axial

Makam - Çârgâh Makam. This makam is identical to the Western C-major scale, and consists of a Çârgâh pentachord and a Çârgâh tetrachord starting on the note Gerdaniye (G). Thus, the tonic is C (Çârgâh), the dominant G (Gerdaniye), and the leading tone B (Bûselik). (N.B. In this and all subsequent staves, the tonic is indicated by a whole note and the dominant by a half note.) Interestingly, insofar as C-major is considered the most basic scale of Western music and accordingly used very ...

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Makam, Makam - Basic makam theory, Makam - Simple Makams, Makam - Çârgâh Makam, Makam - Bûselik Makam, Makam - Rast Makam, Makam - Uşşâk Makam, Makam - Sources

Read more here: » Makam: Encyclopedia II - Makam - Simple Makams

Maqam performance features a series characteristic pauses which separate and distinguish melodic passages within which, "the tonal-spatial aspect is more fully developed. In each new melodic passage, something musically new happens." Maqam - Phases and central tones. Each passage consists of one or more phases which are sections "played on one tone or within one tonal area," and may take from seven to forty seconds to articulate. For example, a tone level centered on g:

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Maqam, Maqam - Passages, Maqam - Phases and central tones, Maqam - Emotional content, Maqam - Ajnas, Maqam - Principal 9 maqamat by lower jins, Maqam - Source

Read more here: » Maqam: Encyclopedia II - Maqam - Passages

In 1986, the use of single beam optical tweezers was first reported in the scientific literature by Arthur Ashkin et al Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986) from Bell Labs. In 1997, Steven Chu made use of the optical tweezing techniques and applied to the cooling and trapping of atoms. This led to the the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics award; one of the recipients, Steven Chu worked with Ashkin at Bell Labs on both atomic cooling and optical tweezers, co-authoring the seminal Optics Letters paper^{See also:}

Optical tweezers, Optical tweezers - History and development of optical tweezers, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers in brief, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers based on alternate laser beam modes, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers in manifold, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers based on optical fibers, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers in a 'landscape' cell sorting, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers based on Evanescent field, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers: an indirect approach, Optical tweezers - Measuring the optical forces of optical tweezers Force spectroscopy, Optical tweezers - Active research groups and people in the optical tweezers community, Optical tweezers - Research groups, Optical tweezers - Researchers, Optical tweezers - Other resources, Optical tweezers - Extensive Link Pages to other academic groups in Optical Tweezing, Optical tweezers - Professional Paper reviewing Optical Tweezer, Optical tweezers - Web resources, Optical tweezers - Multimedia links, Optical tweezers - Commercial optical tweezer systems

Read more here: » Optical tweezers: Encyclopedia II - Optical tweezers - History and development of optical tweezers

In the traditional style of white metal bearing, a cast iron pillow block is assembled as a loose fit around the shaft, with the shaft in approximately its final position. The inner face of the cast iron pillow block is often drilled to form a key to locate the bearing metal as it is cast into place. The ends of the bearing are packed with clay and molten white metal poured into the cavity around the shaft, initially half filling the pillow block. The bearing is stripped, and the white metal trimmed back to the top surface of the pillow block. Hardened whit ...

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Babbitt metal, Babbitt metal - Traditional babbitt bearings, Babbitt metal - Modern Babbitt bearings, Babbitt metal - Alternative Bearings

Read more here: » Babbitt metal: Encyclopedia II - Babbitt metal - Traditional babbitt bearings

Common motions include linear/axial and rotary/radial. A linear or thrust bearing allows motion along a straight line, for example a drawer being pulled out and pushed in. A rotary bearing allows motion about a center, such as a wheel on a shaft or a shaft through a housing. Common kinds of rotary motion include both one-direction rotation and oscillation where the motion only goes through part of a revolution. Essentially, bearings can reduce friction by shape, or by its material. By shape, finds an advantage by reducing conta ...

