Like the Babylonian Talmud, the purpose of the Jerusalem Talmud was to elaborate on the Jewish Oral tradition as detailed in the 2nd-century Mishnah, following whose redaction many Jewish scholars living in Roman-controlled Palestine moved to Persia due to the harsh decrees against Jews enacted by the emperor Hadrian after the Bar Kokhba's revolt. The remaining scholars who lived in the Galilee area decided to continue their teachings (at a time when learning Jewish texts or teaching them was forbidden) in the learning centers that had been ...

See also:

Jerusalem Talmud, Jerusalem Talmud - Historical context, Jerusalem Talmud - Comparison to Babylonian Talmud

Read more here: » Jerusalem Talmud: Encyclopedia II - Jerusalem Talmud - Historical context

The Jews lived in the land of Babylon for more than 2,500 years that followed the Babylonian captivity (see History of the Jews in Iraq). By 1941, the approximately 150,000 Iraqi Jews played active roles in many aspects of Iraqi life, including farming, banking, commerce and the government bureaucracy. After the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the First World War, the League of Nations granted the mandate of Iraq to Britain. After King Ghazi who inherited the throne of Faisal I, died in a 1939 car accident, Britain inst ...

See also:

Farhud, Farhud - Historical background, Farhud - The Golden Square coup, Farhud - June 1-2 1941, Farhud - Aftermath

Read more here: » Farhud: Encyclopedia II - Farhud - Historical background

Sandalphon (in Greek: Σανδαλφών) is an archangel in some Jewish (especially rabbinic) and Christian writings. Sandalphon - Meaning of name. The name Sandalphon is of uncertain derivation. Possibly it comes from the Greek sandalion, meaning "sandal"; thus meaning "one who wears sandals". It is also possibly derived from the Greek prefix sym-/syn-, meaning "together", and adelphos, meaning "brother"; thus approximately meaning "co-brother". This probably refe ...

Including:

• Sandalphon - Meaning of name
• Sandalphon - Sandalphon the angel
• Sandalphon - Origin
• Sandalphon - Descriptions and functions
• Sandalphon - Other references

Read more here: » Sandalphon: Encyclopedia - Sandalphon

The Ascension of Isaiah is an apocryphal pseudepigraphal book dating from the 2nd century and compiled by an unknown Christian scholar. The text incorporates three distinct sections, each evidently once a separate work that is a single compilation here. Of these, one, the first, appears to have been written by a Jewish author, and the other two by Christians. The first part of the book (chapters 1-5), generally referred to as "The Martyrdom of Isaiah", recounts and expands on the events of 2 Kings chapter 21. Into the middle of this ( ...

Read more here: » Ascension of Isaiah: Encyclopedia - Ascension of Isaiah

Zeraim (זרעים) is the first Order of the Mishnah (and Tosefta and Talmud). Of the six orders of the Mishnah, Zeraim is the shortest. The order Zeraim ("Seeds") deals mainly with the agricultural laws of the land of Israel. It consists of 11 tractates: Berakhot: ("Blessings" ברכות) deals with the rules of blessings and the daily prayer, especially the Shema. 9 chapters. Pe'ah: ("Corner" פאה) deals with the regulations concerning the corners of the field (Lev. xix. 9, ...

Read more here: » Zeraim: Encyclopedia - Zeraim

The Vilna Gaon (April 23, 1720 – October 9, 1797) was a prominent Jewish rabbi, Talmud scholar, and Kabbalist. His real name was Elijah (Eliyahu) ben Shlomo Zalman Kremer (or Kramer), but he is commonly referred to in Hebrew as ha'Gaon ha'Chasid mi'Vilna, meaning "the saintly genius from Vilna", or in similar forms (Gaon of Vilna, Gaon mi Vilno, or Vilna Gaon), and as the Gra (a Hebrew acronym of "Gaon Rabbi Eliyahu"). Vilna Gaon - Youth and education. ...

Including:

• Vilna Gaon - Youth and education
• Vilna Gaon - Methods of study
• Vilna Gaon - Antagonism to Hasidism
• Vilna Gaon - Other work
• Vilna Gaon - Ascetism
• Vilna Gaon - Works
• Vilna Gaon - Influence

Read more here: » Vilna Gaon: Encyclopedia - Vilna Gaon

Aggadah ( Aramaic אגדה: tales, lore; pl. Aggadot ) refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic texts in classical rabbinic literature - particularly as recorded in the Talmud and Midrash. Other terms for this body of teachings are Aggadata (אגדתא) lit.“the” aggada, and the Hebrew Haggadah (הגדה; pl. Haggadot). In general, the aggadot are presented as folklore, historical anecdotes, moral exhortations, and business and medical advice, and often refer to mythical creatures, and incredible hist ...

