Azov

The mouth of the Don River has always been an important commercial centre. At the start of the 3rd century BC the Greeks from the Kingdom of Bosporus founded a colony here, which they called Tanais (after the Greek name of the river). Several centuries later the settlement was burnt down by king Poleumon of Bosporus. The introduction of Greek colonists restored its prosperity, but the Goths practically annihilated it in the 3rd century AD. The site of ancient Tanais, now occupied by Nedvigov ...

See also:

Azov, Azov - Early settlements in the vicinity, Azov - Fortress of Azov, Azov - External link

Read more here: » Azov: Encyclopedia II - Azov - Early settlements in the vicinity

Ahmed III (in Arabic أحمد الثالث) (December 30, 1673 – 1736) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of sultan Mehmed IV. He succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brother Mustafa II. Ahmed cultivated good relations with England, in view doubtless of Russia's menacing attitude. He afforded a refuge in Turkey to Charles XII of Sweden after the Swedish defeat at the hands of Peter the Great in the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Forced against his will into war with Russia, he came nearer than ...

Including:

• Ahmed III - Referance

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The Sea of Azov (Russian: Азовское море, Azovskoye more; Ukrainian: Азовське море, Azovs'ke more) is a northern section of the Black Sea, linked to the larger body through the Kerch Strait. It is bounded on the north by Ukraine, on the east by Russia and on the west by the Crimean peninsula. The Black Sea deluge theory dates the genesis of the Sea of Azov to 5600 BC, and there are traces of Neolithic settlement in the area now covered by it. In antiquity, it was known as the M ...

Including:

• Sea of Azov - External link

Read more here: » Sea of Azov: Encyclopedia - Sea of Azov

Anna Ioannovna (Russian: Анна Иоанновна) (February 7, 1693 - October 28, 1740) reigned as Duchess of Courland from 1711 to 1730 and as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. Anna of Russia - Ascension to the throne. Anna was the daughter of Ivan V of Russia, as well as the niece of Peter the Great. The latter married her to Frederick William, Duke of Courland in November 1710, but on the return trip from Saint Petersburg in January 1711 her husband die ...

Including:

• Anna of Russia - Ascension to the throne
• Anna of Russia - Policies of her reign
• Anna of Russia - Death and Succession

Read more here: » Anna of Russia: Encyclopedia - Anna of Russia

Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) - a people of Central Asia, originally Pamirian or Turkic, whose branches became Slavicized and Turkic over time. The Turkic etymology most often given for their name is Bulgha meaning sable and is of totemistic origin. Bulgars - History. Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and the Black S ...

Including:

• Bulgars - History
• Bulgars - Migration to Europe
• Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria
• Bulgars - Subsequent migrations
• Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

Read more here: » Bulgars: Encyclopedia - Bulgars

Chernihiv or Chernigov is an ancient city in northern Ukraine, the capital of Chernihiv Oblast (province). The city population is 295,500 (2004). (Ukrainian: Чернігів, Chernihiv; Russian: Чернигов, Chernigov). Chernihiv - History. Chernigov was first mentioned in chronicles in 907, but is considered to have existed at least in the ninth century, as uncovered by archeological excavations of a settle ...

Including:

• Chernihiv - History
• Chernihiv - Downtown
• Chernihiv - Monasteries

Read more here: » Chernihiv: Encyclopedia - Chernihiv

Yet another Bulgar tribe, led by Khan Asparuh, moved westward, occupying today’s southern Bessarabia. After a successful war with Byzantium in 680 AD, Asparuh’s khanate conquered Moesia and Dobrudja and was recognised as an independent state under the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Empire in 681 AD. The same year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of present-day Bulgaria. First Bulgarian Empire - Territorial expansion. Under the warrior Khan Krum (802-814), also known as ...

See also:

First Bulgarian Empire, First Bulgarian Empire - The Bulgars, First Bulgarian Empire - Establishment and development of the Bulgarian state, First Bulgarian Empire - Territorial expansion, First Bulgarian Empire - Cultural development, First Bulgarian Empire - The Golden Age, First Bulgarian Empire - Decline

Read more here: » First Bulgarian Empire: Encyclopedia II - First Bulgarian Empire - Establishment and development of the Bulgarian state

Gagauz - Early history and settlement in Bessarabia. Ancestors of the Gagauz can be traced to the early nomadic tribes, Guzi and Uzi (also called Ghuzz and Uz which are branches of Oghuz). Byzantine written history records that in the 11th century the nomadic tribe Guzi crossed the Danube River and settled in the Balkan regions of Greece and Bulgaria. Once settled in these new regions, the Guzi people shifted to a sedentary lifestyle and adopted Orthodox Christianity. The ethnic mixes of the Guzi with other Turkic tribes of the Pechenegi, Polovtsi and Kumani are direct a ...

