Encyclopedia - Anthrax: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthrax - Description Of The Bacterium
Bacillus anthracis is a rod-shaped Gram-positive bacterium of size about 1 by 6 micrometres. It was the first bacterium ever to be shown ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Tuberculosis - The Bacterium
The cause of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a slow-growing aerobic bacterium that divides every 16 to 20 hours. This ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Structure Of The Bacterium
H. pylori is a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium, about 3 micrometres long with a diameter of about 0.5 micrometre. It has 4-6 flagel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syphilis: Encyclopedia - Syphilis
Syphilis (historically called lues) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by a spirochaete bacterium, Treponema pallidum...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthrax: Encyclopedia - Anthrax
Anthrax, also referred to as splenic fever, is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis and is highly lethal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bacillus Thuringiensis: Encyclopedia - Bacillus Thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that lives in the soil, in the caterpillars of some moths and butterflies and also on the surface o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vibrio Fischeri: Encyclopedia - Vibrio Fischeri
Vibrio fischeri is a rod-shaped bacterium found globally in the marine environments. It has bioluminescent properties, and is found predo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bacterial Gliding: Encyclopedia - Bacterial Gliding
Bacterial gliding is a process whereby a bacterium can move under its own power. This process does not involve the use of flagella, which...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yaws: Encyclopedia - Yaws
Yaws (also Frambesia tropica, thymosis, polypapilloma tropicum or pian) is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints caused by t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vibrio Cholerae: Encyclopedia - Vibrio Cholerae
Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative bacterium with a curved-rod shape that causes cholera in humans. It and other species of the genus Vib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microbiology: Encyclopedia - Microbiology
Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, viroids, prions, p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bacillus: Encyclopedia - Bacillus
Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Bacillus coagulans Bacillus natto Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis etc. Bacillus is a genus of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chancre: Encyclopedia - Chancre
Primary syphilis is manifested after an incubation period of 10-90 days (average 21 days) after exposure with a primary sore. The sore, c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthrax Vaccine: Encyclopedia - Anthrax Vaccine
The only licensed human anthrax vaccine in the United States, AVA, is produced by BioPort Corporation in Lansing, Michigan. The anthrax v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amikacin: Encyclopedia - Amikacin
Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Amikacin works by binding to the bacteria...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chrysiogenes: Encyclopedia - Chrysiogenes
Chrysiogenes arsenatis is a species of bacterium given its own phylum or division, called the Chrysiogenetes. It has a unique lifestyle a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloramphenicol: Encyclopedia - Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol D06AX02 Chloramphenicol (or 2,2-dichlor-N-[(aR,bR)-b-hydroxy-a-hydroxymethyl-4-nitrophenethyl]acetamide) is an antibioti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Campylobacter Jejuni: Encyclopedia - Campylobacter Jejuni
Campylobacter jejuni is a species of curved, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in animal faeces. It is one of the most common causes of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pertussis: Encyclopedia - Pertussis
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease that is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Acetobutylicum: Encyclopedia - Clostridium Acetobutylicum
Clostridium acetobutylicum (C. acetobutylicum) is a commercially valuable bacterium, included in the genus Clostridium. It is sometimes c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Typhoid Fever: Encyclopedia - Typhoid Fever
This is about the disease typhoid fever. See typhus for an unrelated disease with a similar name. Typhoid fever is an illness caused by t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leprosy: Encyclopedia - Leprosy
Leprosy, sometimes known as Hansen's disease, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an aerobic, acid fast, rod-shaped ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vaginitis: Encyclopedia - Vaginitis
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa usually caused by a Candida albicans (a yeast), Trichomonas vaginalis (a protozoan) or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Botulism: Encyclopedia - Botulism
Botulism (from Latin botulus, "sausage") is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antibiotic Resistance: Encyclopedia - Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance naturally develo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Corynebacterium Diphtheriae: Encyclopedia - Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Citrus Canker: Encyclopedia - Citrus Canker
Citrus canker is a disease affecting citrus species that is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis. Infection causes lesions on t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Prevention
Improved design, operation and maintenance of cooling towers and plumbing systems to limit the growth and spread of Legionella organisms ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlamydia: Encyclopedia - Chlamydia
Chlamydia is currently one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases — about 4 million cases of chlamydia occur in the USA each ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Botulin Toxin: Encyclopedia - Botulin Toxin
Botulin toxin, popularly sold under the brand name Botox®, is a potent neurotoxin that has found a variety of remarkable uses in modern ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Infection And Diagnosis
Infection may be symptomatic or asymptomatic (without visible ill effects). It is estimated that up to 70% of infection is asymptomatic. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Gastric Cancer Connection
Gastric cancer (rare) and gastric MALT lymphoma (lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) have been associated with H. pylori, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Infections
Intestinal Infections: These may only occur as part of respiratory infections, where gastrointestinal symptoms have on occasion been desc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Diagnosis
The diagnosis of legionellosis requires special tests not routinely performed on persons with fever or pneumonia. Therefore, a physician ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Who Gets Legionellosis?
