Banu Isam

The Banu Isam were a Muslim Berber dynasty that ruled Ceuta, North Africa, for four generations. The town had been destroyed in a Kharijite rebellion, and was lying waste; sometime in the middle of the ninth century, Mâjakas, chief of the Majkasa tribe, resettled it and founded a dynasty that ruled the town until the Umayyads took it over in 931. Its kings were: Mâjakas `Isâm, son of Mâjakas Majîr, son of `Isâm Ridâ, son of `Isâm (?-931), who paid allegiance to the Idrisids, but surrendered the city to the Umayyads when the Idrisid capital ...

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Ceuta is a Spanish exclave in North Africa, located on a northern tip of the Maghreb, on the Mediterranean coast near the Strait of Gibraltar. It is known in Arabic as سبتة (Sabtah in Standard Arabic, Sebta in Morocco). Its area is approximately 28 km². Ceuta is dominated by a hill called Monte Hacho, on which there is a fort occupied by the Spanish army. Monte Hacho is one of the possible locations for the southern Pillars of Hercules of Greek Legend, the other possibility being Jebel Musa. Ceu ...

Including:

• Ceuta - History
• Ceuta - Administration

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Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam
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• History of Islam - Introduction
• History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography
• History of Islam - Muhammad
• History of Islam - The spread of Islam
• History of Islam - The Fitna
• History of Islam - The Second Fitna
• History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power
• History of Islam - The decline of political unity
• History of Islam - The Ottoman empire
• History of Islam - Three Muslim empires
• History of Islam - The 20th century
• History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East
• History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis
• History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan
• History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel
• History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East
• History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions
• History of Islam - Present day
• History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism
• History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth
• History of Islam - Chronology
• History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers
• History of Islam - References and further reading

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The successful Portuguese efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century did not affect the Mediterranean heart of Morocco. After the Napoleonic Wars, Egypt and the North African maghreb became increasingly ungovernable from Constantinople, the resort of pirates under local beys, and as Europe industrialized, an increasingly prized potential for colonization. The Maghreb had far greater proven wealth than the unknown rest of Africa and a location of strategic importance affecting the exit from the Mediterranean. For the first time ...

See also:

History of Morocco, History of Morocco - Roman and sub-Roman Morocco, History of Morocco - Early Islamic Morocco, History of Morocco - Timeline, History of Morocco - Morocco 1666-1912, History of Morocco - European Influence, History of Morocco - Independence

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See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt An ...

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The area of modern Morocco has been inhabited since Neolithic times, at least 8000 BC, as attested by signs of the Capsian culture, in a time when the Maghreb was less arid than it is today. Many theorists believe the Berber language probably arrived at roughly the same time as agriculture (see Berber), and was adopted by the existing population as well as the immigrants that brought it. Modern genetic analyses have confirmed that various populations have contributed to the present-day population, including, in addition to the main ethnic gr ...

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Morocco, Morocco - Name, Morocco - History, Morocco - Roman and sub-Roman Morocco, Morocco - Early Islamic Morocco, Morocco - Morocco 1666-1912, Morocco - European Influence, Morocco - Independence, Morocco - Politics, Morocco - Provinces, Morocco - Geography, Morocco - Economy, Morocco - Demographics, Morocco - Culture

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The modern age brought radical technological and organizational changes to Europe and Islamic countries found themselves less modern when compared to the many western nations. Europe's state-based government and rampant colonization allowed the West to dominate the globe economically and forced Islamic countries to question change. History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East. Islamic territories were granted at least nominal independence after the end of the First Wor ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

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See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt ...

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Ceuta's strategic location has made it the crucial waypoint of many cultures' trade and military ventures — beginning with the Carthaginians in the 5th century BC (They called the city Abyla). It wasn't until the Romans took control in about AD 42, however, that the port city (named Septem at the time) assumed an almost exclusive military purpose. Approximately 400 years later, the Vandals ousted the Romans for control, and later it fell to the Visigoths of Spain or to the Byzantines. In 710, as Muslim invade ...

See also:

Ceuta, Ceuta - History, Ceuta - Administration

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Lists of office-holders - Ancient world. Akkad Kings of Akkad Gutian kings Assyria Kings of Assyria Athens King of Athens Archons of Athens Axumite Kingdom Kings of Axum Babylon Kings of Babylon Bithynia Kings of Bithynia British Isles Great Britain Legendary Kings of the Britons Roman ...

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Lists of office-holders - Australia. Premiers of New South Wales Premiers of Queensland Premiers of South Australia Premiers of Tasmania Premiers of Victoria Premier of Western Australia Heads of Government of Norfolk Island Chief Minister of the Northern Territory Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory Governors of New South Wales Governors of Queensland Governors of South AustraliaSee also:

Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa, Lists of office-holders - Other Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Other Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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Arabia before Muhammad was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were Bedouin, pastoral nomads organized in tribes. Some were agriculturalists, living either in oases in the north, or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south (now Yemen and Oman). At that time the majority of Arabs followed various polytheistic religions, although a few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity (including Nestorians) or Zoroastrianism. The city of Mecca was a religious center for some of the northern ...

