Balkan linguistic union

The first written record of a Romanic language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans was written by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes Confessor in the 6th century about a military expedition against the Avars from 587, when a Vlach muleteer accompanying the Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion "Torna, torna fratre" (meaning "Return, return brother!"). The oldest written text in Romanian is a letter from 1521, in which Neacşu of Câmpulung wrote to the mayor of Braşo ...

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Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

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Main article: History of Bulgaria Bulgarians - Bulgars and Slavs. Bulgarians - Medieval history. Bulgarians - Ottoman domination. Bulgarians - Bulgarian revival period. Bulgarians - 20th century Bulgarians. ...

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Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population, Bulgarians - Culture, Bulgarians - Contribution to humanity, Bulgarians - Language, Bulgarians - Name System, Bulgarians - Religion, Bulgarians - Symbols, Bulgarians - Customs, Bulgarians - Name, Bulgarians - Relation with other peoples, Bulgarians - Toponyms, Bulgarians - Antroponyms, Bulgarians - History, Bulgarians - Bulgars and Slavs, Bulgarians - Medieval history, Bulgarians - Ottoman domination, Bulgarians - Bulgarian revival period, Bulgarians - 20th century Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population data

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1 Results according to the latest available census held in the country in question and year of the census (Bulgaria 2001, Canada (2001), Russia [1], Serbia and Montenegro (2002), Ukraine (2001), USA 2000). 2 The number of legal immigrants of Bulgarian ethnic origin permanently residing in Greece as at 2001 according to Migrants in Greece [2]. 3 Estimates of the Agency for Bulgarians Abroad for the numbers of ethnic Bulgarians living for the country in question based on data from th ...

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Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population, Bulgarians - Culture, Bulgarians - Contribution to humanity, Bulgarians - Language, Bulgarians - Name System, Bulgarians - Religion, Bulgarians - Symbols, Bulgarians - Customs, Bulgarians - Name, Bulgarians - Relation with other peoples, Bulgarians - Toponyms, Bulgarians - Antroponyms, Bulgarians - History, Bulgarians - Bulgars and Slavs, Bulgarians - Medieval history, Bulgarians - Ottoman domination, Bulgarians - Bulgarian revival period, Bulgarians - 20th century Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population data

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Main article: Politics of Europe Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Visegrád group Central European Initiative Commonwealth of Independent States European Union List of European Union-related topics NATO European Foreign Policy USSR Pro-European Europhile Europeanist Euroscepticism Eurooptimism Euronaivism Eurorealism Anti-European EuropolSee also:

List of Europe-related topics, List of Europe-related topics - States, List of Europe-related topics - Other, List of Europe-related topics - Former States, List of Europe-related topics - Regions, List of Europe-related topics - Geography and the environment, List of Europe-related topics - Geography, List of Europe-related topics - History, List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts, List of Europe-related topics - Economics, List of Europe-related topics - By country, List of Europe-related topics - Central Banks, List of Europe-related topics - Politics, List of Europe-related topics - European alliances, List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications, List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio, List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers, List of Europe-related topics - Communications, List of Europe-related topics - Transport, List of Europe-related topics - Culture, List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink, List of Europe-related topics - Languages, List of Europe-related topics - Religion and ethnicity, List of Europe-related topics - Sports and games, List of Europe-related topics - Education, List of Europe-related topics - Science and technology

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Main article: Economy of Europe Central European Free Trade Agreement Commonwealth of Independent States European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union Euro Eurozone List of European countries by GDP Financial and social rankings of European countries European decency threshold List of business schools in Europe List of European companies European Bank for Reconstruction and Development < ...

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List of Europe-related topics, List of Europe-related topics - States, List of Europe-related topics - Other, List of Europe-related topics - Former States, List of Europe-related topics - Regions, List of Europe-related topics - Geography and the environment, List of Europe-related topics - Geography, List of Europe-related topics - History, List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts, List of Europe-related topics - Economics, List of Europe-related topics - By country, List of Europe-related topics - Central Banks, List of Europe-related topics - Politics, List of Europe-related topics - European alliances, List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications, List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio, List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers, List of Europe-related topics - Communications, List of Europe-related topics - Transport, List of Europe-related topics - Culture, List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink, List of Europe-related topics - Languages, List of Europe-related topics - Religion and ethnicity, List of Europe-related topics - Sports and games, List of Europe-related topics - Education, List of Europe-related topics - Science and technology