Including:

• Aggadah - As part of the Jewish oral law
• Aggadah - Literal-allegorical teachings
• Aggadah - Interpretation of the Aggadah
• Aggadah - In the Talmud and Midrash
• Aggadah - Development of the Aggadah
• Aggadah - Exegetic and Homiletic Aggadah
• Aggadah - Aggadah compilations

Read more here: » Aggadah: Encyclopedia - Aggadah

Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish rabbinic law, custom and tradition. Like the religious laws in many other cultures, Judaism classically drew no distinction in its laws between religious and non-religious life. Hence, Halakha guides not only religious practices and beliefs, but numerous aspects of day-to-day life. Historically, Halakha served many Jewish communities as an enforceable avenue of civil and religious law. In the mo ...

Including:

• Halakha - Terminology
• Halakha - The scope of Halakha
• Halakha - The laws of the Torah
• Halakha - Categories of law
• Halakha - Sin: violation of Jewish law
• Halakha - Gentiles and Jewish law
• Halakha - The sources and process of Halakha
• Halakha - Eras of history important in Jewish law
• Halakha - The thirteen rules by which Jewish law was derived
• Halakha - How Halakha is viewed today
• Halakha - Flexibility within the Halakha
• Halakha - Codes of Jewish law

Read more here: » Halakha: Encyclopedia - Halakha

The article Judaism and Christianity compares and contrasts two closely related Abrahamic religions that are in some ways parallel to each other and in other ways fundamentally divergent in theology and practice. Whereas the article on the Judeo-Christian tradition emphasizes continuities and convergences between the two religions, this article emphasizes that Judaism and Christianity each have widely diverging views of their respective relationship to the other, and of elements they have in common, such as the Bible and God. Including:

• Judaism and Christianity - Neither religion is monolithic
• Judaism and Christianity - Raison d'être of the religion
• Judaism and Christianity - The nature of religion: national versus universal
• Judaism and Christianity - Concepts of God
• Judaism and Christianity - Understanding of the Bible
• Judaism and Christianity - Sin and Original Sin
• Judaism and Christianity - Faith versus good deeds
• Judaism and Christianity - Love
• Judaism and Christianity - Abortion
• Judaism and Christianity - War violence and pacifism
• Judaism and Christianity - Judgement
• Judaism and Christianity - Capital punishment
• Judaism and Christianity - Heaven and Hell
• Judaism and Christianity - The Messiah
• Judaism and Christianity - Catholic views
• Judaism and Christianity - Eastern Orthodox views
• Judaism and Christianity - Jewish views
• Judaism and Christianity - Evangelism
• Judaism and Christianity - Miscellaneous
• Judaism and Christianity - Mutual views
• Judaism and Christianity - Common Jewish views of Christianity
• Judaism and Christianity - Common Christian views of Judaism

Read more here: » Judaism and Christianity: Encyclopedia - Judaism and Christianity

The Star of David (Hebrew Magen David or Mogen Dovid מגן דוד, Arabic Najmat Dawuud نجمة داوود). It is also known as Solomon's Seal, or Seal of Solomon (Ashkenazi Hebrew, Shield of David, Arabic Khatam Sulayman خاتم سليمان) is a generally recognized symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity, although it has been used also in Islam as well as the Eastern Religions. Geometrically it is a hexagram. It i ...

Including:

• Star of David - Origin
• Star of David - Shape
• Star of David - Shield form
• Star of David - Shield with stars
• Star of David - Used by Jews
• Star of David - Used by Arabs and Muslims
• Star of David - Used by the Nazis
• Star of David - Other uses
• Star of David - Heraldry
• Star of David - Red Magen David
• Star of David - Occurrence in Eastern Religions
• Star of David - Theosophy
• Star of David - Zion Christian Church
• Star of David - Latter-day Saints Mormons
• Star of David - Raelism
• Star of David - Notes
• Star of David - Footnotes

Read more here: » Star of David: Encyclopedia - Star of David

Boaz (בועז) is a major figure in The Book of Ruth in the Old Testament of the Bible. He was a rich landowner who noticed Ruth the widowed Moabite daughter-in-law of Naomi, a relative of his, gleaning grain from his fields. He soon learns of the difficult circumstances her family is in and Ruth's loyalty to Naomi. In response, Boaz invites to her to eat with him and his workers regularly as well as deliberately leaving grain for her to c ...

