Bahya ibn Paquda (also: Pakuda) Full name: Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda, known to Talmud scholars (in Hebrew) as the Rabbeinu Bechaya ("Our Rabbi Behaya"), was a Jewish philosopher and rabbi who lived at Saragossa, Spain, in the first half of the eleventh century. Bahya ibn Paquda - Life and works. He was the author of the first Jewish system of ethics, written in Arabic in 1040 under the title Al Hidayah ila Faraid al-Qulub, Guide to the Duties of the Heart, ...

Including:

Bahya ibn Paquda - Life and works Bahya ibn Paquda - Neoplatonism

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Bahya ibn Paquda, Bahya ibn Paquda - Life and works, Bahya ibn Paquda - Neoplatonism

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Note O: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0198661320 Note R: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in the Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 2000. ISBN 0415223644 ...

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List of philosophers, List of philosophers - A, List of philosophers - B, List of philosophers - C, List of philosophers - D, List of philosophers - E, List of philosophers - F, List of philosophers - G, List of philosophers - H, List of philosophers - I, List of philosophers - J, List of philosophers - K, List of philosophers - L, List of philosophers - M, List of philosophers - N, List of philosophers - O, List of philosophers - P, List of philosophers - Q, List of philosophers - R, List of philosophers - S, List of philosophers - T, List of philosophers - U, List of philosophers - V, List of philosophers - W, List of philosophers - X, List of philosophers - Y, List of philosophers - Z, List of philosophers - Notes, List of philosophers - General philosophy lists, List of philosophers - General philosophy topics, List of philosophers - General online philosophy resources

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Jewish philosophy is not a universally agreed-upon term, but it does exist as a field of scholarship. It is therefore a subject that requires careful analysis, definition, clarification and explanation. Some may claim that it is an attempt to fuse the fields of secular (even atheistic) philosophy with the religious teachings of Judaism (an Abrahamic religion). Others may claim that it is a relatively latter-day form of rationalization for Judaism itself. It should be noted that the primary source documents for Judaism, such as the Tor ...

Including:

Jewish philosophy - Approaches Jewish philosophy - Early Jewish philosophy Jewish philosophy - Philo of Alexandria Jewish philosophy - Avicebron Solomon ibn Gabirol Jewish philosophy - Jewish Mysticism Kabbalah Jewish philosophy - Saadia Gaon Jewish philosophy - Karaite philosophy Jewish philosophy - Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties of the Heart Jewish philosophy - Yehuda Halevi and the Kuzari Jewish philosophy - The rise of Aristotelian thought Jewish philosophy - Maimonides Jewish philosophy - Position in the history of thought Jewish philosophy - Renaissance philosophers Jewish philosophy - Post-Enlightenment Jewish philosophers Jewish philosophy - Modern Jewish philosophy
Jewish philosophy - Holocaust theology
Jewish philosophy - Modern Jewish philosophers
Jewish philosophy - Orthodox Judaism philosophers Jewish philosophy - Conservative Judaism philosophers Jewish philosophy - Reform Judaism philosophers Jewish philosophy - Reconstructionist Judaism philosophers Jewish philosophy - Others Jewish philosophy - Philosophers informed by their Jewish background

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Negative theology - also known as the Via Negativa (Latin for "Negative Way") and Apophatic theology - is a theology that attempts to describe God by negation, to speak of God only in terms of what may be said about God and to avoid what may not be said. In brief, the attempt is to gain and express knowledge of God by describing what God is not (apophasis), rather than by describing what God is. The apophatic tradition is often allied with or expressed in tandem with the approach of mysticism, which ...

Including:

Negative theology - Apophatic description of God Negative theology - In the Christian tradition Negative theology - In the Jewish tradition Negative theology - In Hinduism Negative theology - In Buddhism Negative theology - In other Eastern traditions

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Abraham ben David was a Jewish, French commentator on the Talmud. He was born in Provence, France, about 1125 CE; died at Posquières, 27 November 1198 CE. He was the son-in-law of Abraham ben Isaac Ab-Bet-Din (known as the Rabad II). He was the father of Isaac the Blind, a Neoplatonist and important Jewish mystical thinker. The teachers under whose guidance he acquired most of his Talmudic learning ...