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Greek language - Some common words and phrases. Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /ˈe̞liˌnas/ Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /ˌe̞liˈniða/ Greek (language): Ελληνικά /e̞ˌliniˈka/ hello: γεια /ʝa/ (informal, literally "health"), you say this only t ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

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Modern Greek is written in the late Ionic variant of the Greek alphabet, the oldest discovered inscriptions of which date to the 8th or 9th Century BC, assumed its final form in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the Attic Koine dialect during the Hellenistic era. The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and small form: Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ ς (word-final ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

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This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on Proto-Greek language. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest evidence of this is found in the Linear B tablets dating from 1500 BC. The later Greek alphabet (q.v.) is unrelated to Linear B, and was derived from the Phoenician alphabet (abjad); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventi ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

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List of Europe-related topics - Geography. Main article: Geography of Europe List of lakes of Europe List of rivers of Europe Latin names of European rivers List of mountain ranges of Europe Largest European metropolitan areas by population Largest urban areas of the European Union by population Largest cities of the European Union by population Names of European cities in different languages List of Latin plac ...

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List of Europe-related topics, List of Europe-related topics - States, List of Europe-related topics - Other, List of Europe-related topics - Former States, List of Europe-related topics - Regions, List of Europe-related topics - Geography and the environment, List of Europe-related topics - Geography, List of Europe-related topics - History, List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts, List of Europe-related topics - Economics, List of Europe-related topics - By country, List of Europe-related topics - Central Banks, List of Europe-related topics - Politics, List of Europe-related topics - European alliances, List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications, List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio, List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers, List of Europe-related topics - Communications, List of Europe-related topics - Transport, List of Europe-related topics - Culture, List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink, List of Europe-related topics - Languages, List of Europe-related topics - Religion and ethnicity, List of Europe-related topics - Sports and games, List of Europe-related topics - Education, List of Europe-related topics - Science and technology

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Main article: History of Europe European archaeology Date of independence of European countries Sick man of Europe List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts. Main article: List of conflicts in Europe Balkan Wars First Chechen War Second Chechen War Crimean War Easter Rising English Civil War Estonian Liberation War Finnish Civil War Franco-Prussian War French Rev ...

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List of Europe-related topics, List of Europe-related topics - States, List of Europe-related topics - Other, List of Europe-related topics - Former States, List of Europe-related topics - Regions, List of Europe-related topics - Geography and the environment, List of Europe-related topics - Geography, List of Europe-related topics - History, List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts, List of Europe-related topics - Economics, List of Europe-related topics - By country, List of Europe-related topics - Central Banks, List of Europe-related topics - Politics, List of Europe-related topics - European alliances, List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications, List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio, List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers, List of Europe-related topics - Communications, List of Europe-related topics - Transport, List of Europe-related topics - Culture, List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink, List of Europe-related topics - Languages, List of Europe-related topics - Religion and ethnicity, List of Europe-related topics - Sports and games, List of Europe-related topics - Education, List of Europe-related topics - Science and technology

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Bulgarians - Relation with other peoples. Bulgarians - Toponyms. Bulgarians - Antroponyms. ...

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Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population, Bulgarians - Culture, Bulgarians - Contribution to humanity, Bulgarians - Language, Bulgarians - Name System, Bulgarians - Religion, Bulgarians - Symbols, Bulgarians - Customs, Bulgarians - Name, Bulgarians - Relation with other peoples, Bulgarians - Toponyms, Bulgarians - Antroponyms, Bulgarians - History, Bulgarians - Bulgars and Slavs, Bulgarians - Medieval history, Bulgarians - Ottoman domination, Bulgarians - Bulgarian revival period, Bulgarians - 20th century Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population data

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Most of the vocabulary of modern Bulgarian consists of derivations of some 2,000 words inherited from proto-Slavonic through the mediation of Old and Middle Bulgarian. The influence of the old Bolgar language is otherwise relatively insignificant, and a negligible number of words of presumably Bulgar origin have survived in Modern Bulgarian (20 at best according to most estimates, though some scholars will have that number increased up to 200). Thus, the native lexical terms in Bulgarian (both from proto-Slavonic and from the Bulgar la ...

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Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

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Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian and Spanish. However, the languages closest to Romanian are the other Eastern Romance languages, spoken south of Danube: Aromanian/Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian, which are sometimes classified as dialects of Romanian. An alternate name for Romanian used by linguists to disambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian", referring to the area where it is ...

