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Balkan linguistic union | A Wisdom Archive on Balkan linguistic union | | Balkan linguistic union A selection of articles related to Balkan linguistic union | |
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Balkan linguistic union, Balkan linguistic union - Features, Balkan linguistic union - History, Balkan linguistic union - Languages, Balkan linguistic union - Origins, Balkan linguistic union - Timeline of contacts, Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features, Balkan linguistic union - Greek, Balkan linguistic union - Latin and Romance, Balkan linguistic union - Multiple sources, Balkan linguistic union - Phonetics, Balkan linguistic union - Thracian, Dacian or Illyrian, Balkan linguistic union - Vocabulary, Paleo-Balkan languages, Balkan languages
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Balkan linguistic union | | | |  Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Romance substratum - Lexical itemsOlder Romanian etymological dictionaries tended to assume a borrowing in many cases, usually from a Slavic language or from Hungarian, but etymological analysis may show that, in many cases, the sense of borrowing was from Romanian to the neighboring languages. The current Dicţionar explicativ (the DEX) published by the Romanian Academy continues to list many words as borrowings, though the work of other linguists (Sorin Olteanu, Sorin Paliga, Ivan Duridanov, et. al.) may indicate that a number of these are in fact indi ...
See also:Eastern Romance substratum, Eastern Romance substratum - Lexical items, Eastern Romance substratum - Other languages Read more here: » Eastern Romance substratum: Encyclopedia II - Eastern Romance substratum - Lexical items |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Article grammar - Presence in various languages Some languages such as Swahili rarely use articles, indicating such distinctions in other ways or not at all. Some other languages, including Latin, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Russian, Tamil and Thai do not have them at all and definiteness may be indicated by words meaning "one" and "that" or by word order. In some dialects in Northern England the definite article has been lost: for example, I'm going down the/'t pub vs I'm going down pub.
Other languages, including Welsh and Hebrew and the constructed languages Esperan ...
See also:Article grammar, Article grammar - Presence in various languages, Article grammar - The the English grammatical article, Article grammar - Usage Read more here: » Article grammar: Encyclopedia II - Article grammar - Presence in various languages |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Phonology This section generally describes the post-Classic phonology of the Greek language.
All phonetic transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet
Greek language - Vowel sounds.
Greek has 5 vowel sounds, all phonemic:
Close vowels, when found in unstressed final syllables, tend to be voiceless, particularly if they are between voiceless consonants [e.g.: φάσης /ˈfasis/ → /ˈfasi̥s/ (→ /f ...
See also:Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Phonology |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - List of Europe-related topics - States
List of Europe-related topics - Other.
Crimea
England
European microstates
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Kaliningrad Oblast
Kosovo
Montenegro
Nagorno-Karabakh
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Serbia
Svalbard
Vojvodina
Wales
List of Europe-related topics - Former States.
Kingdom of Aragon
< ...
See also:List of Europe-related topics, List of Europe-related topics - States, List of Europe-related topics - Other, List of Europe-related topics - Former States, List of Europe-related topics - Regions, List of Europe-related topics - Geography and the environment, List of Europe-related topics - Geography, List of Europe-related topics - History, List of Europe-related topics - Conflicts, List of Europe-related topics - Economics, List of Europe-related topics - By country, List of Europe-related topics - Central Banks, List of Europe-related topics - Politics, List of Europe-related topics - European alliances, List of Europe-related topics - Media and communications, List of Europe-related topics - Television and radio, List of Europe-related topics - Newspapers, List of Europe-related topics - Communications, List of Europe-related topics - Transport, List of Europe-related topics - Culture, List of Europe-related topics - Food and drink, List of Europe-related topics - Languages, List of Europe-related topics - Religion and ethnicity, List of Europe-related topics - Sports and games, List of Europe-related topics - Education, List of Europe-related topics - Science and technology Read more here: » List of Europe-related topics: Encyclopedia II - List of Europe-related topics - States |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Speaking
Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Accentuation.
Accentuation of the official languages is different.
However, accentuation is different within Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia themselves, see below for full explanation.
Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Morphology.
There are three variants of the Štokavian dialect that stem from different reflex of proto-Slavic vowel Jat. The jat appears in modern dialects in the following way: ...
See also:Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Writing, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Script, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Phonemes, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Orthography, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Speaking, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Accentuation, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Morphology, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Pronouns, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Syntax, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Vocabulary, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Important notes on understanding, Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Reference Read more here: » Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian: Encyclopedia II - Differences in standard Serbian Croatian and Bosnian - Speaking |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Grammar The parts of speech in Bulgarian are divided in 10 different types, which are categorized in two broad classes: mutable and immutable. The difference is that mutable parts of speech vary grammatically, whereas the immutable ones do not change, regardless of their use. The five classes of mutables are: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs. Syntactically, the first four of these form the group of the noun or the nominal group. The immutables are: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections. Verbs and adverbs f ...