See also:

Gagauz, Gagauz - Geographic distribution, Gagauz - History, Gagauz - Early history and settlement in Bessarabia, Gagauz - Soviet Union and Republic of Moldova

Read more here: » Gagauz: Encyclopedia II - Gagauz - History

Thor Heyerdahl also investigated the pyramidal mounds found on the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean. There, he found sun-oriented mounds and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes. Both of these archeological finds fit with his theory of a sea-faring civilization which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonized the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island. His discoveries are ...

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Thor Heyerdahl, Thor Heyerdahl - The Kon-Tiki Expedition, Thor Heyerdahl - Subsequent Years, Thor Heyerdahl - The Boats Ra and Ra II, Thor Heyerdahl - The Tigris a Boat that was Burnt, Thor Heyerdahl - An Appeal to the United Nations, Thor Heyerdahl - Other Work, Thor Heyerdahl - Decorations and Honorary degrees

Read more here: » Thor Heyerdahl: Encyclopedia II - Thor Heyerdahl - Other Work

Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and Black Seas. Between AD 351 and 389, some of these crossed the Caucasus and settled in Armenia. Toponymic data testify to the fact that they remained there and were eventually assimilated by the Armenians. Swept by the Hunnish wave at the beginning of the 4th century AD, other Bulgar tribes broke loose from their settlements in central Asia to migr ...

See also:

Bulgars, Bulgars - History, Bulgars - Migration to Europe, Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria, Bulgars - Subsequent migrations, Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

Read more here: » Bulgars: Encyclopedia II - Bulgars - History

The rivers in this section are sorted east (Novaya Zemlya) to west (North Cape, Norway). In Russia: Pechora (north-east of Naryan-Mar) Usa (west of Usinsk) Kolva (near Usinsk) Northern Dvina (in Severodvinsk) Pinega (in Ust-Pinega) Yomtsa (near Bolshaya Gora) Vaga (near Bereznik) Uftyuga (near Krasnoborsk) Vychegda (in Kotlas) Vishera Yug (in Veliki Ustyug) Sukhona (in Veliki Ustyug) ...

See also:

List of rivers of Europe, List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - Atlantic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - On Iceland, List of rivers of Europe - Norwegian coast, List of rivers of Europe - Scottish Irish Welsh and English coast, List of rivers of Europe - French Spanish and Portuguese coast, List of rivers of Europe - Baltic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Black Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Caspian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - English Channel, List of rivers of Europe - North coast, List of rivers of Europe - South coast, List of rivers of Europe - Irish Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Mediterranean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Western Mediterranean, List of rivers of Europe - Adriatic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Ionian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Aegean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - North Sea, List of rivers of Europe - European countries, List of rivers of Europe - Other contintents

Read more here: » List of rivers of Europe: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean

Most of the population of the Astrakhan khanate were sedentary Astrakhan Tatars and nomadic Nogays. The Nogays mostly engaged in cattle-breeding, while the Tatars were primarily farmers, tradesmen and craftsmen. Merchants carried on a transit trade between Muscovy, Kazan, Crimea Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus region. The nobility consisted of feudal ranks, which were, from highest to lowest: the khan, sultans, begs and morzalar. The rest of the population were known as qara xalıq, black people - the standard Tur ...

See also:

Astrakhan Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate - Prehistory, Astrakhan Khanate - Demography and society, Astrakhan Khanate - History, Astrakhan Khanate - List of Khans of Astrakhan

Read more here: » Astrakhan Khanate: Encyclopedia II - Astrakhan Khanate - Demography and society

Danilevsky is mainly remembered for his opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and for his theory of historical-cultural types. Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky - Evolution. Danilevsky's main work in this area is Darwinism: Critical research (1885, which brings together more than 1,200 pages of arguments against Darwin's theory (mostly assembled from the literature that already existed at the time). This was, in fact, only meant to be the first volume of a longer work, the second volume co ...

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Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky - Life, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky - Work, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky - Evolution, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky - Theory of historical-cultural types, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky - Sources

Read more here: » Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky: Encyclopedia II - Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky - Work

The casus belli was the raids of the Crimean Tatars on Ukraine in the end of 1735 and the Crimean khan's military campaign in the Caucasus. In 1736, the Russian commanders envisioned the seizure of Azov and the Crimea. On May 20, 1736, the Russian Dnieper army (62,000 men) under the command of Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Munnich took by storm the Turkish fortifications at Perekop and occupied Bakhchisaray on June 17. However, lack of supplies coupled with the outbreak of an epidemic forced Munnich to retreat to Ukraine. On Ju ...

See also:

Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739, Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 - Russian diplomacy before the war, Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 - The course of the war in 1735-1738, Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 - The final stage of the war

Read more here: » Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739: Encyclopedia II - Russo-Turkish War 1735-1739 - The course of the war in 1735-1738

Peter, the son of Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia and his second wife, Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, was born in Moscow. Alexei I had previously married Maria Miloslavskaya, having five sons and eight daughters by her, although only two of the sons—Fyodor[2] and Ivan—were alive when Peter was born. Alexei I died in 1676, to be succeeded by ...

