Balkan linguistic union

The language is similar to Romanian and its greatest difference lies in the vocabulary. There are far fewer Slavic words in Aromanian than in Romanian, and many more Greek words, a reflection of the close contact of Aromanian with Greek through much of its history. It is generally considered that sometime between 800 and 1,200 years ago, the Vulgar Latin spoken in the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire split into four languages: Daco-Romanian (today's Romanian language), Aromanian, Meglenitic and Istro-Romanian. At the time of the s ...

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Aromanian language, Aromanian language - Geographic distribution, Aromanian language - History, Aromanian language - Dialects, Aromanian language - Grammar, Aromanian language - Verbs, Aromanian language - Situation in Greece, Aromanian language - Greek hypothesis, Aromanian language - Language sample, Aromanian language - Comparison with Romanian

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(Information from Stefanović M., Savremeni srpskohrvatski jezik 5th edition, Belgrade, 1986. and Ivić, P., Srpski Narod i Njegov Jezik, Belgrade, 1971.) Of course, this information may be historical. Read all references to the present ambiguously, as potential references to the past: what is may be what was. Shtokavian dialect - The oldest dialects. According to some sourc ...

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Shtokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Early history of štokavian, Shtokavian dialect - Štokavian dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The oldest dialects, Shtokavian dialect - Newer dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The yat reflexes, Shtokavian dialect - Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Earliest texts of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Standard languages

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Ancient Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages, was highly inflected. For example nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative), three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated in four main tenses (present, aorist, ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

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During the 1st half of the 19th century, protagonists of nascent Slavic philology were, as far as South Slavic dialects were concerned, embroiled in frequently bitter polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of native speakers of various dialects. This, from contemporary point of view, rather bizarre obsession was motivated primarily by political and national interests that prompted philologists-turned-ideologues to express their views on the subject. The most prominent contenders in the squabble, with conflicting agenda, were Czech philologist Jo ...

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Shtokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Early history of štokavian, Shtokavian dialect - Štokavian dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The oldest dialects, Shtokavian dialect - Newer dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The yat reflexes, Shtokavian dialect - Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Earliest texts of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Standard languages

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Languages are not just sets of symbols. They also contain a grammar, or system of rules, used to manipulate the symbols. While a set of symbols may be used for expression or communication, it is primitive and relatively unexpressive, because there are no clear or regular relationships between the symbols. Because a language also has a grammar, it can manipulate its symbols to express clear and regular relationships between them. For example, imagine going on a walk with a person who only knew individual symbols, or words. If you saw a ...

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Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

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Most of the word-stock of modern Bulgarian consists of derivations of some 2,000 words inherited from proto-Slavonic through the mediation of Old and Middle Bulgarian. The influence of the old Bolgar language is relatively insignificant, and a negligible number of words of presumably Bulgar origin have survived in Modern Bulgarian (20 at best according to most estimates, though some scholars will have that number increased up to 200). Thus, the native lexical terms in Bul ...

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Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

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Colloquial Bulgarian employs clitic doubling, mostly for emphatic purposes. For example: Аз го дадох подаръка на майка ми (lit. "I gave it the present to my mother") Аз й го дадох подаръка на майка ми (lit. "I gave her it the present to my mother") The phenomenon is practically obligatory in the case of inversion signalling information structure: Подаръка (й) го дадох на майка ...

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Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

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This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on Proto-Greek language. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest evidence of this is found in the Linear B tablets dating from 1500 BC. The later Greek alphabet (q.v.) is unrelated to Linear B, and was derived from the Phoenician alphabet (abjad); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventionally divided into the followin ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

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While the term animal languages is widely used, most researchers agree that they are not as complex or expressive as human language; a more accurate term is animal communication. Some researchers argue that there are significant differences separating human language from the communication of other animals, and that the underlying principles are not related. In several widely publicised instances, animals have been trained to mimic certain features of human language. For example, chimpanzees and gorillas have been taught hand si ...

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Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

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Greek language - Typography. Athena, public domain polytonic Greek font Gentium — a typeface for the nations, a freely available font including polytonic Greek support Generator for Greek typographical filler text Greek language - Lexica. Translatum - The Greek Translation Vortal. An extended list of searchable and downloadable Greek dictionaries. Modern Greek–English, English–Modern Greek dictionary. (Basic dictionary) < ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

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Ancient Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages, was highly inflected. For example nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative), three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated in four main tenses (present, a ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

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Modern Greek is written in the late Ionic variant of the Greek alphabet, the oldest discovered inscriptions of which date to the 8th or 9th Century BC, assumed its final form in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the Attic Koine dialect during the Hellenistic era. The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and small form: Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ ς (word-final ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

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The following discussion is meant to give pointers in the uses of the grammatical articles the and a for non-native speakers. When using English, the can be thought of as similar to a little computer cursor. Where the cursor is resting, one's attention also rests. The chair ... It is customary to focus on the word following the word the with the questions 'who', 'where', 'when', 'why', 'what', 'how', and then wait for the rest of the sentence, which should complete the me ...