People of any age may get Legionnaires' diasease, but the illness most often affects middle-aged and older persons, particularly those wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - World's More Important Outbreaks
In March, 1999 an outbreak in the Netherlands occurred during a flower exhibition in Bovenkarspel. 200 people became ill and at least 32 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - How Is Legionellosis Spread?
Legionellosis infection occurs after persons have breathed mists that come from a water source (e.g., air conditioning cooling towers, wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Treatment
The current treatment of choice are the respiratory tract quinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin) or newer macrolides (azit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - History
In 1875, German scientists found spiral bacteria in the lining of the human stomach; the bacteria could not be grown in culture and the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Symptoms
Patients with Legionnaires' disease usually have fever, chills, and a cough, which may be dry or may produce sputum. Some patients also h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Gastric Cancer Connection
Gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma (lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) have been associated with H. pylori, and the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthrax: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthrax - Means Of Infection
Anthrax can enter the human body through the intestines, lungs (inhalation), or skin (cutaneous). Anthrax is non-contagious, and is unlik...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Treatment
In patients who are asymptomatic, treatment is not usually recommended. In gastric ulcer patients where H. pylori is detected, normal pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthrax: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthrax - Site Cleanup
Anthrax spores can survive for long periods of time without a host when they are released. Methods of cleaning up the site of anthrax att...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Genome Studies Of Different Strains
Several strains are known, and the genomes of two have been completely sequenced[11]. The genome consists of 26695 strain has about 1.7 m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthrax: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthrax - Biological Warfare
Spores of this bacteria can be used in biological warfare. US Army personnel are now routinely vaccinated prior to active service in plac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Tuberculosis - The Disease
Tuberculosis - Transmission. TB is spread through aerosol droplets which are expelled when persons with active TB disease cough, sneeze...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Helicobacter Pylori: Encyclopedia Ii - Helicobacter Pylori - Genome Studies Of Different Strains
Several strains are known, and the genomes of two have been completely sequenced[11]. The genome of the strain "26695" consists of about ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis In Art, Literature, History And Film
It has been speculated that the real-life ubiquity of illness and death due to tuberculosis affected the portrayal of these issues in Eur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syphilis: Encyclopedia Ii - Syphilis - Stages Of Syphilis
Different manifestations occur at each stage of the disease. Syphilis - Primary syphilis. Primary syphilis is manifested after an incub...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Tuberculosis - Animals
Tuberculosis can be carried by many mammals. Domesticated species, such as cats and dogs, are generally free of tuberculosis, but wild an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthrax: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthrax - Treatment And Prevention
Treatment for anthrax infections includes large doses of intravenous and oral antibiotics, such as penicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Tuberculosis - Prevention
Prevention and control efforts include three priority strategies: identifying and treating all persons who have TB disease finding and e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Tuberculosis - History
Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity, as the origins of the disease are in the first domestication of cattle (which al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Prevention
Improved design, operation, maintenance and implementation of risk management strategies for cooling towers, potable water systems and ot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis In Art Literature History And Film
It has been speculated that the real-life ubiquity of illness and death due to tuberculosis affected the portrayal of these issues in Eur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Tuberculosis - History
Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity, as the origins of the disease are in the first domestication of cattle (which al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Diagnosis
The diagnosis of legionellosis requires special tests not routinely performed on persons with fever or pneumonia. Therefore, a physician ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Who Gets Legionellosis?
People of any age may get Legionnaires' disease, but the illness most often affects middle-aged and older persons, particularly those who...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Treatment
Current treatments of choice are the respiratory tract quinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin) or newer macrolides (azithro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - How Is Legionellosis Spread?
Legionellosis infection occurs after persons have breathed mists that come from a water source (e.g., air conditioning cooling towers, wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - World's More Important Outbreaks
Legionellosis - Philadelphia 1976. The original outbreak occurred in July 1976 at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsyl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Symptoms
Patients with Legionnaires' disease usually have fever, chills, and a cough, which may be dry or may produce sputum. Some patients also h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Legionellosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Legionellosis - Infections
Intestinal Infections: These may only occur as part of respiratory infections, where gastrointestinal symptoms have on occasion been desc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemotaxis: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemotaxis - Bacterial Chemotaxis
Many bacteria, such as E. coli, have several flagella (4-10 typically). These can rotate in two ways : Counter-clockwise rotation a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syphilis: Encyclopedia Ii - Syphilis - History
There are two schools of thought on the origin of Syphilis: the Colombian and pre-Colombian theses. There are ongoing debates in anthropo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasmid: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasmid - Antibiotic Resistance
Plasmids often contain genes or gene-cassettes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium harboring them, e.g., the ability to ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroplast: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloroplast - Structure
The chloroplast has a two membrane envelope termed the Inner & Outer membrane respectively. Between these two layers is the Intermemb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syphilis: Encyclopedia Ii - Syphilis - Testing
It was only in the 20th century that effective tests and treatments for syphilis were developed. In 1906, the first effective test for sy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syphilis: Encyclopedia Ii - Syphilis - Treatment
There were originally no effective treatments for syphilis. The most common in use were guaiacum and mercury: the use of mercury gave ris...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syphilis: Encyclopedia Ii - Syphilis - Syphilis In Art And Literature
In 1530, Girolamo Fracastoro, a physician and poet, wrote a poem from which syphilis derived its name. There are references to syphilis i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Syphilis: Encyclopedia Ii - Syphilis - Treatment
There were originally no effective treatments for syphilis. The most common in use were guaiacum and mercury: the use of mercury gave ris...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fosinopril: Encyclopedia Ii - Fosinopril - Development
The development of fosinopril started from the observation of the hypotensive effects of phosphoramidon, an extract from the bacterium St...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yersinia Pestis: Encyclopedia Ii - Yersinia Pestis - Pathogenicity And Immunity
Pathogenicity is due to two antiphagocytic antigens, named F1 and VW, both required for virulence. They are produced by the bacterium at ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brain Abscess: Encyclopedia Ii - Brain Abscess - Pathophysiology
Brain abscesses are usually polymicrobial in nature. The most common organism recovered from cultures is the bacterium Streptococcus. How...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Difficile - Cracking Of The Genetic Code Of The Quebec Strain
On December 14, 2005, researchers at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, led by Dr. Ken Dewar and Dr. Andre Dascal and in collaboratio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oscillococcinum: Encyclopedia Ii - Oscillococcinum - Origin
The word Oscillococcinum was coined by the 20th-century physician Joseph Roy (1891-1978), who saw military duty during the Spanish Flu ep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Encyclopedia Ii - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus - Treatment And Initiatives
Vancomycin and teicoplanin are glycopeptide antibiotics used to treat MRSA infections. These drugs are administered intravenously. Severa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasmid: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasmid - Applications Of Plasmids
Plasmids serve as important tools in genetics and biochemistry labs, where they are commonly used to multiply (make many copies of) or ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - François Jacob: Encyclopedia Ii - François Jacob - Research
