. Another translation, by Jonathan Bennet ...

Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia II - Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy

Known as both the "greatest Jew" and the "greatest Atheist", Spinoza contended that God and Nature were two names for the same reality, namely the single substance (meaning "to stand beneath" rather than "matter") that underlies the universe and of which all lesser "entities" are actually modes or modifications. The argument for this single substance runs something as follows: 1. Substance exists and cannot be dependent on anything else for its existence. 2. No two substances can share an attribute. Proof: If t ...

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Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews

Israel: nn Europe: nn South Africa: nn Oceania: nn • Ashkenazi Jews • Mizrahi Jews • Other Jewish groups Sephardi Jews (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm< ...

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Sephardi Jews - Other Sephardic Pedigrees

Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Contributions to liberal theory

This is an (partial) overview of individuals that contributed to the development of liberal theory on a worldwide scale and therefore are strongly associated with the liberal tradition and instrumental in the exposition of political liberalism as a philosophy. The contributors are listed in approximately chronological order, beginning from the roots of realism, rationalism and humanism in the Renaissance, all movements which were influential in the creation of what is thought of as liberal political theory. These include Desiderius Erasmus, ...

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Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Continental rationalism

Continental rationalism is an approach to philosophy based on the thesis that human reason can in principle be the source of all knowledge. It originated with René Descartes and spread during the 17th and 18th centuries, primarily in continental Europe. In contrast, the approach known as British Empiricism held that all ideas come to us through experience, either through the five external senses or through such inner sensations as pain and pleasure, and thus that knowledge (with the possible exception of mathematics) is essentially e ...

Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - 17th-century philosophy

17th-century philosophy in the West is generally regarded as seeing the start of modern philosophy, and the shaking off of the mediæval approach, especially scholasticism. 17th-century philosophy - Europe. In Western Philosophy, the modern period is usually taken to start with the seventeenth century — more specifically, with the work of René Descartes, who set much of the agenda as well as much of the methodology for those who came after him. The period is typified in Europe by the great system-builder ...

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Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser

Louis Pierre Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy. He was a leading academic proponent of the French Communist Party and his arguments were a response to multiple threats to the ideological foundations of that socialist project. These included both the threat from an empiricism which was beginning to invade Marxist sociology and economics, and a threa ...

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Louis Althusser - Biographical information

Louis Althusser - Thought

Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - 1677

1677 - Events. May 31 - Danish ships clash with Swedish ships under Niels Iuel between Femern and Warnemunde - Danish defeat the Swedish and capture number of ships November 16 - French troops occupy Freiburg First performance of Racine's tragedy, Phèdre Sarah Churchill marries John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough Battle of Cassel, Philippe I of Orléans defeats William of Orange Mary II of England marries William of Orange English ...

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Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Dynamism

Dynamism is a concept that has several meanings. One is a concept pertaining to objects and the material world. The other is a social culture philosophy. the specific meanings can be found below. Dynamism - Metaphysics. Dynamism is term of philosophy and science coined by Gottfried Leibniz (1646—1716) and developed into a full system of cosmology. The Dynamism idea in metaphysical cosmology explains the material world in terms of active, pointlike forces, with no extension but with action at ...

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Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Rationalism

Rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth can best be discovered by reason and factual analysis, rather than faith, dogma or religious teaching. Rationalism has some similarities in ideology and intent to humanism and atheism, in that it aims to provide a framework for social and philosophical discourse outside of religious or supernatural beliefs; however, rationalism differs from both of these, in that: As its name suggests, humanism is centered o ...

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Rationalism - Rationalists

Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - 1632

1632 - Events. February 22 - Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300 colonists for New France depart Dieppe November 8 - Wladyslaw IV Waza elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Zygmunt III Waza death November 16 - Battle of Lützen Fasilidos succeeds his father Sissinios as Emperor of Ethiopia Christina becomes queen of Sweden; five regents, headed by Axel Oxenstierna, govern country. Antigu ...

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Baruch Spinoza: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary on Spinoza, Baruch

Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677) {SD, BCW}

For more dictionary entries, see » Baruch Spinoza Dictionary

Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia II - Novalis - Biography

Novalis was born May 2, 1772 on his father's estate at Oberwiederstedt in Prussian Saxony. His parents were members of the Moravian (Herrnhuter) sect, and the strict religious training of his youth is reflected in his literary works. After completing gymnasium in Eisleben, he enrolled at University of Jena as a student of philosophy, where he befriended Friedrich Schiller. After Jena, Novalis studied law in Leipzig, when he formed a friendship with Friedrich Schlegel, and finis ...

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