A swung dash (~) is used to indicate where the personal name occurs in the nickname; thus "~ the Accursed" means "Sviatopolk the Accursed". List of monarchs by nickname - A. "~ the Accursed": Sviatopolk I of Kiev (Russian: Святопо́лк Окая́нный) "~ (the) Ætheling" (Old English, "Princeling"): Edgar Ætheling of England (Old English Eadgar Æþeling) "~ the Affable": Charles VIII of France (Frenc ...

See also:

List of monarchs by nickname, List of monarchs by nickname - Cognomen, List of monarchs by nickname - A, List of monarchs by nickname - B, List of monarchs by nickname - C, List of monarchs by nickname - D, List of monarchs by nickname - E, List of monarchs by nickname - F, List of monarchs by nickname - G, List of monarchs by nickname - H, List of monarchs by nickname - I, List of monarchs by nickname - J, List of monarchs by nickname - K, List of monarchs by nickname - L, List of monarchs by nickname - M, List of monarchs by nickname - N, List of monarchs by nickname - O, List of monarchs by nickname - P, List of monarchs by nickname - Q, List of monarchs by nickname - R, List of monarchs by nickname - S, List of monarchs by nickname - T, List of monarchs by nickname - U, List of monarchs by nickname - V, List of monarchs by nickname - W, List of monarchs by nickname - Y, List of monarchs by nickname - Sobriquets

Read more here: » List of monarchs by nickname: Encyclopedia II - List of monarchs by nickname - Cognomen

Lordships in the Kingdom of Jerusalem were usually hereditary, in principle, but in practice the circumstances were such that their holders did not form long uninterrupted lines of inheritance, which was contrary to the usual patterns of succession in Europe. Firstly, in the early years of the kingdom, lords sought out their own territories, and lordships changed hands often. Secondly, the average lifespan of male lords in Palestine was rather low, due to the constant state of warfare and violence, which led to inheritances by females and/or ...

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Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Crown of Thorns - Jerusalem. Few writers of the first six centuries A.D. speak of it as a relic known to be still in existence and venerated by the faithful. There are exceptions: St. Paulinus of Nola, writing after 409, refers to "the thorns with which Our Saviour was crowned" as relics held in honour along with the Cross to which he was nailed and the pillar at which he was scourged (Ep. ad Macar. in Migne, P. L., LXI, 407). Cassiodorus (c. 570), when commenting on Psalm lxxxvi, speaks of the Crown of Th ...

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Crown of Thorns, Crown of Thorns - Textual evidence, Crown of Thorns - Jerusalem, Crown of Thorns - Byzantium, Crown of Thorns - False relics, Crown of Thorns - Purported remnants, Crown of Thorns - Crown of Thorns iconography

Read more here: » Crown of Thorns: Encyclopedia II - Crown of Thorns - Textual evidence

Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Avesnes. Philippa of Hainault, daughter of William III, Count of Hainaut and Jeanne of Valois. William III, Count of Hainaut, son of John II, Count of Hainaut and Philippine of Luxemburg. John II, Count of Hainaut, son of John I, Count of Hainaut and Adelaide of Holland. John I, Count of Hainaut, son of Countes ...

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Genealogy of the British Royal Family, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Mountbatten-Windsors, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Windsor, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Oldenburg, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Hanovers, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Palatine / Wittelsbach, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Stuarts, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Ancestors of Mary I of Scotland, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Bruces, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Huntingdons, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Celtic Kings, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Tudors, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Yorkists, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Castilians, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Burgundy, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Jiménez Dynasty, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Beauforts, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Plantagenets/Angevins, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Hainault, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Avesnes, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Flanders, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Aquitaines, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Franks, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Normans, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Vikings

Read more here: » Genealogy of the British Royal Family: Encyclopedia II - Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Hainault

Hugh was the son of Hugh I of Jaffa and his wife Mamilia (or Mabilla); Hugh I was also Hugh II of Le Puiset in France, and thus both men are sometimes known as "Hugh II of Le Puiset". According to William of Tyre, his father had come to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage during the reign of Baldwin II, and Hugh was born in Apulia during the journey. However, according to John L. La Monte, it is more likely that Hugh I came to the east with Bohemund of Taranto in 1106. In any case, Hugh I was named Count of Jaffa a ...

