Balance of trade figures, also called net exports (NX), are the sum of the money gained by a given economy by selling exports, minus the cost of buying imports. They form part of the balance of payments, which also includes other transactions such as the international investment position. The figures are usually split into visible and invisible balance figures. The visible balance represents the physical goods, and invisible rep ...

Including:

Balance of trade - Economic Impact of Balance of Trade Balance of trade - Popular myths about trade deficits Balance of trade - Debate about the American trade deficit Balance of trade - Physical trade balance

Read more here: » Balance of trade: Encyclopedia - Balance of trade

Read more here: » Balanced trade: Encyclopedia - Balanced trade

If the balance of trade is positive, then an economy exported more than it had imported. This may appear to be a good thing but may not always be so. An example of an economy in which a positive balance of payments is generally regarded as a bad thing is Japan in the 1990s. Because Japan had a consistently positive balance of payments, it had more currency than it could effectively invest, and it was reluctant to also offer full access to its own markets. This led to huge Japanese overseas purchases of items such as real estate, which were o ...

See also:

Balance of trade, Balance of trade - Economic impact of balance of trade, Balance of trade - Popular myths about trade deficits, Balance of trade - Debate about the United States trade deficit, Balance of trade - Physical trade balance

Read more here: » Balance of trade: Encyclopedia II - Balance of trade - Economic impact of balance of trade

If the balance of trade is positive, then an economy exported more than it had imported. This may appear to be a good thing but may not always be so. An example of an economy in which a positive balance of payments is generally regarded as a bad thing is Japan in the 1990s. Because Japan had a consistently positive balance of payments, it had more currency than it could effectively invest, and it was reluctant to also offer full access to its own markets. This led to huge Japanese overseas purchases of items such as real estate, which were o ...

See also:

Balance of trade, Balance of trade - Economic Impact of Balance of Trade, Balance of trade - Popular myths about trade deficits, Balance of trade - Debate about the American trade deficit, Balance of trade - Physical trade balance

Read more here: » Balance of trade: Encyclopedia II - Balance of trade - Economic Impact of Balance of Trade

Microeconomists do not believe that trade deficits are inherently good or bad. They do believe that trade deficits are generally harmful when countries engage in currency controls such as fixed or pegged exchange rates. They argue that fixed exchange rates do not allow the market to naturally correct any current account “problems”. Milton Friedman believes that much of the fears of trade deficits are unfair criticisms in an attempt to push macroeconomic policies favorable to export industries. He states that these deficits are not ...

See also:

Balance of trade, Balance of trade - Economic impact of balance of trade, Balance of trade - Popular myths about trade deficits, Balance of trade - Debate about the United States trade deficit, Balance of trade - Physical trade balance

Read more here: » Balance of trade: Encyclopedia II - Balance of trade - Popular myths about trade deficits

Art is a great healer. By supplanting apprehension with inspiration and trading stress for relaxation, it tempers human physiology and attitude.

Scientifically speaking, it improvises human brainwave pattern, autonomic nervous system, hormonal balance, brain neurotransmitters, immune system, and blood flow to various organs. Through self-expression, it rejuvenates the creator with an enlightened perception of within and without.

(See also: Life and Death, Life and Beyond, Death and Dying, Body Mind and Soul)

Read more here: » Life and Death: Life Must Imitate Creative Art

Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Modern traders instead generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more th ...

Including:

Trade - History of trade
Trade - Development of money Trade - Current trends
Trade - International trade Trade - Organisation of trade
Trade - International organizations
Trade - Types of trade Trade - Support for trade Trade - Notes Trade - External link

Read more here: » Trade: Encyclopedia - Trade

The Bretton Woods system of international monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states. The Bretton Woods system was the first example in world history of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. Preparing to rebuild the international economic system as World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in the town of B ...

