Aymara

The Aymara are a native ethnic group in the Andes region of South America; about 2.3 million live in Bolivia, Peru, Northern Chile, and Argentina. They lived in the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century. Aymara - History. The Aymara have existed in the Andes in what is now Bolivia and to a lesser extent Peru for over 2,000 years according to some estimates. Some associate them with highly advanced civilization centered at Tiwanak ...

Including:

• Aymara - History
• Aymara - Geography
• Aymara - Culture
• Aymara - Politics

Read more here: » Aymara: Encyclopedia - Aymara

The Argentine Northwest is a region of Argentina composed by the provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca and Tucumán. Argentine Northwest - Geography. The region had 5 different biomes: Sub-Andean humid Sierras of the east Fertile valleys The canyons The high mountains of the Andes The Altiplano or Puna Outside the Yungas jungle on the east, near the Gran Chaco region, the only fertile lands are those near the basins of the rivers . Ancient rivers ...

Including:

• Argentine Northwest - Geography
• Argentine Northwest - Weather
• Argentine Northwest - Economy
• Argentine Northwest - Tourism
• Argentine Northwest - Cultural tourism

Read more here: » Argentine Northwest: Encyclopedia - Argentine Northwest

Arequipa is a city in southern Peru and the nation's second-largest city. It is also the capital of the Arequipa Region and the Arequipa Province. The city stands at the foot of the snow-capped volcano El Misti, in the highlands. Arequipa has many fine colonial-era Spanish buildings built of sillar, a pearly white volcanic rock used extensively in the construction of the city, from which it gets its nickname La Ciudad Blanca ("the white city"). The city is located at an altitude of 2,380 meters (7740 feet) above sea leve ...

Including:

• Arequipa - Name
• Arequipa - History
• Arequipa - Recent Events
• Arequipa - Notable people from Arequipa

Read more here: » Arequipa: Encyclopedia - Arequipa

Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara of the Andes. It is one of only a handful of Native American languages with over a million speakers, and it is one of the official languages of Bolivia and Peru. It is also spoken in Chile and Argentina. Many linguists believe that Aymara is related to its more widely-spoken neighbour, Quechua. This claim, however, is disputed — although there are indeed similarities, critics say that these may simply be areal features resulting ...

Including:

• Aymara language - Phonology
• Aymara language - History
• Aymara language - Geographical distribution
• Aymara language - Unique features

Read more here: » Aymara language: Encyclopedia - Aymara language

Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made by some linguists, but several of these have not been generally accepted. Indigenous languages of ...

Including:

• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language families & isolates by region
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - South America
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Mexico and Central America
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Greenland Canada & USA
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language stock proposals
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Pidgins mixed languages & trade languages
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Linguistic areas
• Indigenous languages of the Americas - Bibilography

Read more here: » Indigenous languages of the Americas: Encyclopedia - Indigenous languages of the Americas

The Republic of Bolivia is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west. Bolivia - History. Main article: History of Bolivia Bolivia - Pre-colonial period. The Andean region probably has been inhabited for some 5,000 years. Beginning about the 2nd century B.C., the Tiwanaku culture developed at the southern end of Lake Titicaca. This culture, center ...

Including:

• Bolivia - History
• Bolivia - Pre-colonial period
• Bolivia - Colonial period
• Bolivia - The Republic and economic instability 1809
• Bolivia - Rise of the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement 1951
• Bolivia - Military governments: García Meza and Siles Zuazo 1978
• Bolivia - Sánchez de Lozada and Banzer: Liberalizing the economy 1993
• Bolivia - Social Crisis and the nationalization of hydrocarbon resources 2000-2005
• Bolivia - Evo Morales Movement toward Socialism
• Bolivia - Politics
• Bolivia - Administrative Division
• Bolivia - Geography
• Bolivia - Economy
• Bolivia - Demographics
• Bolivia - Culture
• Bolivia - Literature
• Bolivia - Footnotes

Read more here: » Bolivia: Encyclopedia - Bolivia

Ñ or enye, (Spanish eñe) represents a palatal nasal (IPA: /ɲ/). This is reminiscent of /nj/ as in "onion" IPA: /'ʌnjən/. It is the fifteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet, alphabetized between N and O. Though English keyboard schemes classify it as an N with a tilde, it is a ...

Read more here: » Ñ: Encyclopedia - Ñ

Bolivia This article is part of the series: Politics of Bolivia Political parties in Bolivia Elections in Bolivia edit The 2005 Bolivian presidential election was held on December 18, 2005. The two main candidates were Evo Morales of the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) Party, and Jorge Quiroga, leader of the Democratic and Social Power (PODEMOS) Party and former head of the Acción Democrática Nacionalista (ADN) Party. The pres ...

Including:

• Bolivian presidential election 2005 - Background
• Bolivian presidential election 2005 - Results

Read more here: » Bolivian presidential election 2005: Encyclopedia - Bolivian presidential election 2005

The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantin suyu1; The Four United Regions2), was an empire centered in what is now Peru from AD 1438 to AD 1533. Over that period, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centred on the Andean mountain ranges. The Inca empire proved short-lived: by AD 1533, Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, called a Sapa Inca, was killed on the orders of the conquistador Francis ...

Including:

• Inca Empire - Origin stories
• Inca Empire - Emergence and expansion
• Inca Empire - Spanish conquest and Vilcabamba
• Inca Empire - After the Spanish conquest
• Inca Empire - Society
• Inca Empire - Political organization of the empire
• Inca Empire - Arts
• Inca Empire - Education
• Inca Empire - Religion
• Inca Empire - Medicine
• Inca Empire - Burial practices
• Inca Empire - Other practices
• Inca Empire - Food and farming
• Inca Empire - References in popular culture
• Inca Empire - Notes

Read more here: » Inca Empire: Encyclopedia - Inca Empire

The scope of this indigenous peoples of the Americas article encompasses the definitions of indigenous peoples and the Americas as established in their respective articles. Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history. See also: Archeology of the Americas, Models of migration to the New World Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory. Based on anthropological and genetic evidence, scientists generally agree that most indigenous ...

Including:

• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - European colonization of the Americas
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - United States
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Mexico
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Belize
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Guatemala
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Brazil
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Argentina
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Other parts of the Americas
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Statistics on indigenous populations
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Cultural aspects
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Gender
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Music and art
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Controversial terminology
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada and the North
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Latin America

Read more here: » Indigenous peoples of the Americas: Encyclopedia - Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Q is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is cue, occasionally spelled cu. The Semitic sound value of Qôp (perhaps originally qaw cord) was /q/ (voiceless uvular plosive). In Greek this sign as Qoppa Ϙ probably came to represent several labialized velar plosives, among them /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/. These sounds changed to < ...

Including:

• Q - Usage
• Q - Alternative representations
• Q - Computing
• Q - Meanings for Q
• Q - Q trivia

Read more here: » Q: Encyclopedia - Q

The widely used Quechua name ayahuasca has two highly interrelated yet distinct meanings and referents: 1) an Amazonian giant vine native to the rainforest, generally Banisteriopsis caapi, and, by extension, 2) pharmacologically complex infusions prepared from it for shamanic, folk-medicinal, and religious purposes. Sections of vine are boiled alone or with leaves from any of a large number of other plants, including Psychotria viridis (chakruna in Quechua) or Diplopterys cabrerana, yielding a brew c ...

Including:

• Ayahuasca - Names
• Ayahuasca - Usage
• Ayahuasca - Traditional and Western
• Ayahuasca - Introduction to the West
• Ayahuasca - Plant constituents
• Ayahuasca - Legal Status
• Ayahuasca - Books

Read more here: » Ayahuasca: Encyclopedia - Ayahuasca

Ethnographers commonly classify indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits (called cultural areas). The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe or First Nation for a history of their movements. See the List of Native American Tribal Entities for the United States' official list of recogn ...

Including:

• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - United States and Canada
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Arctic
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Subarctic
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - California
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Eastern Woodlands
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Great Basin
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Plateau
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Northwest Coast
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Plains
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Southeast
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Central and South America
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Caribbean
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Mesoamerica
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Andean
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Sub-Andean
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Western Amazon
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Central Amazon
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Eastern and Southern Amazon
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Southern Cone
• Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Languages

Read more here: » Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas: Encyclopedia - Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

Coca (Erythroxylum coca), often spelled koka in Quechua and Aymara, is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to northwestern South America. Under the older Cronquist system of classifying flowering plants, this was placed in an order Linales; more modern systems place it in the order Malpighiales. The plant is best-known in modern times for the drug cocaine that is manufactured from it. The plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of 2-3 m. The branches are straight, and the leaves, which h ...