See also:

Hugh II of Le Puiset, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Arrival in the kingdom, Hugh II of Le Puiset - The revolt against Fulk, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Attempted assassination, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Aftermath, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Dating of the revolt, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Sources

Read more here: » Hugh II of Le Puiset: Encyclopedia II - Hugh II of Le Puiset - Arrival in the kingdom

Main article: Lordship of Sidon Sidon was captured in 1110 and given to Eustace I Grenier. Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf. The Schuf was created out of the Lordship of Sidon as a vassal around 1170. It was centred on the Cave of Tyron. Julian of Sidon sold it to the Teutonic Knights in 1256. ...

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Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon

Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Burgundy. Isabella, daughter of King Pedro I of Castile and Maria of Padilla. King Pedro I of Castile, son of King Alfonso IX of Castile and Maria of Portugal. King Alfonso IX of Castile, son of King Ferdinand IV of Castile and Constance of Portugal. King Ferdinand IV of Castile, son of King Sancho IV of Castile and Maria de Molina. King Sancho IV of Castile, son of King Alfonso X of Castile and Violante of Aragon, daughter ...

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Genealogy of the British Royal Family, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Mountbatten-Windsors, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Windsor, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Oldenburg, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Hanovers, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Palatine / Wittelsbach, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Stuarts, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Ancestors of Mary I of Scotland, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Bruces, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Huntingdons, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Celtic Kings, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Tudors, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Yorkists, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Castilians, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Burgundy, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Jiménez Dynasty, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Beauforts, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Plantagenets/Angevins, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Hainault, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Avesnes, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Flanders, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Aquitaines, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Franks, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Normans, Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Vikings

Read more here: » Genealogy of the British Royal Family: Encyclopedia II - Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Castilians

Main article: Lordship of Oultrejordain The Lordship of Oultrejordain, consisting of land with an undefined boundary to the east of the Jordan River, was one of the largest and most important seigneuries. It was an important source of revenue, from the Muslim caravan routes that existed there. The last lord, Raynald of Chatillon, received Oultrejordain by marrying its heiress, Stephanie of Milly. Raynald considered himself Prince of Oultrejordain, not subject to the King, and was especially hostile to the Muslims. He was largel ...

See also:

Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain

In 1134 Hugh seems to have revolted against Fulk, along with Roman of Le Puy, lord of Oultrejordain. According to William of Tyre, Hugh's stepson Walter I Grenier, Lord of Caesarea (Emelota's son through her first marriage to Eustace Grenier) accused Hugh of treason and conspiracy at a meeting of the Haute Cour; Walter possibly did this with the urging of Fulk himself. Hugh denied the charges, and it was decided that the matter would be settled by judicial combat. When the appointed day arrived, ...

See also:

Hugh II of Le Puiset, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Arrival in the kingdom, Hugh II of Le Puiset - The revolt against Fulk, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Attempted assassination, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Aftermath, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Dating of the revolt, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Sources

Read more here: » Hugh II of Le Puiset: Encyclopedia II - Hugh II of Le Puiset - The revolt against Fulk

Main article: Principality of Galilee The Principality of Galilee was established by Tancred in 1099. The principality became the fief of the families of St. Omer, Montfaucon (Falcomberques), and then Bures, and its main seat was in Tiberias; thus it was sometimes also called the Principality of Tiberias or the Tiberiad. The Principality was destroyed by Saladin in 1187, although the title was used by relatives and younger sons of the kings of Cyprus (the titular kings of Jerusalem) afterwards. The Principality also had its own vassals, the L ...