Including:

Abraham ben David - Persecution Abraham ben David - Literary Works Abraham ben David - Rashi and RABaD Abraham ben David - Attitude as a Critic Abraham ben David - Maimonides and RABaD Abraham ben David - Judaism a Religion of Deed not of Dogma

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Yeshiva or yeshivah (Hebrew: ישיבה pl. yeshivot or yeshivos) is an institution for Torah study and the study of Talmud primarily within Orthodox Judaism attended by males. Females usually attend Bais Yaakov schools. Yeshiva - History. See also Torah study Yeshiva - Pre-1800s. Traditionally, every town rabbi had the right to maintain a number of full-time or part-time pupils in the town's study hall (beis midra ...

Including:

Yeshiva - History
Yeshiva - Pre-1800s Yeshiva - Chaim Volozhin
Yeshiva - Types of yeshivot Yeshiva - Prominent yeshivot
Yeshiva - In the United States Yeshiva - In Israel
Yeshiva - Academic year Yeshiva - Typical schedule Yeshiva - Method of study
Yeshiva - Talmud study Yeshiva - Jewish law Yeshiva - Ethics Yeshiva - Weekly Torah portion

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Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaism's rabbinic writing/s throughout history. However, the term often used as an exact cognate of the Hebrew term Sifrut Hazal (ספרות חז"ל; "Literature [of our] Sages, [of] blessed memory"), where the latter usually refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era. The latter, more specific, sense is how the term is normally used in medieval and modern rabbinic writing (where Hazal normally refers only to the sages of the ...

Including:

Rabbinic literature - The oral law Rabbinic literature - The Midrash Rabbinic literature - Later works by category
Rabbinic literature - Jewish law Rabbinic literature - Jewish thought and ethics Rabbinic literature - Liturgy
Rabbinic literature - Later works by historical period
Rabbinic literature - Works of the Geonim Rabbinic literature - Works of the Rishonim the early rabbinical commentators Rabbinic literature - Works of the Acharonim the later rabbinical commentators
Rabbinic literature - Meforshim Rabbinic literature - Bibliography

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The Hebrew term mussar, while literally derived from a word meaning "tradition", usually refers to Jewish ethics in general, or (and more commonly) refers to the Jewish ethics education movement that developed in the 19th century Orthodox Jewish European community, particularly in Lithuania. Mussar is a path of contemplative practices and exercises that have evolved over the past thousand years to help an individual soul to pinpoint and then to break through the barriers that surround and obstruct the flow of inner light in our lives. Mussar is a treasury of techniques and understandings that offers imm ...

Including:

Mussar movement - Founders
Mussar movement - Zundel Salant Mussar movement - Yisrael Lipkin
Mussar movement - Early works of Mussar Mussar movement - Origin of the movement Mussar movement - Ethical sources for the Mussar movement Mussar movement - Classical Jewish ethical literature Mussar movement - Bibliography
Mussar movement - Addenda Mussar movement - External links

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Repentance is the feeling and act in which one recognizes and tries to right a wrong, or gain forgiveness from someone that they wronged. In religious contexts it usually refers to repenting for a sin against God. It always includes an admission of guilt, and also includes at least one of: a solemn promise or resolve not to repeat the offense; an attempt to make restitution for the wrong, or in some way to reverse the harmful effects of the wrong where possible. In Biblical Hebrew, the idea of repentance is represented by two verbs: שוב shuv (to r ...

Including:

Repentance - In the Hebrew Bible
Repentance - The view of the Biblical prophets
Repentance - In Judaism Repentance - In Christianity
Repentance - The nature of repentance Repentance - How repentance is produced
Repentance - In Islam

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In theology, the doctrine of divine simplicity says that God is without parts. Divine simplicity - In Christian thought. In Christian thought, the importance of the concept is that God as a simple being is not divisible, and thus, he is present in his entirety everywhere that he is present, if he is present anywhere. In light of this idea, Thomas Aquinas wrote that, because God is infinitely simple, he can only appear to the finite mind as though he were infinitely complex. This doctrine also ...