See also:

Peter I of Russia, Peter I of Russia - Early life, Peter I of Russia - Early reign, Peter I of Russia - Great Northern War, Peter I of Russia - Later years, Peter I of Russia - Death, Peter I of Russia - Legitimate issue, Peter I of Russia - Notes, Peter I of Russia - Reference

Read more here: » Peter I of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Peter I of Russia - Early life

List of sieges - Ancient. Siege of Megiddo (c. 1457 BCE) Siege of Dapur (c. 1296 BCE) Siege of Troy (c. 1200 BCE) Siege of Hermopolis (c. 715 BCE) Siege of Jerusalem (701 BCE) - the Assyrian siege of Sennacherib Siege of Syracuse (415 BCE) - the Athenian siege Siege of Tyre (332 BCE) by Alexander the Great Siege of Rhodes (305 BCE) by Demetrius Poliorcetes Siege of Agrigentum (261 BCE) (First Punic War between the Roman Republic and Car ...

See also:

List of sieges, List of sieges - Military sieges, List of sieges - Ancient, List of sieges - Medieval, List of sieges - Early modern, List of sieges - Modern, List of sieges - Police sieges

Read more here: » List of sieges: Encyclopedia II - List of sieges - Military sieges

As a major European power, Russia could not escape the wars involving revolutionary and Napoleonic France. Paul became an adamant opponent of France, and Russia joined Britain and Austria in a war against France. Paul's support for the ideals of the Knights Hospitaller (and his acceptance of the position of Grand Master) alienated many members of his court. Along with his liberal policies towards the lower classes, and his discovery of corruption in the treasury, his zeal for reform sea ...

See also:

Military history of Imperial Russia, Military history of Imperial Russia - Peter the Great and the Russian Empire, Military history of Imperial Russia - The era of Russian palace revolutions, Military history of Imperial Russia - Russian imperial expansion and maturation—Catherine II, Military history of Imperial Russia - Partition of Poland, Military history of Imperial Russia - Pugachev Revolt and Alexander Suvorov, Military history of Imperial Russia - After the Catherine, Military history of Imperial Russia - Napoleonic Wars and the Decembrists' Revolt, Military history of Imperial Russia - Crimean War, Military history of Imperial Russia - Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878, Military history of Imperial Russia - Russo-Japanese War, Military history of Imperial Russia - Russian Revolution of 1917, Military history of Imperial Russia - World War I

Read more here: » Military history of Imperial Russia: Encyclopedia II - Military history of Imperial Russia - Napoleonic Wars and the Decembrists' Revolt

Kerch - Ancient times. Kerch is one of the most ancient cities of Ukraine, archeological digs at Mayak village near the city ascertained that the area had already been inhabited in 17th–15th centuries BC. Kerch as a city starts its history in 7th century BC, when Greek colonists from Miletus founded a city-state named Panticapaeum (which means fish road) on the shore of Kerch Strait. Panticapaeum was a predecessor of present-day Kerch city, it subdued nearby cities and by 480 BC became a capital o ...

See also:

Kerch, Kerch - History, Kerch - Ancient times, Kerch - Middle Ages, Kerch - Modern times, Kerch - Kerch in World War II, Kerch - Modern Kerch, Kerch - Industry, Kerch - Transport, Kerch - Education, Kerch - Archaeology, Kerch - Tourism

Read more here: » Kerch: Encyclopedia II - Kerch - History

The first Streltsy unit was created between 1540s and 1550s on the basis of the harquebus units. Initially, they recruited free tradepeople and rural population for the Streltsy unit. Subsequently, military service in this unit became lifelong and hereditary. Streltsy were subdivided into выборные (viborniye), or electives (later – of Moscow) and городские (gorodskiye), or municipal (in different Russian cities). The Streltsy of Moscow guarded the Kremlin, performed general guard duty, and participated ...

See also:

Streltsy, Streltsy - Creation and structure, Streltsy - Streltsy in politics, Streltsy - Disbandment

Read more here: » Streltsy: Encyclopedia II - Streltsy - Creation and structure

The first Rumyantsev to gain prominence, Alexander Ivanovich (1680 - 1749), enrolled in the Preobrazhensky regiment of guards in 1704. While he guarded the headquarters of Peter the Great, the monarch noticed him "for his great height and smart face". Peter made Alexander Ivanovich his servant and later recommended him to Peter Shafirov and Peter Tolstoy. In the service of these two courtiers, Rumyantsev carried out various diplomatic errands in Constantinople and in Persia. In 1720 he married Countess Maria Matveyeva, granddaugh ...

See also:

Rumyantsev, Rumyantsev - Alexander Ivanovich Rumyantsev, Rumyantsev - Peter Rumyantsev-Zadunaysky, Rumyantsev - Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev

Read more here: » Rumyantsev: Encyclopedia II - Rumyantsev - Alexander Ivanovich Rumyantsev