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Bearing mechanical, Bearing mechanical - Major types, Bearing mechanical - Principles of operation, Bearing mechanical - History and development

Read more here: » Bearing mechanical: Encyclopedia II - Bearing mechanical - Major types

A straight reamer is used to make only a minor enlargement to a hole. The entry end of the reamer will have a slight taper, the length of which will depend on its type. This produces a self centering action as it enters the raw hole. The larger proportion of the length will be of a constant diameter. Reamed holes are used to create holes of precise circularity and size. This will allow the force fitting of locating pins, which need not be otherwise retained in the body holding them. Other holes, reamed slightly larger in other parts, ...

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Reamer, Reamer - Adjustable hand reamer, Reamer - Straight reamer precision, Reamer - Hand reamer, Reamer - Machine reamer, Reamer - Rose reamer, Reamer - Shell reamer, Reamer - Tapered reamer precision, Reamer - Morse taper reamer, Reamer - Tapered reamer non-precision

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One use for zinc chloride is as a flux for soldering. This is because of its ability (when molten) to dissolve metal oxides. This property also leads to its use in the manufacture of magnesia cements for dental fillings. ZnCl2 has also been used as a fireproofing agent and for etching metals. In the laboratory, zinc chloride finds wide use, principally as a moderate-strength Lewis acid. It can catalyse (A) the Fischer indole synthesis[9], and also (B) Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions involving activated ...

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Zinc chloride, Zinc chloride - Chemical properties, Zinc chloride - Preparation & purification, Zinc chloride - Uses, Zinc chloride - Precautions, Zinc chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » Zinc chloride: Encyclopedia II - Zinc chloride - Uses

The earliest headlights were fueled by acetylene or oil and were introduced by drivers in the late 1880s. Acetylene was popular because the flame was resistant to wind and rain. The first electric headlights were introduced in 1898 on the Columbia Electric Car from the Electric Vehicle Company of Hartford, Connecticut, but they were optional. "Prest-O-Lite" acetylene lights were offered by a number of manufacturers as standard equipment for 1904, and Peerless made electrical headlights standard in 1908. In 1912, Cadillac integrated their vehicle's Delco electrical ignition and li ...

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Headlight, Headlight - History of automotive headlights, Headlight - Automotive headlights, Headlight - Laws and regulations, Headlight - Types of headlights, Headlight - LED headlights, Headlight - Dual-beam headlights, Headlight - American system, Headlight - European system, Headlight - Care

Read more here: » Headlight: Encyclopedia II - Headlight - History of automotive headlights

A precision tapered reamer is used to make a tapered hole to later receive a tapered pin. A taper pin is a self tightening device due to the slow angle of the taper. They may be driven into the tapered hole such that removal can only be done with a hammer and punch. They are sized by a number sequence (for example, a No.4 reamer would use No.4 taper pins). Such precision joins are used in aircraft assembly and are frequently used to join the two or more wing sections used in a sailplane. These may be re-reamed one or more times during the aircraft's useful life, with an appr ...

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Reamer, Reamer - Adjustable hand reamer, Reamer - Straight reamer precision, Reamer - Hand reamer, Reamer - Machine reamer, Reamer - Rose reamer, Reamer - Shell reamer, Reamer - Tapered reamer precision, Reamer - Morse taper reamer, Reamer - Tapered reamer non-precision

Read more here: » Reamer: Encyclopedia II - Reamer - Tapered reamer precision

Zinc chloride is an ionic salt, though some covalent character is indicated by its low melting point (275 °C) and its high solubility in solvents such as diethyl ether. It behaves as a mild Lewis acid, and aqueous solutions have a pH around 4. It is hydrolyzed to an oxychloride when hydrated forms are heated. In aqueous solution, zinc chloride is a useful source of Zn2+ for the preparation of other zinc salts, for example zinc carbonate: ZnCl2(aq) + Na2CO ...

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Zinc chloride, Zinc chloride - Chemical properties, Zinc chloride - Preparation & purification, Zinc chloride - Uses, Zinc chloride - Precautions, Zinc chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » Zinc chloride: Encyclopedia II - Zinc chloride - Chemical properties

A light source (filament or arc) is placed at or near the focus of a reflector, which may be parabolic or of non-parabolic complex shape. Fresnel and prism optics moulded into the headlight lens then shift parts of the light laterally and vertically to provide the required light distribution pattern. The lens may use both refraction and TIR to archive the desired results. Most sealed-beam headl ...

