Babylonian

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Belus Babylonian

Belus or Belos in classical Greek or classical Latin texts (and later material based on them) in a Babylonian context refers to the Babylonian god Bel Marduk. Though often identified with Greek Zeus and Latin Jupiter as Zeus Belos or Jupiter Belus, in other cases Belus is euhemerized as an ancient king who founded Babylon and built the ziggurat. He is recognized and worshipped as the God of war. Eusebius of Caesarea (Praeparatio 9.18) cites Artabanus as stating in his Jewish History that Artabanus found in ...

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Babylonian law The material for the study of Babylonian law is singularly extensive. The so-called "contracts" exist in the thousands, including a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts, and most important of all, the actual legal decisions given by the judges in the law courts. Historical inscriptions, royal charters and rescripts, dispatches, private letters and the general literature afford welcome supplementary information. Even grammatical and lexicographical works contain many extracts or short sentences bearing on law and custom. The ...

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Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Babylonian captivity

Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile, is the name generally given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. Babylonian captivity - Historical account. Three separate occasions are mentioned (Jeremiah 52:28-30). The first was in the time of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE, when the temple of Jerusalem was partially despoiled, and a number of the leading citizens were removed. After eleven years (in the reign of Zedekiah) a fresh rising of the Jud ...

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Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Babylonian calendar

The Babylonian calendar was a lunisolar calendar with years consisting of 12 lunar months, each beginning when a new crescent moon was first sighted low on the western horizon at sunset, plus an intercalary month inserted as needed by decree. This system came into use sometime before 2000 BC. The names of the months were: Nisanu Ayaru Simanu Du`uzu Abu Ululu Tashritu Arakhsamna Kislimu Tebet ...

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Babylonian calendar - Reference

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Babylonian mythology

Babylonian mythology is a set of stories depicting the activities of Babylonian deities, heroes, and mythological creatures. While these stories are, in modern times, usually considered a component of Babylonian religion, their purpose was not necessarily religious in nature. Often, these stories explained a mystery of nature, depicted the rewards for proper behavior, illustrated punishments for taboo behavior, or performed a combination of these or other purposes. However, some mythological texts did serve a ceremonial purpose in rel ...

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Babylonian mythology - Relation to Sumerian traditions

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Babylonian numerals

Bases Base 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 60, 64 Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to make a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record. The Babylonians, who were famous for their astrological observations and calculations (aided by their invention of the abacus), used a sexagesimal (base-60) positional numeral system inherited from the Sumerian a ...

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Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Babylonian literature

The Babylonians were an ancient culture located in what is now Iraq. They had very advanced systems of writing, science and mathematics for their time. Most of what we have from the Babylonians was inscribed in cuneiform with a metal stylus on tablets of clay, called laterculae coctiles by Pliny the Elder; papyrus seems to have been also employed, but it has perished. There were libraries in most towns and temples; an old Sumerian proverb averred that "he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn." Wo ...

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Babylonian literature - Reference

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Babylonian and Assyrian religion

Babylonian and Assyrian religion was a series of belief systems in places in the early civilisations of the Euphrates valley. This article examines the period of c. 3500 BCE to c. 300 CE. The development of the religion of Babylonia was important in the history of the people who practiced it, and in many ways was a direct reflection of developments in their society. Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The impact of Hammurabi. Leaving aside the primitive phases of the religion as lying beyond historical inves ...

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Babylonian and Assyrian religion - The impact of Hammurabi

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Bel god

Bel, signifying "lord" or "master", is a title rather than a genuine name, applied to various gods in Babylonian religion. The feminine form is Belit 'Lady, Mistress'. Bel is represented in Greek and Latin by Belos and Belus respectively. Linguistically Bel is an east Semitic form cognate with northwest Semitic Ba‘al which has the same meaning. Early translators of Akkadian believed that the ideogram for the god called in Sumerian Enlil was to be read as Bel in Akkadian. This i ...

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Bel god - External link

Read more here: » Bel god: Encyclopedia - Bel god

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Babylonia

Babylonia, named for the city of Babylon, was an ancient state in Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. Its capital was Babylon. The earliest mention of Babylon can be found in a tablet of the reign of Sargon of Akkad, dating back to the 23rd century BC. Babylonia - History. During the first centuries of the "Old Babylonian" period (that followed the Sumerian revival under Ur-III), kings and people in high position often had Amorite names, and supreme power rested at Is ...