Including:

Bretton Woods system - The origins of the Bretton Woods System
Bretton Woods system - The experiences of the Great Depression Bretton Woods system - The rise of U.S. hegemony
Bretton Woods system - The design of the Bretton Woods system
Bretton Woods system - Informal regimes Bretton Woods system - Formal regimes
Bretton Woods system - Readjusting the Bretton Woods system
Bretton Woods system - The dollar shortages and the Marshall Plan Bretton Woods system - Bretton Woods and the Cold War
Bretton Woods system - The Late Bretton Woods System
Bretton Woods system - The U.S. balance of payments crisis 1958–68 Bretton Woods system - Structural changes underpinning the decline of international monetary management Bretton Woods system - The paralysis of international monetary management
Bretton Woods system - Conclusions Bretton Woods system - Notes and references

Read more here: » Bretton Woods system: Encyclopedia - Bretton Woods system

Exchange Rates Currency band Exchange rate Exchange rate regime Fixed exchange rate Floating exchange rate Linked exchange rate Markets Foreign exchange market Futures exchange Products Currency Currency future Forex swap Currency swap Foreign exchange option The foreign exchange (currency or forex) market exists where ever one currency is traded for another. It ...

Including:

Foreign exchange market - Market size and liquidity Foreign exchange market - The nature of the market Foreign exchange market - Market participants
Foreign exchange market - Banks Foreign exchange market - Commercial Companies Foreign exchange market - Central Banks Foreign exchange market - Interbank Brokers Foreign exchange market - Customer Brokers Foreign exchange market - Investors and Speculators
Foreign exchange market - Forex Communities

Read more here: » Foreign exchange market: Encyclopedia - Foreign exchange market

Definition and meaning of Balance of Trade

Balance of Trade - [Economics]

Nations seek to maintain a balance of trade with values of imports equal to exports. By balancing trade, a nation can protect the value of its currency on the international market. If a trade imbalance continues, with one country importing more than it is exporting, the value of its currency falls. In the 1980s the United States imported considerably more than it exported, and the foreign exchange market was glutted with dollars. As the value of the dollar fell, the prices of imports increased and consumers paid more for the goods. The imbalance can be corrected by limiting imports or increasing the number and/or quality of exports. Both of these actions affect trading partners which may retaliate by raising tariffs. Maintaining a balance of trade requires international cooperation and fair trade. 

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

Definition and meaning of Balance of Trade

Balance of Trade - [Economics]

Nations seek to maintain a balance of trade with values of imports equal to exports. By balancing trade, a nation can protect the value of its currency on the international market. If a trade imbalance continues, with one country importing more than it is exporting, the value of its currency falls. In the 1980s the United States imported considerably more than it exported, and the foreign exchange market was glutted with dollars. As the value of the dollar fell, the prices of imports increased and consumers paid more for the goods. The imbalance can be corrected by limiting imports or increasing the number and/or quality of exports. Both of these actions affect trading partners which may retaliate by raising tariffs. Maintaining a balance of trade requires international cooperation and fair trade. 

(Source: The Social Studies Center at Texas University )

Also see these pages:  Social Studies, Social Studies Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

The Compromise of 1850 was a series of Congressional legislative measures addressing slavery and the boundaries of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–48). In five laws balancing the interests of the slaveholding states of the American South and the free states, California was admitted as a free state, Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands West of the Rio Grande, the United States territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and Utah) was organized without any specifi ...

Including:

Compromise of 1850 - Issues
Compromise of 1850 - Texas Compromise of 1850 - California Compromise of 1850 - Mexican War territories Compromise of 1850 - Slave Trade and Fugitive Slave Law
Compromise of 1850 - Clay and Douglas craft compromise
Compromise of 1850 - View of Davis and Southern Democrats Compromise of 1850 - View of Seward and Northern Whigs Compromise of 1850 - Debate and results
Compromise of 1850 - The five separate bills
Compromise of 1850 - Implications

Read more here: » Compromise of 1850: Encyclopedia - Compromise of 1850

From the late 1970s until the 1990s, Vietnam was a member of the Comecon, and therefore heavily dependent on trade with the Soviet Union and its allies. Following the dissolution of the Comecon and the loss of its traditional trading partners, Vietnam was forced to liberalize trade, devalue its exchange rate to increase exports, and embarke on a policy of regional and international economic re-integration. Throughout the 1990's, exports expanded significantly, growing by as much as 20%-30% in some years. In 1999, exports accounted for ...