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Headlight, Headlight - History of automotive headlights, Headlight - Automotive headlights, Headlight - Laws and regulations, Headlight - Types of headlights, Headlight - LED headlights, Headlight - Dual-beam headlights, Headlight - American system, Headlight - European system, Headlight - Care

Read more here: » Headlight: Encyclopedia II - Headlight - Types of headlights

Anhydrous zinc chloride can be prepared from zinc and hydrogen chloride. Zn + 2 HCl(g) → ZnCl2(s) + H2(g) Hydrated forms and aqueous solutions may be readily prepared using standard acid-base methods, or from one of its ores, zinc sulfide: ZnS(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(l) Commercial samples of zinc chloride typically contain water and zinc oxychloride, the main hydrolysis product. Such samples may be purified as follows: 100 g of crude ZnCl2 ...

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Zinc chloride, Zinc chloride - Chemical properties, Zinc chloride - Preparation & purification, Zinc chloride - Uses, Zinc chloride - Precautions, Zinc chloride - Suppliers/Manufacturers

Read more here: » Zinc chloride: Encyclopedia II - Zinc chloride - Preparation & purification

Modern headlights are electrically operated, positioned in pairs, one or two on each side of the front of a vehicle. A headlamp system is required to produce a low and a high beam, which may be achieved either by an individual lamp for each function or by a single multifunction lamp. High beams (called "main beams" or "full beams" or "driving beams" in some countries) cast most of their light straight ahead, maximizing seeing distance, but producing too much glare for safe use when other vehicles are present on the road. Because there is no ...

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Headlight, Headlight - History of automotive headlights, Headlight - Automotive headlights, Headlight - Laws and regulations, Headlight - Types of headlights, Headlight - LED headlights, Headlight - Dual-beam headlights, Headlight - American system, Headlight - European system, Headlight - Care

Read more here: » Headlight: Encyclopedia II - Headlight - Automotive headlights

A light source (filament or arc) is placed at or near the focus of a reflector, which may be parabolic or of non-parabolic complex shape. Fresnel and prism optics moulded into the headlight lens then shift parts of the light laterally and vertically to provide the required light distribution pattern. The lens may use both refraction and TIR to archive the desired results. Most sealed-beam headl ...

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Headlight, Headlight - History of automotive headlights, Headlight - Automotive headlights, Headlight - Laws and regulations, Headlight - Types of headlights, Headlight - LED headlights, Headlight - Dual-beam headlights, Headlight - American system, Headlight - European system, Headlight - Care

Read more here: » Headlight: Encyclopedia II - Headlight - Types of headlights

Buckling is also a failure mode in pavement materials, primarily with concrete since asphalt is more flexible. Radiant heat from the Sun is absorbed in the road surface, causing it to expand and forcing adjacent pieces to push against each other. If the stress is great enough, the pavement can lift up and crack without warning. Going over a buckled section can be very jarring to automobile drivers, described as running over a speed bump at highway speeds. Similarly, railroad tracks also expand when heated, and can fail by buckling. It is more common for rails to move laterally, of ...

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Buckling, Buckling - Buckling in columns, Buckling - Buckling of surface materials, Buckling - Local Buckling, Buckling - Lateral-Torsional Buckling, Buckling - Plastic Buckling

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In more modern practice, the crankshaft and connecting rod big end bearings in a modern automobile engine have bearings made of a replaceable steel shell, keyed to the bearing caps. The inner surface of the steel shell is plated with a coating of bronze which is in turn coated with a thin layer of Babbitt metal as the bearing surface. The process of laying down this layer of white metal is known is Babbitting. ...

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Babbitt metal, Babbitt metal - Traditional babbitt bearings, Babbitt metal - Modern Babbitt bearings, Babbitt metal - Alternative Bearings

Read more here: » Babbitt metal: Encyclopedia II - Babbitt metal - Modern Babbitt bearings

Night driving has long been dangerous due to the glare of headlights from oncoming traffic which temporarily blinds drivers approaching from the opposite direction. Therefore, headlights that satisfactorily illuminate the road ahead of the automobile without causing this effect have long been sought. The first attempts to address this problem involved resistance-type dimming circuits, which decreased the brightness of the headlights when meeting another car. This gave way to mechanical tilting reflectors and later to double-filament bulbs with a high and a low beam. ...