Including:

• Boaz - Boaz in the rabbinic Jewish tradition

Read more here: » Boaz: Encyclopedia - Boaz

ArtScroll is an imprint of translations, books and commentaries from an Orthodox Jewish perspective published by Mesorah Publications, Ltd., a publishing company based in Brooklyn, New York. Its general editors are Rabbis Nosson Scherman and Meir Zlotowitz. ArtScroll - Primary publications. ArtScroll publishes books on a variety of Jewish subjects. The best known is probably an annotated Hebrew-English siddur ("prayerbook") (the best-selling The ArtScroll Siddur), its Torah translation ...

Including:

• ArtScroll - Primary publications
• ArtScroll - Works in progress
• ArtScroll - Popular acceptance
• ArtScroll - Schottenstein Edition Talmud
• ArtScroll - Editorial policy
• ArtScroll - Criticism
• ArtScroll - Bibliography
• ArtScroll - External link

Read more here: » ArtScroll: Encyclopedia - ArtScroll

This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common Era (Christian), not the Jewish calendar. For more detailed information on Jewish history, including links to individual country histories, see Jewish history. Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history. A separate article exists on the timeline of Biblical characters and the Israelites. See the entry on the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Note, however, that the ...

Including:

• Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history
• Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
• Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE
• Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia - Timeline of Jewish history

A delegation of Iraqi Jews, sent to meet the Regent Abdul Illah arriving at Baghdad airport, was attacked by the mob as they crossed Al Khurr Bridge. Violence quickly spread to the Al Rusafa and Abu Sifyan districts and got worse the next day, when Iraqi policemen joined in on the attacks on the Jewish community. Incidents of rape, torture, and mutilation of bodies were reported. Shops belonging to Jews were burned, and a synagogue was destroyed. In the afternoon of June 2, British forces quelled the violence by imposing the curfew and shot violators on sight. < ...

See also:

Farhud, Farhud - Historical background, Farhud - The Golden Square coup, Farhud - June 1-2 1941, Farhud - Aftermath

Read more here: » Farhud: Encyclopedia II - Farhud - June 1-2 1941

Without the time and freedom given to the production of the Babylonian Talmud, the Jerusalem Talmud exhibits less coherence in its discussions, making it often a difficult work to understand. It is more abstruse in language and it differs from the Babylonian Talmud in language (being written in Western, rather than Eastern Aramaic), style, legal argumentation, and scope. The Jerusalem Talmud naturally has a greater focus on the Land of Israel and the Torah's agricultural laws pertaining to the land because it was written in the Land o ...

See also:

Jerusalem Talmud, Jerusalem Talmud - Historical context, Jerusalem Talmud - Comparison to Babylonian Talmud

Read more here: » Jerusalem Talmud: Encyclopedia II - Jerusalem Talmud - Comparison to Babylonian Talmud

Elisha Ben Abuyah (spelled variously, including Elisha ben Avuya) was a Jewish heretic born in Jerusalem sometime before 70. At one time the Rabbis were proud to recognize him as of their number; but later their opposition to him grew so intense that they even refrained from pronouncing his name, and referred to him in terms used to designate some vile object (davar acher, literally "another thing"). The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906) writes that "It is almost impossible to derive from rabbinical sources a clear ...

Including:

• Elisha ben Abuyah - Youth and Activity
• Elisha ben Abuyah - The Four Who Entered Paradise
• Elisha ben Abuyah - The Talmudic Explanation
• Elisha ben Abuyah - Elisha an Epicurean
• Elisha ben Abuyah - Jacob Gordin play
• Elisha ben Abuyah - Milton Steinberg's As A Driven Leaf

Read more here: » Elisha ben Abuyah: Encyclopedia - Elisha ben Abuyah

The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, "repetition") is a major source of rabbinic Judaism's religious texts. It is the first recording of the oral law of the Jewish people, as championed by the Pharisees and is considered the first work of Rabbinic Judaism. The Mishnah was redacted around the year 200 CE by Judah haNasi ("Judah the Prince"). He is usually simply referred to as Rebbi ("Rabbi"). Nearly all of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, except for a few verses, which are written in Aramaic. Rabbinic commentaries on ...