See also:

Economy of Vietnam, Economy of Vietnam - History after 1985, Economy of Vietnam - Agriculture and Industry, Economy of Vietnam - Trade and Balance of Payments, Economy of Vietnam - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Economy of Vietnam: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Vietnam - Trade and Balance of Payments

Bretton Woods system - The U.S. balance of payments crisis 1958–68. After the end of World War II, the U.S. held $26 billion in gold reserves, of an estimated total of $40 billion (approx 60%). As world trade increased rapidly through the 1950s, the size of the gold base increased by only a few percent. In 1958, the U.S. payment deficit swung negative. The first U.S. response to the crisis was in the late 1950s when the Eisenhower administration placed import quotas on oil and other restrictions on trade outflo ...

See also:

Bretton Woods system, Bretton Woods system - The origins of the Bretton Woods System, Bretton Woods system - The experiences of the Great Depression, Bretton Woods system - The rise of U.S. hegemony, Bretton Woods system - The design of the Bretton Woods system, Bretton Woods system - Informal regimes, Bretton Woods system - Formal regimes, Bretton Woods system - Readjusting the Bretton Woods system, Bretton Woods system - The dollar shortages and the Marshall Plan, Bretton Woods system - Bretton Woods and the Cold War, Bretton Woods system - The Late Bretton Woods System, Bretton Woods system - The U.S. balance of payments crisis 1958–68, Bretton Woods system - Structural changes underpinning the decline of international monetary management, Bretton Woods system - The paralysis of international monetary management, Bretton Woods system - Conclusions, Bretton Woods system - Notes and references

Read more here: » Bretton Woods system: Encyclopedia II - Bretton Woods system - The Late Bretton Woods System

Free trade relied on the free convertibility of currencies. Negotiators at the Bretton Woods conference, fresh from what they perceived as a disastrous experience with floating rates in the 1930s, concluded that major monetary fluctuations could stall the free flow of trade. The liberal economic system required an accepted vehicle for investment, trade, and payments. Unlike national economies, however, the international economy lacks a central government that can issue currency and manage its use. In the past this problem had been sol ...

See also:

Bretton Woods system, Bretton Woods system - The origins of the Bretton Woods System, Bretton Woods system - The experiences of the Great Depression, Bretton Woods system - The rise of U.S. hegemony, Bretton Woods system - The design of the Bretton Woods system, Bretton Woods system - Informal regimes, Bretton Woods system - Formal regimes, Bretton Woods system - Readjusting the Bretton Woods system, Bretton Woods system - The dollar shortages and the Marshall Plan, Bretton Woods system - Bretton Woods and the Cold War, Bretton Woods system - The Late Bretton Woods System, Bretton Woods system - The U.S. balance of payments crisis 1958–68, Bretton Woods system - Structural changes underpinning the decline of international monetary management, Bretton Woods system - The paralysis of international monetary management, Bretton Woods system - Conclusions, Bretton Woods system - Notes and references

Read more here: » Bretton Woods system: Encyclopedia II - Bretton Woods system - The design of the Bretton Woods system

Free trade - Tobin Tax. Main article: Tobin Tax. A Tobin tax is the suggested tax on all trade of currency across borders. This is supposed to put a penalty on short-term speculation in currencies. Free trade - Fair trade. Main article: Fair trade. The fair trade movement, also known as the trade justice movement, promotes international labour, environment and social standards for the production of traded goods and services. The movement focuses in particular on exp ...