See also:Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Grammar |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Shtokavian dialect - Standard languages Standard languages Croatian, Bosnian and Serbian are all based on neo-štokavian dialect.
However, it must be stressed that standard languages, irrespectively of their mutual differences, have been stylised in such manners that parts of the neo-štokavian dialect have been retained — for instance, declension — but other features were purposely omitted or altered — for instance, the phoneme "h" was re-instated in standard languages.
Croatian language has had the longest tradition of štokavian vernacular literacy and liter ...
See also:Shtokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Early history of štokavian, Shtokavian dialect - Štokavian dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The oldest dialects, Shtokavian dialect - Newer dialects, Shtokavian dialect - The yat reflexes, Shtokavian dialect - Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Earliest texts of štokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialect - Standard languages Read more here: » Shtokavian dialect: Encyclopedia II - Shtokavian dialect - Standard languages |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Aromanian language - Situation in Greece Even before the incorporation of Aromanian-speaking territories into the Greek state, the language was subordinated to the national language, Greek, traditionally the Aromanians' language of education and religion.
The Romanian state began opening schools for the Aromanians in the 1860s, but this initiative was regarded with suspicion by many Aromanians, who thought Romania was trying to assimilate them. Antagonism between Aromanians who rejected what they perceived as Romanian propaganda, and those who accepted the non-Greek identity promoted in the Romanian schools, tore apart the ...
See also:Aromanian language, Aromanian language - Geographic distribution, Aromanian language - History, Aromanian language - Dialects, Aromanian language - Grammar, Aromanian language - Verbs, Aromanian language - Situation in Greece, Aromanian language - Greek hypothesis, Aromanian language - Language sample, Aromanian language - Comparison with Romanian Read more here: » Aromanian language: Encyclopedia II - Aromanian language - Situation in Greece |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Contacts with other languages
Romanian language - Dacian language.
The Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient Dacians. It may have been the first language to influence the Latin spoken in Dacia, but there is very little knowledge about it. About 300 words found only in Romanian (in all dialects) or with a cognate in the Albanian language may be inherited from Dacian, many of them being related to pastoral life (for example: balaur=dragon; brânză=cheese; mal=shore; see: Eastern Romance substratum). Some linguists have asserted tha ...
See also:Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Contacts with other languages |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Article grammar - Presence in various languages Some languages such as Swahili rarely use articles, indicating such distinctions in other ways or not at all. Some other languages, including Latin, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Russian, Tamil and Thai do not have them at all and definiteness may be indicated by words meaning "one" and "that" or by word order. In some dialects in Northern England the definite article has been lost: for example, I'm going down the/'t pub vs I'm going down pub.
Other languages, including Welsh and Hebrew and the constructed languages Esperan ...
See also:Article grammar, Article grammar - Presence in various languages, Article grammar - The the English grammatical article, Article grammar - Usage, Article grammar - Bibliography Read more here: » Article grammar: Encyclopedia II - Article grammar - Presence in various languages |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Phonology This section generally describes the post-Classic phonology of the Greek language.
All phonetic transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet
Greek language - Vowel sounds.
Greek has 5 vowel sounds, all phonemic:
Close vowels, when found in unstressed final syllables, tend to be voiceless, particularly if they are between voiceless consonants [e.g.: φάσης /ˈfasis/ → /ˈfasi̥s/ (→ /f ...
See also:Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Phonology |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarians - Culture
Bulgarians - Contribution to humanity.
Medieval Bulgaria was the most important cultural centre of the Slavs at the end of the 9th and throughout the 10th century. The two literary schools at Preslav and Ohrid developed a rich literary and cultural activity with writers of the rank of Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, Clement and Naum of Ohrid. In the first half of the 10th century, the Cyrillic alphabet developed in northeastern Bulgaria on the basis of the Glagolitic and the Greek alphab ...
See also:Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population, Bulgarians - Culture, Bulgarians - Contribution to humanity, Bulgarians - Language, Bulgarians - Name System, Bulgarians - Religion, Bulgarians - Symbols, Bulgarians - Customs, Bulgarians - Name, Bulgarians - Relation with other peoples, Bulgarians - Toponyms, Bulgarians - Antroponyms, Bulgarians - History, Bulgarians - Bulgars and Slavs, Bulgarians - Medieval history, Bulgarians - Ottoman domination, Bulgarians - Bulgarian revival period, Bulgarians - 20th century Bulgarians, Bulgarians - Population data Read more here: » Bulgarians: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarians - Culture |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Language - Human languages Human languages are usually referred to as natural languages, and the science studying them is linguistics.