Including:

• Mishnah - Relation between the Hebrew Bible and the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The writing of the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The structure of the Mishnah
• Mishnah - The generations of the Mishnah sages
• Mishnah - Oral traditions and pronunciation
• Mishnah - Commentaries
• Mishnah - Historical study

Read more here: » Mishnah: Encyclopedia - Mishnah

Parchment is a material for the pages of a book or codex, made from fine calf skin, sheep skin or goat skin. Cooking parchment paper (see below) is used in baking. Parchment - History. According to the Roman historian Varro, Pliny's Natural History records (xiii.21), it was invented under the patronage of Eumenes of Pergamum, whether Eumenes I (ruled 263–241 BCE) or Eumenes II (ruled 197–160), as a substitute for papyrus, which was temporarily not being exported from Alexandria, its only source.< ...

Including:

• Parchment - History
• Parchment - Cooking parchment

Read more here: » Parchment: Encyclopedia - Parchment

Jew - Usage note. Some uses of the term "Jew" are tainted by historic anti-Jewish bigotry. The correct adjectival form is "Jewish"; the use of "Jew" as an adjective (as in "Jew lawyer" rather than "Jewish lawyer") is associated with bigotry. The use of "Jew" or "jew" as a verb (as in "to jew someone down": to bargain for a lower price) is generally seen as an extremely offensive expression based on stereotypes. Even when used in a grammatically correct manner as a noun, the term "Jew" can objectify a ...

Including:

• Jew - Usage note
• Jew - Etymology
• Jew - Who is a Jew?
• Jew - Jewish culture
• Jew - Ethnic divisions
• Jew - Population
• Jew - Significant geographic populations
• Jew - State of Israel
• Jew - Diaspora outside Israel
• Jew - Population changes: Assimilation
• Jew - Population changes: Wars against the Jews
• Jew - Population changes: Growth
• Jew - Jewish languages
• Jew - History of the Jews
• Jew - Jews and migrations
• Jew - Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
• Jew - Persian Greek and Roman rule
• Jew - Beginning of the Diaspora
• Jew - Middle Ages: Europe
• Jew - Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa
• Jew - Enlightenment and emancipation
• Jew - Zionism and immigration
• Jew - The Holocaust
• Jew - Israel
• Jew - Persecution
• Jew - Jewish leadership
• Jew - Famous Jews
• Jew - Notes

Read more here: » Jew: Encyclopedia - Jew

Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. The tenets and history of Judaism are the major part of the foundation of other Abrahamic religions, including Samaritanism, Christianity, and Islam. Over at least the last two thousand years, Judaism has not been monolithic in practice, and has not had any centralized authority or binding dogma. Despite this, Judaism in all its variations has remained tightly bound ...

Including:

• Judaism - Introduction
• Judaism - Monotheism
• Judaism - Practical worship and the laws
• Judaism - Traditional view of the development of Judaism
• Judaism - Critical historical view of the development of Judaism
• Judaism - Religious doctrine and Principles of Faith
• Judaism - The traditional Jewish bookshelf
• Judaism - Jewish Law and interpretation
• Judaism - What makes a person Jewish?
• Judaism - Jewish philosophy
• Judaism - Jewish denominations
• Judaism - Jewish denominations in Israel
• Judaism - Karaism
• Judaism - Jewish prayer and practice
• Judaism - Prayers
• Judaism - Jewish holidays
• Judaism - Torah readings
• Judaism - Synagogues and Jewish buildings
• Judaism - Dietary laws: Kashrut
• Judaism - Family purity
• Judaism - Life-cycle events
• Judaism - Community leadership
• Judaism - Classical priesthood
• Judaism - Prayer leaders
• Judaism - Specialized religious roles
• Judaism - Jewish religious history
• Judaism - Ancient Jewish religious history
• Judaism - Historical Jewish groupings to 1700
• Judaism - Persecutions
• Judaism - Hasidism
• Judaism - The Enlightenment and Reform Judaism
• Judaism - The Holocaust
• Judaism - The present situation
• Judaism - Judaism and other religions
• Judaism - Christianity and Judaism
• Judaism - Islam and Judaism
• Judaism - Jews and Judaism
• Judaism - Jewish law and religion
• Judaism - Comparative

Read more here: » Judaism: Encyclopedia - Judaism