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Article grammar, Article grammar - Presence in various languages, Article grammar - The the English grammatical article, Article grammar - Usage

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Main article: The The word the functions primarily as the definite grammatical article in English. The and that are common developments from the same Old English system. Old English had a definite article se, in the masculine gender, seo, feminine, and þæt, neuter. These words functioned both as demonstrative pronouns and as grammatical articles. In Middle English these had all fallen together into þe, the ancestor of the Modern English word. Because the word the is common in movie and book titles, they are placed inv ...

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Article grammar, Article grammar - Presence in various languages, Article grammar - The the English grammatical article, Article grammar - Usage

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Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Script. Though all could theoretically use either, the scripts differ: Croatian language uses the Latin alphabet. Bosnian language uses Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet (the latter officially accepted but seldom used by native speakers as the first script) Serbian language uses both Cyrillic alphabet and Latin alphabet. (Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia and Republika Srpska. Latin script is also accepted as defined by laws, and used roughly by 1/3 of ...

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Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Writing, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Script, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Phonemes, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Orthography, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Speaking, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Accentuation, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Morphology, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Pronouns, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Syntax, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Vocabulary, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Important notes on understanding, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Reference

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The oldest surviving written grammar for any language is believed to be the Tolkāppiyam (தொல்காப்பியம்), a book on the grammar of the Tamil language, written around 200 BCE by Tolkāppiyar. Its classification of the alphabet into consonants and vowel was a breakthrough. The historical record of the study of language begins in North India with Pāṇini, the 5th century BCE grammarian who formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, known as the Aṣṭādhyāyī (अष� ...

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Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

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The development of the Bulgarian language may be divided into several historical periods. The prehistoric period (essentially proto-Slavic) occurred between the Slavonic invasion of the eastern Balkans and the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius to Great Moravia in the 860s. Old Bulgarian (9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic) was the language used by St. Cyril, St. Methodius and their disciples to translate the Bible and other liturgical literature from Greek. Middle Bulgarian (12th to 15th century) ...

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Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions

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English text: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Contemporary Romanian - highlighted words are French or Italian loanwords: Toate fiinţele umane se nasc libere şi egale în demnitate şi în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu raţiune şi conştiinţă şi trebuie să se comporte unele faţă de alte ...

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Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

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Greek language - Some common words and phrases. Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /ˈe̞liˌnas/ Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /ˌe̞liˈniða/ Greek (language): Ελληνικά /e̞ˌliniˈka/ hello: γεια /ʝa/ (informal, literally "health"), you say this only t ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

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The Proto-Slavic vowel jat has changed over time and is now being rendered in three different ways or reflexes: In Ekavian (ekavski), jat has morphed into the vowel e in Ikavian (ikavski), the vowel i in Ijekavian or Jekavian (ijekavski or jekavski), the diphthong ije or je depending on whether the vowel was long or short. Historically, the yat reflexes had been inscribed in Church Slavic texts before the significant development ...

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Shtokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Early history of štokavian, Shtokavian dialect - Štokavian dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The oldest dialects, Shtokavian dialect - Newer dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The yat reflexes, Shtokavian dialect - Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Earliest texts of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Standard languages

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Main article: Culture of Europe European Capital of Culture Europop Eurovision Song Contest List of early European musique concrète experimentalists European Theatre Convention Eurocentrism Music of Eastern Europe Nordic music List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink. European cuisine Eastern European cuisine See also:

List of Europe-related topics, List of Europe-related topics - States, List of Europe-related topics - Other, List of Europe-related topics - Former States, List of Europe-related topics - Regions, List of Europe-related topics - Geography and the environment, List of Europe-related topics - Geography, List of Europe-related topics - History, List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts, List of Europe-related topics - Economics, List of Europe-related topics - By country, List of Europe-related topics - Central Banks, List of Europe-related topics - Politics, List of Europe-related topics - European alliances, List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications, List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio, List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers, List of Europe-related topics - Communications, List of Europe-related topics - Transport, List of Europe-related topics - Culture, List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink, List of Europe-related topics - Languages, List of Europe-related topics - Religion and ethnicity, List of Europe-related topics - Sports and games, List of Europe-related topics - Education, List of Europe-related topics - Science and technology

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List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio. European Broadcasting Union List of television stations in Europe Lists of radio stations in Europe Pirate Radio in Europe List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers. List of Europe-related topics - Communication ...

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List of Europe-related topics, List of Europe-related topics - States, List of Europe-related topics - Other, List of Europe-related topics - Former States, List of Europe-related topics - Regions, List of Europe-related topics - Geography and the environment, List of Europe-related topics - Geography, List of Europe-related topics - History, List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts, List of Europe-related topics - Economics, List of Europe-related topics - By country, List of Europe-related topics - Central Banks, List of Europe-related topics - Politics, List of Europe-related topics - European alliances, List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications, List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio, List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers, List of Europe-related topics - Communications, List of Europe-related topics - Transport, List of Europe-related topics - Culture, List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink, List of Europe-related topics - Languages, List of Europe-related topics - Religion and ethnicity, List of Europe-related topics - Sports and games, List of Europe-related topics - Education, List of Europe-related topics - Science and technology

Read more here: » List of Europe-related topics: Encyclopedia II - List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications