Avestic

In Hinduism, Apam Napat is the god of fresh water, such as in rivers and lakes. He is sometimes (for example in Rigveda book 2 hymn 35 verse 3) described as a fire-god who originates in water: see Agni. "Apām Napat" is Sanskrit and Avestic for "son of waters". This may have originally referred to flames from natural gas or oil seepages surfacing through water. See this link about a fire temple at Baku in Azerbaijan. There is a theory that the word naphtha came (via Greek, where it meant any sort of petroleum) from the name Apam Napat. The name Apam Napat is likely cognate with that the Celtic god ...

Read more here: » Apam Napat: Encyclopedia - Apam Napat

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture. Mahabharata speaks of the Yavanas, Kambojas, Darunas etc as the fierce barbarians from Uttarapatha, Sanskrit: uttarashchapare mlechchha jana bharatasattama. || 63 || Yavanashcha sa Kamboja Daruna mlechchha jatayah. | — (MBH 6.11.63-64) and further reckons them among the sinful people, characterised by practices similar to those of chandalas and vultures i.e avaricious and greedy. e.g ...

See also:

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans

The region of Khwarezmia became part of the Jagatai Khanate, and its capital of Old Urgench was rebuilt and again became one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia. However, Timur regarded Khwarezm as a rival to Samarkand, and over the course of 5 campaigns, he destroyed Old Urgench completely in 1388. This together with a shift in the course of the Amu-Darya caused the center of Khwarezmia to shift to Khiva and, in the 16th century, the area came to be known as the Khanate of Khiva, ruled over by a branch ...

See also:

Khwarezmia, Khwarezmia - Etymology, Khwarezmia - Early history, Khwarezmia - Classical times, Khwarezmia - Middle Ages, Khwarezmia - Modern Age, Khwarezmia - External link

Read more here: » Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia II - Khwarezmia - Modern Age

Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence. The most acceptable view is that the ancient Kambojas originally belonged to the 'Galcha' speaking area (the Iranian Pamirs and Badakshan) in Central Asia (Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, p 455, Dr G. A. Grierson). Yaska's Nirukata (II/2.8) attests that verb 'shavati' in the sense 'to go' was used by the Kambojas and only the Kambojas (Early Eastern Iran and Atharvaveda, 1980, 92, Dr Michael Witzel; also Nilukata, Vol I, Sarup). shavatir gatikarmaa Ka ...

See also:

Kamboja Location, Kamboja Location - Kambojas: a tribe of Uttarapatha, Kamboja Location - Epic evidence, Kamboja Location - Puranic Bhuvankosa evidence, Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence, Kamboja Location - Vamsa Brahmana and Aitareya Brahmana evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Raghuvamsa's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Commentator on Harsha-Carita, Kamboja Location - Hiun Tsang's evidence, Kamboja Location - Kalhana's evidence, Kamboja Location - Ramayana evidence, Kamboja Location - Sumerian evidence, Kamboja Location - Al-Idrisi's evidence, Kamboja Location - Praja Bhatta's evidence, Kamboja Location - Conclusion, Kamboja Location - Kamboja versus Parama Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Mahabharata evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Dasam-Granth, Kamboja Location - Galcha evidence, Kamboja Location - List of references

Read more here: » Kamboja Location: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja

Naphtha is obtained from petroleum refineries as a portion of the distillation (also referred to as a cut). It is an intermediate between the lighter gasoline and the heavier benzine. Naphtha has a specific gravity of about 0.7. The generic name naphtha describes a range of different refinery cuts used in the different applications. To further complicate the matter similar naphtha types are often referred to by different names. The different naphthas are distinguished by: density (kg/m3 or specific gravity)See also:

Naphtha, Naphtha - Production of naphtha in refineries and uses, Naphtha - Paraffinic naphthas, Naphtha - Heavy naphthas, Naphtha - Other applications / descriptions, Naphtha - Etymology

Read more here: » Naphtha: Encyclopedia II - Naphtha - Production of naphtha in refineries and uses

According to Ancient Khorezm (Moscow 1948), written by the head of the Soviet archaeological-ethnographic expedition of 1945 - 1948, Sergei Pavlovich Tolstov (1907-1976), the first inhabitants of the area were Hurrians from the area of Transcaucasian Iberia, and he explains the etymology of "Chorezm" as Hurri-Land. The first two names of rulers we have for the area are Sijavus c.1300 BC (synonymous with Afrasiab c.1100 BC) and Aurvat-Aspa, usually placed in the late 600s BC though dating is very difficult. Nonetheless, in the very ear ...

See also:

Khwarezmia, Khwarezmia - Etymology, Khwarezmia - Early history, Khwarezmia - Classical times, Khwarezmia - Middle Ages, Khwarezmia - Modern Age, Khwarezmia - External link

Read more here: » Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia II - Khwarezmia - Early history

According to Biruni the area was ruled by the Afrigid dynasty from the 4th century to the 8th century CE. The resurgent kingdom was established around Khiva in 410 by Avar tribes possibly under Hephthalites influence. The inhabitants were called Khwalis or Kaliz by the Magyars after the eastern-most Kabars of Hungary, who dwelt in Carpathian Galicia. They were also called Khalisioi in Greek, Khvalis (and often associated with Khazars) in Russian, and Huālázǐmó (花剌子模) or perhaps Guali or Helisimijia in Chinese. The etymology of the name is unknown but may pertain to a ...

See also:

Khwarezmia, Khwarezmia - Etymology, Khwarezmia - Early history, Khwarezmia - Classical times, Khwarezmia - Middle Ages, Khwarezmia - Modern Age, Khwarezmia - External link

Read more here: » Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia II - Khwarezmia - Middle Ages

According to Biruni the area was ruled by the Afrigid dynasty from the AD 4th century to the 8th century. The resurgent kingdom was established around Khiva in 410 by Avar tribes possibly under Hephthalites influence. The inhabitants were called Khwalis or Kaliz by the Magyars after the eastern-most Kabars of Hungary, who dwelt in Carpathian Galicia. They were also called Khalisioi in Greek, Khvalis (and often associated with Khazars) in Russian, and Huālázǐmó (花剌子模) or perhaps Guali or Helisimijia in Chinese. The etymology of the name is unknown but may pertain to a ...

See also:

Khwarezmia, Khwarezmia - Etymology, Khwarezmia - Early history, Khwarezmia - Classical times, Khwarezmia - Middle Ages, Khwarezmia - Modern Age, Khwarezmia - External link

Read more here: » Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia II - Khwarezmia - Middle Ages

The Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi in his Mu'jem al-baladan wrote that the name "Khwarazm" is a compound name of "Khwar" (لحم), and "-razm" (حطب), refering to the abundance of cooked fish meat as a main diet of the peoples of this area. (V2, p395) C.E. Bosworth however believes the name to be made up of (خور) meaning "the sun" and (زم) meaning "Earth", designating "the land from which the sun rises from".(Bosworth, p1061) The name also appears in Achaemenid inscriptions as "Huvarazmish", ...

See also:

Khwarezmia, Khwarezmia - Etymology, Khwarezmia - Early history, Khwarezmia - Classical times, Khwarezmia - Middle Ages, Khwarezmia - Modern Age, Khwarezmia - External link

Read more here: » Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia II - Khwarezmia - Etymology

When the King of Khwarezmia offered friendship to Alexander the Great in 328 BC, Alexander's Greek and Roman biographers imagined the nomad king of a desert waste, but 20th century Russian archeologists revealed the region as a stable and centralized kingdom, a land of agriculture to the east of the Aral Sea, surrounded by the nomads of Central Asia, protected by its army of mailed horsemen, in the most powerful kingdom northwest of the Amu Darya (the Oxus River of antiquity). The king's emissary offered to lead Alexander's armies against his own enemies, west over the Caspian towa ...

See also:

Khwarezmia, Khwarezmia - Etymology, Khwarezmia - Early history, Khwarezmia - Classical times, Khwarezmia - Middle Ages, Khwarezmia - Modern Age, Khwarezmia - External link

Read more here: » Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia II - Khwarezmia - Classical times

Kamboja Location - Epic evidence. It is important to note that in ancient literature and inscriptions, the Kambojas are mostly listed with the tribes of the Uttarapatha like the Gandharas, Bahlikas, Yavanas, Madras, Sakas etc. Further at places in Mahabharata and Puranic literature, the Kambojas are specifically referred to as a tribe of Uttarapatha, Uttara or Udichya i.e north or north-west. e.g. Sanskrit: Uttarapatha janmanah kirtayishyami tanapi Yauna kamboja gandha ...

See also:

Kamboja Location, Kamboja Location - Kambojas: a tribe of Uttarapatha, Kamboja Location - Epic evidence, Kamboja Location - Puranic Bhuvankosa evidence, Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence, Kamboja Location - Vamsa Brahmana and Aitareya Brahmana evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Raghuvamsa's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Commentator on Harsha-Carita, Kamboja Location - Hiun Tsang's evidence, Kamboja Location - Kalhana's evidence, Kamboja Location - Ramayana evidence, Kamboja Location - Sumerian evidence, Kamboja Location - Al-Idrisi's evidence, Kamboja Location - Praja Bhatta's evidence, Kamboja Location - Conclusion, Kamboja Location - Kamboja versus Parama Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Mahabharata evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Dasam-Granth, Kamboja Location - Galcha evidence, Kamboja Location - List of references

Read more here: » Kamboja Location: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Location - Kambojas: a tribe of Uttarapatha

Following Dr Grierson's investigations on Kambojas which appeared in 1911, Dr Kuhn published a summary of his own article (Das Volk Der Kamboja bei Yaska) in English, in Dr Grierson's support in the 1912 issue of Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, which included comments from Dr Grierson as well. Dr Kuhn had specifically drawn Dr Grierson's attention to the following verses on Buddhist Jataka on the Kambojas (Fausboll, Jataka, Vol VI, pp 208, 210) Pali: kita patanga urga cha mekka | hattya kirmi su ...

See also:

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas

Almost similar information on the Kambojas is also provided by Patanjali's Mahaabhaasya (2nd c BC). Sanskrit: zavatir gatikarmaa kamboje.sv eva bhaa.sito bhavati, vikaara enam aaryaa bha.sante zava iti | — (Mahaabhaasya). English: The verb 'zav' in the sense of 'going' is used only among the Kambojas. The same verb in the nominal form 'zava' is used by the Aaryas in the sens ...

See also:

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas

That the killing of lower animals is a Zoroastrian religious practice is amply attested from the passages in Mazdean books like the Videvati (XIV.5-6) as well as from the remarks of Herodotus (I.140) about the Persian religion. The above disclosures from Bhuridatta Jataka completely changed Dr Grierson's views on the Kambojas. Thence-afterwards, he started considering the Kambojas an undoubted tribe of the Iranians. Dr Grierson re-wrote: "This gatha, by itself, establishes a close connections between the ancient Kambojas and th ...

See also:

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views

Dr V. S. Aggarwala: "As shown in the Jataka and Avestic literature, the Kamboja was a center of ancient Iranian civilization as is evidenced by the peculiar customs of the country " (The Kamboja Janapada, Jan 1964, Purana, Vol VI, No 1, p 229; Jataka edited by Fausboll, Vol VI, p 210 ). Dr J. C. Vidyalankar: "Zoroastrian religion had probably originated in Kamboja-land (Bacteria-Badakshan)....and the Kamboj ...

See also:

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity

There are also references in Sanskrit literature which suggest that a section of the Kambojas was probably also under Vedic cultural influence. There is reference to a sage from Kamboja clan mentioned in the Vamsa Brahmana (1/18-19) of Sama Veda. Sage Kamboja is referred to as the pupil of sage Shaungayani Madrakara. Sage Madrakara belonged to Uttara-Madra tribe (Vedic Index). These Uttra-Madras were an Iranian settlement of the Bahlika Uttara-Madras (Jean Przyluski). An ancient Vedic Chudakarma Samskaara in Pa ...

See also:

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas

Ancient literary evidence shows that like the Kuru/Uttarakuru, Madra/Uttaramadra, China/Parama-China, Yona/Parama-Yona, there were also two Kamboja settlements....one located in Pamir/Badakshan and beyond which was known as Parama-Kamboja and the second was located on south of Hindukush in Paropamisadae region, as far as Rajauri in west of Kashmir, which was known as Kamboja. Kamboja Location - Mahabharata evidence. This existence of two Kamboja settlements is powerfully substantiated from Mahabharata vers ...

See also:

Kamboja Location, Kamboja Location - Kambojas: a tribe of Uttarapatha, Kamboja Location - Epic evidence, Kamboja Location - Puranic Bhuvankosa evidence, Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence, Kamboja Location - Vamsa Brahmana and Aitareya Brahmana evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Raghuvamsa's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Commentator on Harsha-Carita, Kamboja Location - Hiun Tsang's evidence, Kamboja Location - Kalhana's evidence, Kamboja Location - Ramayana evidence, Kamboja Location - Sumerian evidence, Kamboja Location - Al-Idrisi's evidence, Kamboja Location - Praja Bhatta's evidence, Kamboja Location - Conclusion, Kamboja Location - Kamboja versus Parama Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Mahabharata evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Dasam-Granth, Kamboja Location - Galcha evidence, Kamboja Location - List of references

Read more here: » Kamboja Location: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Location - Kamboja versus Parama Kamboja