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Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee

Main article: County of Jaffa and Ascalon Jaffa, on the Mediterranean coast, was fortified after the First Crusade, and was a separate county until the revolt of Hugh II of Le Puiset in 1134. Afterwards, it was usually held directly by the royal family or one of their relatives. After 1153 it was the double County of Jaffa and Ascalon, when the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon was conquered. It passed in and out of direct royal control, and became titular after the fall of Acre in 1291. A number of seigneuries were vassals to the Count of Jaffa:

Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Introduction, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Northern States, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Inheritance in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ramla, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Ibelin, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Mirabel, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Principality of Galilee, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Beirut, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nazareth, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Haifa, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Sidon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of the Schuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Oultrejordain, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Other seigneuries, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Adelon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Arsuf, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Bethsan, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Blanchegarde, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caesarea, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Caymont, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Dera, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Hebron, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Montgisard, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Nablus, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Scandeleon, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Lordship of Tyre, Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa

Read more here: » Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - County of Jaffa and Ascalon

The ivory covers, decorated with turquoise and other gems, show scenes from the life of King David and from the Psychomachia of Prudentius on the front side, and another king performing the Six Works of Mercy from the Gospel of Matthew on the back side, both showing influence from Byzantine, Islamic, and western art. The geometric designs on the covers are especially influenced by Islamic art. The king on the back side is dressed in Byzantine imperial clothes, but most likely represents a crusader king, perhaps Fulk. There is a carvin ...

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Melisende Psalter, Melisende Psalter - The New Testament cycle, Melisende Psalter - The calendar, Melisende Psalter - The psalter, Melisende Psalter - Prayers to the saints, Melisende Psalter - The covers, Melisende Psalter - Date and recipient, Melisende Psalter - Sources

Read more here: » Melisende Psalter: Encyclopedia II - Melisende Psalter - The covers

The exact date of the psalter, and for whom it was made, is unknown, although it is obviously made for a noble woman of the kingdom, based on the use of Byzantine styles (considered to be "aristocratic" by the crusaders), the depictions of kings, and the use of feminine word endings in the Latin prayers. Through circumstantial evidence Melisende can probably be identified as the recipient. The English influence in the calendar and elsewhere likely comes from Fulk, whose Angevin relatives ruled England at the time. It is also notable that asi ...

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Melisende Psalter, Melisende Psalter - The New Testament cycle, Melisende Psalter - The calendar, Melisende Psalter - The psalter, Melisende Psalter - Prayers to the saints, Melisende Psalter - The covers, Melisende Psalter - Date and recipient, Melisende Psalter - Sources

Read more here: » Melisende Psalter: Encyclopedia II - Melisende Psalter - Date and recipient

In January of 1145 Zengi captured Saruj and besieged Birejik, but the army of Jerusalem had finally arrived and joined with Joscelin. Zengi also heard of trouble in Mosul, and rushed back to take control. There, he was praised throughout Islam as "defender of the faith" and al-Malik al-Mansur, the victorious king. He did not pursue an attack on the remaining territory of Edessa, or the Principality of Antioch, as was feared. Joscelin II continued to rule the remnants of the county to the west of the Euphrates from Turbessel, but little by little the rest of the territory was captu ...

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Siege of Edessa, Siege of Edessa - Background, Siege of Edessa - The siege, Siege of Edessa - Aftermath, Siege of Edessa - Sources

Read more here: » Siege of Edessa: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Edessa - Aftermath

Whether or not Fulk hired the Breton knight, he has been suspected, by Hans Mayer and other historians, of inciting Hugh to revolt so that he might take personal control of Jaffa. Because Hugh died before his three years of exile were over, his territories were confiscated and added to the royal domain, where they remained for the rest of the 12th century. Fulk began to build numerous castles in the area, including Ibelin, to defend against Egyptian invasions. As a consequence of the revolt, the former rear-vassals of Jaffa became more powerful, such as Ramla. The lords of Ibelin and Ramla would become important i ...