See also:

History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Muhammad

See also international organization leaders by year. President of the European Commission United Nations Secretary-General United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees International Monetary Fund Managing Directors Director-General of the World Trade Organization NATO Secretaries General FIFA presidents International Olympic Committee Presidents See also:

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Lists of office-holders - Australia. Premiers of New South Wales Premiers of Queensland Premiers of South Australia Premiers of Tasmania Premiers of Victoria Premier of Western Australia Heads of Government of Norfolk Island Chief Minister of the Northern Territory Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory Governors of New South Wales Governors of Queensland Governors of South AustraliaSee also:

Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Middle East, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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Algeria borders Morocco to the east and southeast. There are also four Spanish enclaves on the Mediterranean coast: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera and Peñón de Alhucemas, as well as several islands including Perejil and Chafarinas. Off the Atlantic coast the Canary Islands belong to Spain, whereas Madeira to the north is Portuguese. To the north, Morocco is bordered by and controls part of the Strait of Gibraltar, giving it power over the waterways in and out of the Mediterranean sea. The Rif mountains occupy the region bor ...

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Morocco, Morocco - Name, Morocco - History, Morocco - Roman and sub-Roman Morocco, Morocco - Early Islamic Morocco, Morocco - Morocco 1666-1912, Morocco - European Influence, Morocco - Independence, Morocco - Politics, Morocco - Provinces, Morocco - Geography, Morocco - Economy, Morocco - Demographics, Morocco - Culture

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Main article: Provinces of Morocco Morocco is divided into 37 provinces and 2 wilayas: Agadir Al Hoceima Azilal Beni Mellal Ben Slimane Boulemane Chefchaouen El Jadida El Kelaa des Sraghna Er Rachidia Essaouira Fes Figuig Guelmim Ifrane Kenitra Khemisset Khénifra Khouribga LaayouneSee also:

Morocco, Morocco - Name, Morocco - History, Morocco - Roman and sub-Roman Morocco, Morocco - Early Islamic Morocco, Morocco - Morocco 1666-1912, Morocco - European Influence, Morocco - Independence, Morocco - Politics, Morocco - Provinces, Morocco - Geography, Morocco - Economy, Morocco - Demographics, Morocco - Culture

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Morocco is the fourth most populous Arab country, after Egypt Sudan and Algeria. Most Moroccans are Sunni Muslims of Arab, Berber, or mixed Arab-Berber stock. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7th and 11th centuries and established their culture there. Morocco's Jewish minority has decreased significantly and numbers about 7,000 (See History of the Jews in Morocco). Most of the 100,000 foreign residents are French or Spanish; many are teachers or technicians. Morocco's official language is classical Arabic. The country's distinctive Ar ...

See also:

Morocco, Morocco - Name, Morocco - History, Morocco - Roman and sub-Roman Morocco, Morocco - Early Islamic Morocco, Morocco - Morocco 1666-1912, Morocco - European Influence, Morocco - Independence, Morocco - Politics, Morocco - Provinces, Morocco - Geography, Morocco - Economy, Morocco - Demographics, Morocco - Culture

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Morocco has signed Free Trade Agreements with the European Union (to take effect 2010) and the United States of America. The United States Senate approved by a vote of 85 to 13 on July 22, 2004 the Free Trade Agreement with Morocco, which will allow for 98% of the two-way trade of consumer and industrial products to be without tariffs. The agreement is expected to enter into force in January 2006. Morocco's largest industry is the mining of phosphates. Its second largest source of income is from nationals living abroad who transfer ...

See also:

Morocco, Morocco - Name, Morocco - History, Morocco - Roman and sub-Roman Morocco, Morocco - Early Islamic Morocco, Morocco - Morocco 1666-1912, Morocco - European Influence, Morocco - Independence, Morocco - Politics, Morocco - Provinces, Morocco - Geography, Morocco - Economy, Morocco - Demographics, Morocco - Culture

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See also international organization leaders by year. President of the European Commission United Nations Secretary-General United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees International Monetary Fund Managing Directors Director-General of the World Trade Organization NATO Secretaries General FIFA presidents International Olympic Committee Presidents See also:

Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Middle East, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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After Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr, his father-in-law and one of the earliest converts, assumed leadership of the Muslim community. This is still a matter of contention among Muslims; the largest sect of Islam, the Sunnis, and the various Shi'a sects, disagree radically as to the history and significance of Abu Bakr's succession to what was later called the caliphate. For further discussion, see Succession to Muhammad. Abu Bakr spent most of his brief caliphate fighting the Ridda Wars, bringing rebellious Arabian tribes to heel. After d ...

See also:

History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - The spread of Islam