In around 1961 Jacob and Monod explored the idea that the control of enzyme expression levels in cells is a result of feedback on the tra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lactobacillus Acidophilus: Encyclopedia Ii - Lactobacillus Acidophilus - Health Benefits
L. acidophilus is considered a probiotic or "friendly" bacterium. These types of healthy bacteria inhabit the intestines and vagina and p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lysozyme: Encyclopedia Ii - Lysozyme - Physiology
Most of the bacteria affected by lysozyme are not pathogenic. It could be argued that lysozyme is a primary reason these organisms did no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bacteria: Encyclopedia Ii - Bacteria - History And Taxonomy
The first bacteria were observed by Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1683 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. The name bacterium w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasmid: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasmid - Applications Of Plasmids
PLASMIDS serve as important tools in genetics and biochemistry labs, where they are commonly used to multiply (make many copies of) or ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioterrorism: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioterrorism - Types Of Biological Agents
Bioterrorism - Category A agents. These are biological agents with both a high potential for adverse public health impact and that als...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gonorrhoea: Encyclopedia Ii - Gonorrhoea - Diagnosis Of Gonorrhea
Doctors or other health care workers usually use three laboratory techniques to diagnose gonorrhea: staining samples directly for the bac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Recombinant Dna: Encyclopedia Ii - Recombinant Dna - Plasmids And Recombinant Dna Technology
Plasmids are extranuclear fragments of DNA present in some bacteria. Plasmids can transfer genetic material to other bacteria, allowing t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Streptococcus Pyogenes: Encyclopedia Ii - Streptococcus Pyogenes - Virulence Factors
S. pyogenes has several attributes that make it more virulent (these are called "virulence factors"). A carbohydrate capsule surrounds th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Recombinant Dna: Encyclopedia Ii - Recombinant Dna - Plasmids And Recombinant Dna Technology
Plasmids are extranuclear fragments of DNA present in some bacteria. Plasmids can transfer genetic material to other bacteria, allowing t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Evolution - Science Of Evolution
The word "evolution" has been used to refer both to a fact and a theory, and it is important to understand both these different meanings ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholera: Encyclopedia Ii - Cholera - History
Cholera - Origin. Cholera originated in India or elsewhere in Asia, with the Ganges River likely serving as a contamination reservoir. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Citrus Canker: Encyclopedia Ii - Citrus Canker - Pathology
Plants infected with citrus canker have characteristic lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit with raised, brown, water-soaked margins, usua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Difficile: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Difficile - Notable Outbreaks
On June 4, 2004, two outbreaks of a highly virulent strain of this bacterium were reported in Montreal, Quebec and Calgary, Alberta, in C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colloidal Gold: Encyclopedia Ii - Colloidal Gold - Current Research
Research in 2005 demonstrated that nanogold coated bacteria can be used for electronic wiring [6]. Bacillus cereus was deposited on a sil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scientific Classification: Encyclopedia Ii - Scientific Classification - Examples
The usual classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (H...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Botulin Toxin: Encyclopedia Ii - Botulin Toxin - Chemical Overview
Botulinum (botulinus) toxin is the toxic compound produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The names Botox® and Dysport® are tr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Botulin Toxin: Encyclopedia Ii - Botulin Toxin - History
The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner first developed the idea of a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin, which he called ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antibiotic Resistance: Encyclopedia Ii - Antibiotic Resistance - Resistant Pathogens
Staphylococcus aureus (colloquially known as "Staph aureus") is one of the major resistant pathogens. Found on the mucous membranes and t...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Reich Blood Test: Alternative Health Dictionary On Reich Blood Test
Reich Blood Test: Ostensibly diagnostic component of orgonomic medicine (orgone therapy). The Reich Blood Test is a means of ascertain...   » Read the article