See also:

Free trade, Free trade - History of free trade, Free trade - Intellectual property and free trade, Free trade - Free trade controversy, Free trade - Alternatives to free trade, Free trade - Tobin Tax, Free trade - Fair trade, Free trade - Balanced trade, Free trade - International barter, Free trade - Increase the credit risk to international loans, Free trade - International price floors, Free trade - Separating world prices from domestic prices, Free trade - Regional trading blocs, Free trade - Footnotes

Read more here: » Free trade: Encyclopedia II - Free trade - Alternatives to free trade

Free trade - Tobin Tax. Main article: Tobin Tax. A Tobin tax is the suggested tax on all trade of currency across borders. This is supposed to put a penalty on short-term speculation in currencies Free trade - Fair trade. Main article: Fair trade. The fair trade movement, also known as the trade justice movement, promotes international labour, environment and social standards for the production of traded goods and services. The movement focuses in particular on exp ...

See also:

Free trade, Free trade - History of free trade, Free trade - Intellectual property and free trade, Free trade - Free trade controversy, Free trade - Alternatives to free trade, Free trade - Tobin Tax, Free trade - Fair trade, Free trade - Balanced trade, Free trade - International barter, Free trade - Increase the credit risk to international loans, Free trade - International price floors, Free trade - Separating world prices from domestic prices, Free trade - Regional trading blocs, Free trade - Footnotes

Read more here: » Free trade: Encyclopedia II - Free trade - Alternatives to free trade

The history of free trade is a history of international trade focussing on the developments of open markets. The concept of free trade developed over time, and in its modern sense, from the commercial culture of England, and more broadly Europe, in the past five centuries. The earliest free trade theorists were David Ricardo and Adam Smith. Free trade policies have battled with mercantilist, protectionist, isolationist, communist, and other policies over the centuries. Wars, such as th ...

See also:

Free trade, Free trade - History of free trade, Free trade - Intellectual property and free trade, Free trade - Free trade controversy, Free trade - Alternatives to free trade, Free trade - Tobin Tax, Free trade - Fair trade, Free trade - Balanced trade, Free trade - International barter, Free trade - Increase the credit risk to international loans, Free trade - International price floors, Free trade - Separating world prices from domestic prices, Free trade - Regional trading blocs, Free trade - Footnotes

Read more here: » Free trade: Encyclopedia II - Free trade - History of free trade

Different arguments are used by those who favour and those who oppose free trade. These arguments can be divided in economic, moral and sociopolitical arguments. The major controversy about free trade arises from the fact that the primary discussions have little to do with freedom or trade, but rather who gets to control who wins and who loses. Thus, rather than being an objective discussion about how to make trade truly free, the discussion devolves to a political war of wor ...

See also:

Free trade, Free trade - History of free trade, Free trade - Intellectual property and free trade, Free trade - Free trade controversy, Free trade - Alternatives to free trade, Free trade - Tobin Tax, Free trade - Fair trade, Free trade - Balanced trade, Free trade - International barter, Free trade - Increase the credit risk to international loans, Free trade - International price floors, Free trade - Separating world prices from domestic prices, Free trade - Regional trading blocs, Free trade - Footnotes

Read more here: » Free trade: Encyclopedia II - Free trade - Free trade controversy

From 1994 through 1997, the economy has recorded robust growth driven by foreign direct investment, almost 46% of which was related to the privatization program. The economy stagnated from 1998 through 2001, the result of the century’s strongest El Niño weather phenomenon, global financial turmoil, political instability, a stalled privatization program, increased government intervention in markets, and worsening terms of trade. President Alejandro Toledo implemented a recovery program after taking office, maintained largely orthodox econo ...

See also:

Economy of Peru, Economy of Peru - Overview, Economy of Peru - Greater Depth, Economy of Peru - Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments, Economy of Peru - Foreign Investment, Economy of Peru - Economic Outlook, Economy of Peru - Narcotics, Economy of Peru - Statistics

Read more here: » Economy of Peru: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Peru - Greater Depth