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Balcombe Street Siege | A Wisdom Archive on Balcombe Street Siege | | Balcombe Street Siege A selection of articles related to Balcombe Street Siege | |
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Balcombe Street Siege
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Balcombe Street Siege | |
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| | |  Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events
1971: First British soldier on security duties, Gunner Curtis, killed by the IRA in current campaign in North Belfast. Three unarmed British soldiers abducted while off duty in Belfast and subsequently shot. IRA suspected but responsibility never admitted.
1971: Mother of ten, Jean McConville, is abducted and killed by the Provisional IRA, allegedly for informing the British Army of IRA activities, although her family contend that she was killed for comforting a wounded British soldier. The IRA would deny any involveme ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder The introduction of gunpowder and the use of cannons brought about a new age in siege warfare. Cannons were first used in the early 13th century, but did not become significant weapons for another 150 years or so. By the 16th century, they were an essential and regularized part of any campaigning army, or castle's defences.
The greatest advantage of cannons over other siege weapons was the ability to fire a heavier projectile, further, faster and more often than previous weapons. Thus, 'old fashioned' walls—that is high and, relativ ...
See also:Siege, Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare, Siege - Mongol siege warfare, Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder, Siege - Emerging theories on improving fortifications, Siege - New styles of fortresses employed, Siege - Marshal Vauban, Siege - Advent of mobile warfare, Siege - Modern warfare, Siege - Recent sieges, Siege - Police actions, Siege - Bibliography, Siege - Notes Read more here: » Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign On July 28, 2005, the Provisional IRA Army Council announced an end to its armed campaign. In a statement read by Séanna Breathnach, the organization stated that it has instructed its members to dump all weapons and not to engage in "any other activities whatsoever" apart from assisting “the development of purely political and democratic programmes through exclusively peaceful means". Furthermore, the organization authorised its representatives to engage immediately with the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD) to verifiably put its arms beyond use "in a way which will ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations In the early days of the Troubles from around 1969-71, the IRA was very poorly armed, having available only a handful of old fashioned weapons left over from the IRA's Border campaign of the 1950s. Such weapons included Lee-Enfield rifles, Webley revolvers, and Thompson submachine guns. Their explosives were primarily gelignite - a commercial explosive which they either bought or stole from civilian sources. In the first years of the conflict, the Provisionals' main activity was providing firepower to defend nationalist areas against attacks ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement The IRA ceasefire in 1997 formed part of a process that led to the 1998 Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement. The Agreement has among its aims that all paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland cease their activities and disarm by May 2000. This is one of many Agreement aims that have yet to be realised.
Calls from Sinn Féin have led the IRA to commence disarming in a process that has been overviewed by Canadian General John de Chastelain's decommissioning body in October 2001. However, following the collapse of the Stormont power-sharing g ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration The IRA has often been infiltrated by British Intelligence agents, and in the past some IRA members have been informers. IRA members suspected of being informants were usually executed after an IRA 'court-martial'.
In May 2003 a number of newspapers named Freddie Scappaticci as the alleged identity of the British Force Research Unit's most senior informer within the Provisional IRA, code-named Steakknife, who is thought to have been head of the Provisional IRA's internal security force, charged with rooting out and executing informers. Scappaticci denies that th ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill The PIRA traditionally uses a well-known signature in its public statements, which are all issued under the pseudonymous name of "P. O'Neill" of the "Irish Republican Publicity Bureau, Dublin".
According to Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, it was Seán Mac Stiofáin, as chief of staff of the Provisionals, who invented the name. However, under his usage, the name was written and pronounced according to Irish orthography and pronunciation as "P. Ó Néill". Ó Brádaigh also maintains that there is no particular significance to the name, thus discounting claims that it is a reference to Sir Phe ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Modern warfare Mainly as a result of the increasing firepower (such as machine guns) available to defensive forces, First World War trench warfare briefly revived a form of siege warfare. Although siege warfare had moved out from an urban setting because city walls had become ineffective against modern weapons, trench warfare was nonetheless able to utilize many of the techniques of siege warfare in its prosecution (sapping, mining, barrage and, of course, attrition) but on a much larger scale and on a greatly extended front. The development of the armoured tank and improved infantry tactics at the end of World War I swung ...
See also:Siege, Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare, Siege - Mongol siege warfare, Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder, Siege - Emerging theories on improving fortifications, Siege - New styles of fortresses employed, Siege - Marshal Vauban, Siege - Advent of mobile warfare, Siege - Modern warfare, Siege - Recent sieges, Siege - Police actions, Siege - Bibliography, Siege - Notes Read more here: » Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Modern warfare |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Mongol siege warfare In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China by Genghis Khan and his army was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas. Even if they could not enter some of the more well-fortified cities, they used innovative battle tactics to grab hold of the land and the people:
"By concentrating on the field armies, the strongholds had to wait. Of course, smaller fortresses, or ones easily surprised, were taken as they came along. This had two effects. First, it cut off the principal city fr ...