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Babylonia - History

Babylonia - Neo-Babylonian Empire

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Bible chronology

A chronology of the Bible's major events and figures based largely on the Old Testament, New Testament, and Mishna sources, and on the work of James Ussher. Dates in the Bronze Age are traditional and do not have archaeological corroborations. Dates in the Iron Age and later are placed by the Bible into the wider framework of history, and so are dated by biblical references to historically verifiable events, such as Shishak's raid in 925 BCE. For a historical look at the bible see The Bible and history See Short chronology for a more detailed history of th ...

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Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Belshazzar

Belshazzar (or Baltasar; Akkadian Bel-sarra-usur) was a prince of Babylon, the son of Nabonidus, the last king of Babylon. In the Book of Daniel (chapters 5 and 8) of the Jewish Tanakh or Christian Old Testament, Belshazzar is the King of Babylon before the advent of the Medes and Persians. Belshazzar - Belshazzar in contemporary Babylonian sources. Belshazzar was the son of Nabonidus, who after ruling only three years, went to the oasis of Tema and devoted himself to the worship of the ...

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Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Abacus

An abacus is a calculation tool, often constructed as a wooden frame with beads sliding on wires. It was in use centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu-Arabic numeral system and is still widely used by merchants and clerks in China and elsewhere. Although often attributed to the Chinese, the abacus is thought to have been invented by the Babylonians around 2400 BC. The first abacus was almost certainly based on a flat stone covered with sand or dust. Lines were drawn in the sand and pebbles used to aid calculations. ...

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Read more here: » Abacus: Encyclopedia - Abacus

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Yeshu

Yeshu (ישו in Hebrew) and slight variations such as Jeshu (Bible English transliteration) or Yeishu (Yiddish pronunciation), is the name of one or more persons in various works of classical Jewish rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud (redacted roughly before 600 CE) and the classical midrash literature (written between 200 CE to 700 CE.) Yeshu - Interpretations of the name. There is some debate over the meaning of "Yeshu." It has been used as an acronym for the ...

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Yeshu - Ben-Pandera and ben-Stada

Yeshu - Yeshu as a literary device

Yeshu - Criticism of the identification of Yeshu with Jesus

Read more here: » Yeshu: Encyclopedia - Yeshu

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Arabian mythology

Arabic Mythology is the ancient beliefs of the Arabs. Prior to the arrival and initial codification of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula in 622 CE, year one of the Islamic calendar, the physical centre of Islam, the Kaaba of Mecca, did not hold only the single symbol of "the God" as it does now. The Kaaba was instead covered in symbols representing the myriad demons, djinn, demigods and other assorted creatures which represented the profoundly polytheistic environment of pre-Islamic Arabia. We can infer from this plurality an exceptional ...

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Arabian mythology - Sources

Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Book of Esther

The Book of Esther is a book of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and of the Old Testament. The Book of Esther or the Megillah is the basis for the Jewish celebration of Purim. Its full text is read aloud twice during the celebration. Book of Esther - Setting. The Biblical Book of Esther is set in the third year of Ahasuerus, a king of Persia usually identified with Xerxes I, although other identifications have been suggested. It tells a tale of palace intrigue, attempted genocide and a ...

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Babylonian: Encyclopedia - Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: הלוח העברי) or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. It determines the dates of the Jewish holidays, the appropriate Torah portions for public reading, Yahrzeits (the date to commemorate the death of a relative), and the specific daily Psalms which some customarily read. Two major forms of the calendar have been used: an observational form used prior to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70, and based on witnesses observing ...

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Hebrew calendar - History

Hebrew calendar - Accuracy

Babylonian: Encyclopedia II - Babylonian law - Temple

The temple occupied a most important position. It received from its estates, from tithes and other fixed dues, as well as from the sacrifices (a customary share) and other offerings of the faithful, vast amounts of all sorts of naturalia; besides money and permanent gifts. The larger temples had many officials and servants. Originally, perhaps, each town clustered round one temple, and each head of a family had a right to minister there and share its receipts. As the city grew, the right to so many days a year at one or other shrine ( ...

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