Including:

Divine simplicity - In Christian thought Divine simplicity - In Jewish thought

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The Mussar movement arose among the non-Hasidic Orthodox Jews of Lithuania, and became a trend in Orthodox yeshivot (schools of Jewish learning). Its founder was Rabbi Israel ben Ze'ev Wolf Lipkin, the Salanter (1810-1883), who was inspired greatly by the teachings and Reb Zundel Salant. Mussar movement - Zundel Salant. Reb Joseph Zundel ben Benjamin Benish of Salant (1786-1866) or Sundel Salant was a layman who had studied under Rabbis Chaim Volozhin and Akiva Eiger; he spent most of his life in Sa ...

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Mussar movement, Mussar movement - Founders, Mussar movement - Zundel Salant, Mussar movement - Yisrael Lipkin, Mussar movement - Early works of Mussar, Mussar movement - Origin of the movement, Mussar movement - Ethical sources for the Mussar movement, Mussar movement - Classical Jewish ethical literature, Mussar movement - Bibliography, Mussar movement - Addenda, Mussar movement - External links

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Yeshiva - Pre-1800s. Traditionally, every town rabbi had the right to maintain a number of full-time or part-time pupils in the town's study hall (beis midrash, usually adjacent to the synagogue). Their cost of living was covered by community taxation. After a number of years, these young people would either take up a vacant rabbinical position elsewhere (after obtaining semicha, rabbinical ordination) or join the workforce. The Mishna (tractate Megilla) mentions the law that a town can only be call ...

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Yeshiva, Yeshiva - History, Yeshiva - Pre-1800s, Yeshiva - Chaim Volozhin, Yeshiva - Types of yeshivot, Yeshiva - Prominent yeshivot, Yeshiva - In the United States, Yeshiva - In Israel, Yeshiva - Academic year, Yeshiva - Typical schedule, Yeshiva - Method of study, Yeshiva - Talmud study, Yeshiva - Jewish law, Yeshiva - Ethics, Yeshiva - Weekly Torah portion

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The doctrine of Repentance in the Scriptures appears to be very prominent. See the description of repentance in the Hebrew Bible above for repentance in the Old Testament. In the New Testament, John the Baptist began his public ministry, as did Jesus, with a call to repentance (Matt. 3:1, 2; 4:17). When Jesus sent forth messengers to proclaim his gospel, he commanded them to preach repentance (Luke 24:47; Mark 6:12). Teachings on repentance are found in the New Testament in Peter, (Acts 2:38); Paul, (Acts 20:21). God wants everyone to ...

See also:

Repentance, Repentance - In the Hebrew Bible, Repentance - The view of the Biblical prophets, Repentance - In Judaism, Repentance - In Christianity, Repentance - The nature of repentance, Repentance - How repentance is produced, Repentance - In Islam

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Studying is usually done together with a study-partner called a chavrusa (Aramaic: "friend"), or in a shiur ("lecture"). Yeshiva - Talmud study. Main articles: Talmud, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]]See also:

Yeshiva, Yeshiva - History, Yeshiva - Pre-1800s, Yeshiva - Chaim Volozhin, Yeshiva - Types of yeshivot, Yeshiva - Prominent yeshivot, Yeshiva - In the United States, Yeshiva - In Israel, Yeshiva - Academic year, Yeshiva - Typical schedule, Yeshiva - Method of study, Yeshiva - Talmud study, Yeshiva - Jewish law, Yeshiva - Ethics, Yeshiva - Weekly Torah portion

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In Christian thought, the importance of the concept is that God as a simple being is not divisible, and thus, he is present in his entirety everywhere that he is present, if he is present anywhere. In light of this idea, Thomas Aquinas wrote that, because God is infinitely simple, he can only appear to the finite mind as though he were infinitely complex. This doctrine also helps keep trinitarianism from drifting or morphing into polytheism, ...