Making a principled distinction between one language and another is usually impossible. For example, the boundaries between named language groups are in effect arbitrary due to blending between populations (the dialect continuum). For instance, there are dialects of German very similar to Dutch which are not mutually intelligible with o ...
See also:Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages Read more here: » Language: Encyclopedia II - Language - Human languages |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Grammar The parts of speech in Bulgarian are divided in 10 different types, which are categorized in two broad classes: mutable and immutable. The difference is that mutable parts of speech vary grammatically, whereas the immutable ones do not change, regardless of their use. The five classes of mutables are: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs. Syntactically, the first four of these form the group of the noun or the nominal group. The immutables are: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections. Verbs and adverbs f ...
See also:Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Grammar |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Article grammar - The, the English grammatical article Main article: The
The word the functions primarily as the definite grammatical article in English.
The and that are common developments from the same Old English system. Old English had a definite article se, in the masculine gender, seo, feminine, and þæt, neuter. These words functioned both as demonstrative pronouns and as grammatical articles. In Middle English these had all fallen together into þe, the ancestor of the Modern English word.
Because the word the is common in movie and book titles, they are placed in ...
See also:Article grammar, Article grammar - The, the English grammatical article, Article grammar - Usage, Article grammar - Bibliography Read more here: » Article grammar: Encyclopedia II - Article grammar - The, the English grammatical article |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - History The development of the Bulgarian language may be divided into several historical periods. The prehistoric period (essentially proto-Slavic) occurred between the Slavonic invasion of the eastern Balkans and the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius to Great Moravia in the 860s. Old Bulgarian (9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic) was the language used by St. Cyril, St. Methodius and their disciples to translate the Bible and other liturgical literature from Greek. Middle Bulgarian (12th to 15th century) ...
See also:Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - History |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Phonetics
Bulgarian language - Vowels.
The Bulgarian vowel system consists of the following six vowels:
The Bulgarian vowels may be grouped in three pairs according to their backness: front, central and back. All vowels are relatively lax, as in most other Slavic languages, and unlike the tense vowels, for example, in the Germanic languages. Unstressed vowels tend to be shorter and weaker compared to their stressed counterparts, the corresponding pairs of open and closed vowels approaching each other with a tendency ...
See also:Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Phonetics |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Alphabet In 886 AD, Bulgaria adopted the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Byzantine missionaries Saint Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in the following centuries by the Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed around the Preslav Literary School in the beginning of the 10th century. Most of the letters in the Cyrillic alphabet were borrowed from the Greek alphabet; those which had no Greek equivalents, ho ...
See also:Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Alphabet |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Phonology
Bulgarian language - Vowels.
Bulgarian's six vowels may be grouped in three pairs according to their backness: front, central and back. All vowels are relatively lax, as in most other Slavic languages, and unlike the tense vowels, for example, in the Germanic languages. Unstressed vowels tend to be shorter and weaker compared to their stressed counterparts, the corresponding pairs of open and closed vowels approaching each other with a tendency to merge, although the coalescence is not always complete. Th ...
See also:Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonology, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Lexis, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Phonology |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Alphabet In 886 AD, Bulgaria adopted the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Byzantine missionaries Saint Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in the following centuries by the Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed around the Preslav Literary School in the beginning of the 10th century. Most of the letters in the Cyrillic alphabet were borrowed from the Greek alphabet; those which had no Greek equivalents, ho ...
See also:Bulgarian language, Bulgarian language - History, Bulgarian language - Alphabet, Bulgarian language - Phonetics, Bulgarian language - Vowels, Bulgarian language - Semivowels, Bulgarian language - Consonants, Bulgarian language - Grammar, Bulgarian language - Nominal morphology, Bulgarian language - Verbal morphology and grammar, Bulgarian language - Vocabulary, Bulgarian language - Syntax, Bulgarian language - Common Bulgarian expressions Read more here: » Bulgarian language: Encyclopedia II - Bulgarian language - Alphabet |
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| | | | | Balkan linguistic union: Encyclopedia II - Aromanian language - Grammar The grammar and morphology is very similar to the one in Romanian and unlike to the other Romance languages. The definite article is a clitic particle appended at the end of the word, both the definite and indefinite articles can be inflected, and nouns are classified in three genders, with neuter in addition to masculine and feminine.
Aromanian language - Verbs.
Aromanian grammar does have some features that distinguish it from Romanian, an important one being the complete disappearence of verb infinitive ...
See also:Aromanian language, Aromanian language - Geographic distribution, Aromanian language - History, Aromanian language - Dialects, Aromanian language - Grammar, Aromanian language - Verbs, Aromanian language - Situation in Greece, Aromanian language - Greek hypothesis, Aromanian language - Language sample, Aromanian language - Comparison with Romanian Read more here: » Aromanian language: Encyclopedia II - Aromanian language - Grammar |
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