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Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

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Main article: The The word the functions primarily as the definite grammatical article in English. The and that are common developments from the same Old English system. Old English had a definite article se, in the masculine gender, seo, feminine, and þæt, neuter. These words functioned both as demonstrative pronouns and as grammatical articles. In Middle English these had all fallen together into þe, the ancestor of the Modern English word. Because the word the is common in movie and book titles, they are placed inv ...

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Article grammar, Article grammar - Presence in various languages, Article grammar - The the English grammatical article, Article grammar - Usage, Article grammar - Bibliography

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Romanian nouns are inflected by gender (feminine, masculine and neuter), number (singular and plural) and case (nominative/accusative, dative/genitive and vocative). The articles, as well as most adjectives and pronouns, agree in gender with the noun they reference. Romanian is the only Romance language where definite articles are enclitic: that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in North Germanic languages), instead of in front (proclitic). They were formed, as in other Romance lang ...

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Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

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Main article: Romanian phonology Romanian has seven vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /ə/, and /ɨ/. Additionally, vowel See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

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The Romanian territory was inhabited in ancient times by the Dacians, an Indo-European people. They were defeated by the Roman Empire in 106 and part of Dacia (Oltenia, Banat and Transylvania) became a Roman province. For the next 165 years, there is evidence of considerable Roman colonization in the area, the region being in close communication with the rest of the Roman empire. Vulgar Latin became the ...

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Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

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Romanian is spoken mostly in Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, but there are also Romanian language speakers in countries like Canada, United States, Germany, Israel, Australia and New Zealand, mainly due to immigration after World War II. Romanian language - Official status. Romanian is the official language of Romania. In Vojvodina it is established as equal in rights to the official languages, but in fact its status is inferior to that of Serbian due to the small numbe ...

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Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

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Colloquial Bulgarian employs clitic doubling, mostly for emphatic purposes. For example: Аз го дадох подаръка на майка ми (lit. "I gave it the present to my mother") Аз й го дадох подаръка на майка ми (lit. "I gave her it the present to my mother") The phenomenon is practically obligatory in the case of inversion signalling information structure: Подаръка (й) го дадох на майка ...

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Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

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Most Bulgarians live in the Republic of Bulgaria. There are significant traditional Bulgarian minorities in Moldova and Ukraine (Bessarabian Bulgarians), as well as smaller ones in Romania (Banat Bulgarians), Serbia (the Western Outlands), Greece (some 30,000 Muslim Bulgarians in the Xanthi and Rhodope provinces), the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, and Hungary. Many Bulgarians also live in the diaspora, which is formed by representatives and descendants of the old (until 1989) and new (after 1989) emigration. The old emigration was m ...

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Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population, Bulgarians - Culture, Bulgarians - Contribution to humanity, Bulgarians - Language, Bulgarians - Name System, Bulgarians - Religion, Bulgarians - Symbols, Bulgarians - Customs, Bulgarians - Name, Bulgarians - Relation with other peoples, Bulgarians - Toponyms, Bulgarians - Antroponyms, Bulgarians - History, Bulgarians - Bulgars and Slavs, Bulgarians - Medieval history, Bulgarians - Ottoman domination, Bulgarians - Bulgarian revival period, Bulgarians - 20th century Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population data

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(Information from Stefanović M., Savremeni srpskohrvatski jezik 5th edition, Belgrade, 1986. and Ivić, P., Srpski Narod i Njegov Jezik, Belgrade, 1971.) Of course, this information may be historical. Read all references to the present ambiguously, as potential references to the past: what is may be what was. Shtokavian dialect - The oldest dialects. According to some sourc ...

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Shtokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Early history of štokavian, Shtokavian dialect - Štokavian dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The oldest dialects, Shtokavian dialect - Newer dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The yat reflexes, Shtokavian dialect - Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Earliest texts of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Standard languages, Shtokavian dialect - Also see

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The following discussion is meant to give pointers in the uses of the grammatical articles the and a for non-native speakers. When using English, the can be thought of as similar to a little computer cursor. Where the cursor is resting, one's attention also rests. The chair ... It is customary to focus on the word following the word the with the questions 'who', 'where', 'when', 'why', 'what', 'how', and then wait for the rest of the sentence, which should complete the me ...

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Article grammar, Article grammar - Presence in various languages, Article grammar - The the English grammatical article, Article grammar - Usage, Article grammar - Bibliography

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