See also:Siege, Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare, Siege - Mongol siege warfare, Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder, Siege - Emerging theories on improving fortifications, Siege - New styles of fortresses employed, Siege - Marshal Vauban, Siege - Advent of mobile warfare, Siege - Modern warfare, Siege - Recent sieges, Siege - Police actions, Siege - Bibliography, Siege - Notes Read more here: » Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Mongol siege warfare |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare Ancient sources contain many stories of siege, such as the siege of Jericho in the Old Testament or the Siege of Troy described by Homer in the Iliad.
Alexander the Great's Macedonian army was involved in many sieges. There are two which are of particular note: Tyre and Sogdian Rock. Tyre was a Phoenician island-city about 1km from the mainland, and thought to be impregnable. The Macedonians built a mole (causeway) out to the island. It is said to have been at least 60m (200ft) wide. When the causeway was within artillery range ...
See also:Siege, Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare, Siege - Mongol siege warfare, Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder, Siege - Emerging theories on improving fortifications, Siege - New styles of fortresses employed, Siege - Marshal Vauban, Siege - Advent of mobile warfare, Siege - Modern warfare, Siege - Recent sieges, Siege - Police actions, Siege - Bibliography, Siege - Notes Read more here: » Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Police actions Despite the overwhelming might of the modern state, siege tactics continue to be employed in police conflicts. This has been due to a number of factors, primarily risk to life, whether that of the police, the besieged, bystanders or hostages. Police make use of trained negotiators, psychologists and, if necessary, force, generally being able to rely on the support of their nation's armed forces if required.
One of the complications facing police in a siege involving hostages is the Stockholm syndrome where sometimes hostages can devel ...
See also:Siege, Siege - Ancient and medieval siege warfare, Siege - Mongol siege warfare, Siege - Sieges in the age of gunpowder, Siege - Emerging theories on improving fortifications, Siege - New styles of fortresses employed, Siege - Marshal Vauban, Siege - Advent of mobile warfare, Siege - Modern warfare, Siege - Recent sieges, Siege - Police actions, Siege - Bibliography, Siege - Notes Read more here: » Siege: Encyclopedia II - Siege - Police actions |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins The Provisional IRA has its ideological and organisational roots in the pre-1969 anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army. This organisation split into two groups at its Special Army Convention in December 1969, mainly over the issue of abstentionism and over the question on how to respond to the escalating violence in Northern Ireland. The two groups that emerged from the split became known as the Official IRA (which espoused a ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support The Provisional IRA has several hundred members, as well as tens of thousands of civilian sympathisers in Ireland, mostly in Ulster. In 2005, Irish Minister for Justice Michael McDowell told the Dáil that the organization had "between 1,000 and 1,500" active members [2]. However, the movement's appeal was hurt badly by more notorious bombings widely perceived as atrocities, such as the killing of civilians attending a Remembrance Day ceremony at the cenotaph in Enniskillen in 1987 (the IRA maintain that their target was a contingent ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation Due to its frequent use of bombs; its killing of hundreds of policemen, soldiers and civilians, predominantly though not exclusively in Northern Ireland; its status as an illegal organization; its role in racketeering, bank robberies, street 'justice' and the fact that the unionist/loyalist majority in Northern Ireland wanted to continue living under British rule, it is internationally considered a terrorist group [1], although its suppo ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation |
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| | | | Balcombe Street Siege: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation The IRA is organised hierarchically. It refers to its ordinary members as volunteers (or óglaigh in Irish). Up until the late 1970s, IRA volunteers were organised according to where they lived. Volunteers living in one area formed a company, which in turn was part of a battalion, which likewise made up brigades.
In the late 1970s, the geographical organisational principle was abandoned by the IRA in many areas in Northern Ireland owing to its inherent security vulnerability. In its place came smaller ...
See also:Provisional Irish Republican Army, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Origins, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Weaponry and operations, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Categorisation, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Strength and support, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Activities, Provisional Irish Republican Army - The Belfast Agreement, Provisional Irish Republican Army - End of the armed campaign, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Notable events, Provisional Irish Republican Army - P. O'Neill, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Infiltration, Provisional Irish Republican Army - Footnotes Read more here: » Provisional Irish Republican Army: Encyclopedia II - Provisional Irish Republican Army - Organisation |
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