See also:

Hugh II of Le Puiset, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Arrival in the kingdom, Hugh II of Le Puiset - The revolt against Fulk, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Attempted assassination, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Aftermath, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Dating of the revolt, Hugh II of Le Puiset - Sources

Read more here: » Hugh II of Le Puiset: Encyclopedia II - Hugh II of Le Puiset - Aftermath

There had been virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095 and 1096. However, St. Bernard, one of the most famous and respected men of Christendom at the time, found it expedient to dwell upon the taking of the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace. On March 31, with Louis present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay. Bernard, "the honey-tongued teacher" worked his magic of oration, men rose up and yelled "Crosses, give us Crosses!" and they supposedly ran ...

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Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

Read more here: » Second Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade

County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel. Turbessel was firstly the lordship of Joscelin I when he was not yet the Count of Edessa. It controlled the area west of the Euphrates, and held the border against Antioch. It then was a special holding of Courtenay counts of Edessa, and again became their seat after the loss of the city of Edessa. It was sold with the remaining parts of the County to the Byzantines just before it was conquered by Muslims. After the sale, the wife and family of Joscelin II moved wit ...

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County of Edessa, County of Edessa - Foundation, County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours, County of Edessa - Fall of the county, County of Edessa - Population and demographics, County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa, County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel, County of Edessa - Counts of Edessa 1098-1149

Read more here: » County of Edessa: Encyclopedia II - County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa

Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king's many daughters to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis most likely orde ...

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Louis IX of France, Louis IX of France - Life, Louis IX of France - Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe, Louis IX of France - Religious zeal, Louis IX of France - Veneration as a saint, Louis IX of France - Children, Louis IX of France - Places named after Saint Louis, Louis IX of France - Bibliography

Read more here: » Louis IX of France: Encyclopedia II - Louis IX of France - Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe

This perception of Louis IX as the quintessential Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Saint Louis was a devout Christian, and he built the Sainte Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"), located within the royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice), on the Île de la Cité in the center of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle, a perfect example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture, was erected as a shrine for the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross, precious relics of the Passion of Jesus. Louis ...

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Louis IX of France, Louis IX of France - Life, Louis IX of France - Patron of arts and arbiter of Europe, Louis IX of France - Religious zeal, Louis IX of France - Veneration as a saint, Louis IX of France - Children, Louis IX of France - Places named after Saint Louis, Louis IX of France - Bibliography

Read more here: » Louis IX of France: Encyclopedia II - Louis IX of France - Religious zeal

Baldwin II quickly became involved in the affairs of northern Syria and Asia Minor. He helped secure the ransom of Bohemund I of Antioch from the Danishmends in 1103, and, with Antioch, attacked the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia in 1104. Later in 1104, Edessa was attacked by Mosul, and both Baldwin and Joscelin were taken prisoner when they were defeated at the Battle of Harran. Bohemund's brother Tancred became regent in Edessa (although Richard of Salerno actually governed the territory), until Baldwin and Joscelin were ransomed in 1108. How ...

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County of Edessa, County of Edessa - Foundation, County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours, County of Edessa - Fall of the county, County of Edessa - Population and demographics, County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa, County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel, County of Edessa - Counts of Edessa 1098-1149

Read more here: » County of Edessa: Encyclopedia II - County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours

The Catholic Encyclopedia (1908) reported two "holy thorns" were venerated, the one at St. Michael's church in Ghent, the other at Stonyhurst College, both professing to be the thorn given by Mary Queen of Scots to Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland (see "The Month", April, 1882, 540-556). More recently, a website "Gazeteer of Relics and Miraculous Images lists the following, following Cruz 1984: Belgium: Parochial Church of Weverlgham: a portion of the Crown of Thorns Belgium: Ghent, St. Michael's Churc ...

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Crown of Thorns, Crown of Thorns - Textual evidence, Crown of Thorns - Jerusalem, Crown of Thorns - Byzantium, Crown of Thorns - False relics, Crown of Thorns - Purported remnants, Crown of Thorns - Crown of Thorns iconography

Read more here: » Crown of Thorns: Encyclopedia II - Crown of Thorns - Purported remnants