Including:

• Coca - Cultivation and uses
• Coca - Pharmacological aspects
• Coca - Traditional uses
• Coca - International use
• Coca - Industrial use
• Coca - Legality
• Coca - International
• Coca - See further
• Coca - External link
• Coca - Photos

Read more here: » Coca: Encyclopedia - Coca

Chuquicamata, or, "Chuqui," as it is commonly called, is the largest open pit copper mine in the world. It is located at (22°17′S 68°54′W), 15 km north of the city of Calama in Chile. The mine is elliptical in form, with a surface of almost 8,000,000 m2, and it is 680 m deep. The place has been exploited since pre-Hispanic times. The word Chuquicamata comes from the Aymara language and refers to the first inhabitants of the zone. The territory where the mine is located passed to Chilean control and sovereignty due to ...

Including:

• Chuquicamata - External link

Read more here: » Chuquicamata: Encyclopedia - Chuquicamata

Tiwanaku (old spellings: Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important Pre-Columbian archaeological site in Bolivia. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important precursors to the Inca Empire, flourishing as the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca, ...

Including:

• Tiwanaku - Cultural development
• Tiwanaku - Architecture and art
• Tiwanaku - Archaeology

Read more here: » Tiwanaku: Encyclopedia - Tiwanaku

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is an Iberian Romance language, and the fourth most-widely spoken language in the world according to some sources, while other sources list it as the second or third most spoken language. It is spoken as a first language by about 352 million people, or by 417 million including non-native speakers (according to 1999 estimates). Some assert that, after English, Spanish can now be considered the second most important language in the world (probably replacing even French), ...

Including:

• Spanish language - Spanish or Castilian
• Spanish language - Classification and related languages
• Spanish language - History
• Spanish language - Geographic distribution
• Spanish language - Variations
• Spanish language - Grammar
• Spanish language - Sounds
• Spanish language - Lexical stress
• Spanish language - Writing system
• Spanish language - Examples of Spanish
• Spanish language - Local varieties

Read more here: » Spanish language: Encyclopedia - Spanish language

The Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile ▶ (help·info)) is a country in South America occupying a long coastal strip between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It shares borders with Argentina to the east, Bolivia to the northeast and Peru to the north. It is one of only two countries in South America that does not share a border with Brazil, the other being Ecuador. Chile - Origin of the name. There are v ...

Including:

• Chile - Origin of the name
• Chile - History
• Chile - Politics
• Chile - Regions
• Chile - Geography
• Chile - Economy
• Chile - Foreign Trade
• Chile - Finance
• Chile - Defense
• Chile - Army
• Chile - Navy
• Chile - Air Force FACH
• Chile - Carabineros
• Chile - Foreign relations
• Chile - Demographics
• Chile - Culture
• Chile - Language
• Chile - National symbols
• Chile - Miscellaneous topics
• Chile - International rankings
• Chile - Overall
• Chile - Economy
• Chile - Other

Read more here: » Chile: Encyclopedia - Chile

In recent years, the spelling of place names in Peru and Bolivia has been revised among Quechua and Aymara speakers. The major changes are to replace both the consonants c and q[u] with a k and replace the digraph hu with the single letter w. This is considered to be part of a general growth of pride in the Andean heritage of these countries. These spelling changes have not yet been made official, but today Bolivia is ...

Read more here: » Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift: Encyclopedia - Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift

South America is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering strait, though there are also suggestions of migration from the southern Pacific Ocean. South America - Chavín. The Chavín established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,17 ...

See also:

South America, South America - Geography, South America - History, South America - Chavín, South America - Inca, South America - European colonization, South America - Independence, South America - Recent history, South America - Economy, South America - Culture, South America - People, South America - Mestizos, South America - African ancestry, South America - Territories and divisions, South America - Clarification

Read more here: » South America: Encyclopedia II - South America - History