See also:

Divine simplicity, Divine simplicity - In Christian thought, Divine simplicity - In Jewish thought

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The Kuzari has given its name to a "principle" of reasoning which is derived from the book. This principle claims to logically prove the historicity of major events recorded in the Bible from the nature of the belief in them. More specifically, it is argued that one can prove that some three million Israelites personally were led out of Egypt in an Exodus, and witnessed God's revelation to them at Mount Sinai, thus establishing the proof of the events d ...

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Kuzari, Kuzari - Introduction, Kuzari - Creatio ex Nihilo, Kuzari - Superiority of his faith, Kuzari - Question of attributes, Kuzari - Names of God, Kuzari - Arguments against philosophy, Kuzari - Influence of the Kuzari, Kuzari - The Kuzari Principle, Kuzari - Bibliography

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Translator; born at Granada, Spain, 1120; died after 1190. He left Spain in 1150, probably on account of anti-Semitic persecution by the Almohades, and went to Lunel in southern France. Benjamin of Tudela mentions him as a physician there in 1160. He died around 1190, in Marseille, France. Judah lived on terms of intimacy with Meshullam ben Jacob and with Meshullam's two sons, Asher and Aaron, whom in his will he recommends as friends to his only son, Samuel. He was also a close friend of Abraham ben David of Posquières and of Zerahi ...

See also:

Ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Abraham ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Judah ben Moses ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Moses ibn Tibbon, Ibn Tibbon - Samuel ibn Tibbon

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One of the major trends in modern Jewish philosophy was the attempt to develop a theory of Judaism through existentialism. One of the primary players in this field was Franz Rosenzweig. While researching his doctoral dissertation on the 19th-century German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Rosenzweig reacted against Hegel's idealism and favored an existential approach. Rosenzweig, for a time, considered conversion to Christianity, but in 1913, he turned to Jewish philosophy. He became a philosopher and student of Hermann Cohen. Roze ...

See also:

Jewish philosophy, Jewish philosophy - Approaches, Jewish philosophy - Early Jewish philosophy, Jewish philosophy - Philo of Alexandria, Jewish philosophy - Avicebron Solomon ibn Gabirol, Jewish philosophy - Jewish Mysticism Kabbalah, Jewish philosophy - Saadia Gaon, Jewish philosophy - Karaite philosophy, Jewish philosophy - Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties of the Heart, Jewish philosophy - Yehuda Halevi and the Kuzari, Jewish philosophy - The rise of Aristotelian thought, Jewish philosophy - Maimonides, Jewish philosophy - Position in the history of thought, Jewish philosophy - Renaissance philosophers, Jewish philosophy - Post-Enlightenment Jewish philosophers, Jewish philosophy - Modern Jewish philosophy, Jewish philosophy - Holocaust theology, Jewish philosophy - Modern Jewish philosophers, Jewish philosophy - Orthodox Judaism philosophers, Jewish philosophy - Conservative Judaism philosophers, Jewish philosophy - Reform Judaism philosophers, Jewish philosophy - Reconstructionist Judaism philosophers, Jewish philosophy - Others, Jewish philosophy - Philosophers informed by their Jewish background

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Hillel the elder formulated the Golden rule of Jewish ethics "What is painful to you, do not do unto others". (Talmud, tracate Shabbat 31a; Midrash Avot de Rabbi Natan.) His contemporary, Akiva states "Whatever you hate to have done unto you, do not do to your neighbor; wherefore do not hurt him; do not speak ill of him; do not reveal his secrets to others; let his honor and his property be as dear to thee as thine own" (Midrash Avot deRabbi Natan.) Ben Azzai says: "The Torah, by beginning with the book of the generations of man, laid down the great rule for the application of the Law: Love t ...

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Jewish ethics, Jewish ethics - Medieval and early modern ethical literature, Jewish ethics - Jewish family ethics, Jewish ethics - Altruistic virtues, Jewish ethics - Prophetic ethics, Jewish ethics - Ethics in rabbinic literature, Jewish ethics - Justice, Jewish ethics - Truth and Peace, Jewish ethics - Charity, Jewish ethics - Peace and hatred, Jewish ethics - Sanctification of God's name, Jewish ethics - Animals and the environment, Jewish ethics - Bioethics

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