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Headlight, Headlight - History of automotive headlights, Headlight - Automotive headlights, Headlight - Laws and regulations, Headlight - Types of headlights, Headlight - LED headlights, Headlight - Dual-beam headlights, Headlight - American system, Headlight - European system, Headlight - Care

Read more here: » Headlight: Encyclopedia II - Headlight - Dual-beam headlights

Headlamps require very little care. Sealed beam headamps are modular. When the filament burns out, the entire module is replaced. Most 1985 and later-model vehicles in North America use headlamp lens-reflector assemblies that are considered a part of the car, and just the bulb is replaced if it fails. There are many different bulb types, and they are not interchangeable, so the correct bulb for the specific vehicle year, make and model must be purchased. Manufacturers vary the means by which the bulb is accessed and replaced. Headlamp aim must be properly checked and adjusted on a regular, periodic basis. Misaimed la ...

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Headlight, Headlight - History of automotive headlights, Headlight - Automotive headlights, Headlight - Laws and regulations, Headlight - Types of headlights, Headlight - LED headlights, Headlight - Dual-beam headlights, Headlight - American system, Headlight - European system, Headlight - Care

Read more here: » Headlight: Encyclopedia II - Headlight - Care

Optical tweezers - Research groups. ATOM3D is a joint research project comprising 7 European optics group with optical tweezing expertise. This project is supported by the EC Sixth Framework Programme (FP6).[41] Stanford Optical Tweezing Group, USA[42] Bustamante Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley USA[43] Optical tweezing in Cornell University, USA[44] The Lang Laboratory a ...

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Optical tweezers, Optical tweezers - History and development of optical tweezers, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers in brief, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers based on alternate laser beam modes, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers in manifold, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers based on optical fibers, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers in a 'landscape' cell sorting, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers based on Evanescent field, Optical tweezers - Optical tweezers: an indirect approach, Optical tweezers - Measuring the optical forces of optical tweezers Force spectroscopy, Optical tweezers - Active research groups and people in the optical tweezers community, Optical tweezers - Research groups, Optical tweezers - Researchers, Optical tweezers - Other resources, Optical tweezers - Extensive Link Pages to other academic groups in Optical Tweezing, Optical tweezers - Professional Paper reviewing Optical Tweezer, Optical tweezers - Web resources, Optical tweezers - Multimedia links, Optical tweezers - Commercial optical tweezer systems

Read more here: » Optical tweezers: Encyclopedia II - Optical tweezers - Active research groups and people in the optical tweezers community

Each maqam evokes a specific emotion or set of emotions determined by the tone row and the nucleus, with different maqams sharing the same tone row but differing in nucleus and thus emotion. Maqam rast evokes pride. Maqam bayatī: vitality, joy, and femininity. Sīkah: love. Saba: sadness and pain. Hijaz: distant desert. Emotion is evoked in part through change in the size of an interval during a maqam presentation. Maqam saba, for example, contains in its first four notes, D, E-quarter-flat, F, and Gb, two neutral seconds one larger ...

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Maqam, Maqam - Passages, Maqam - Phases and central tones, Maqam - Emotional content, Maqam - Ajnas, Maqam - Principal 9 maqamat by lower jins, Maqam - Source

Read more here: » Maqam: Encyclopedia II - Maqam - Emotional content

A makam, more than simply a selection of notes and intervals, is essentially a guide to compositional structure: any composition in a given makam will move through the notes of that makam in a more or less ordered way (in this, it resembles a tone row à la Schoenberg or von Webern). This pattern is known in Turkish as seyir (meaning basically, "route"), and there are three types of seyir: rising (çıkıcı); falling (inici); fal ...

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Makam, Makam - Basic makam theory, Makam - Simple Makams, Makam - Çârgâh Makam, Makam - Bûselik Makam, Makam - Rast Makam, Makam - Uşşâk Makam, Makam - Sources

Read more here: » Makam: Encyclopedia II - Makam - Basic makam theory