Auvergne

The Arverni were a Gallic tribe that inhabited the present-day region of Lyons, France. They gave their name to the French region of Auvergne. The Arveni were a very powerful tribe living in the Auvergne, with their most important stronghold being Gergovia (somewhere near Clermont-Ferrand). They had been the most powerful Gallic tribe in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC under their king, Luernios, but when his son Bituitus was defeated by the Romans in 123BC and the Roman ‘Provincia’ (that is the origin of the French word "Provence") established, the ...

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The Battle of Gergovia took place in 52 BC at Gergovia (modern Gergovie), France The battle was fought between a Roman Republic army, led by proconsul Julius Caesar, and Gallic forces led by Vercingetorix. The Gauls won the battle. Gergovia was the chief town of the Arverni, and was situated on a hill in Auvergne, about eight miles from the Puy de Dome. Some walls and earthworks seem still to survive from this period. Later, when Gaul had been subdued, the place was dismantled and its Gaulish inhabitants resettled four miles away in the plain at the new Roman ...

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Henri-Louis Bergson (October 18, 1859 – January 4, 1941) was a French philosopher, influential in France, but out of the main currents of his time. Henri Bergson - Four principal works. He was born in Paris in the Rue Lamartine, not far from the Paris Opera. He was descended from a Polish Jewish family (originally Berekson) on his father's side, while his mother was from an English and Irish Jewish background. His family lived in London for a few years after his birth, and he obtained an early fami ...

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• Henri Bergson - Four principal works
• Henri Bergson - Education and career
• Henri Bergson - Relationship with James and pragmatism
• Henri Bergson - The lectures on change and Bergson's later life
• Henri Bergson - Monty Python reference
• Henri Bergson - Bibliography

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Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623–August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. Pascal was a child prodigy, who was educated by his father. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences, where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators and the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by expanding the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also w ...

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• Blaise Pascal - Early life and education
• Blaise Pascal - Contributions to mathematics
• Blaise Pascal - Philosophy of mathematics
• Blaise Pascal - Contributions to the physical sciences
• Blaise Pascal - Mature life religion philosophy and literature
• Blaise Pascal - Religious conversion
• Blaise Pascal - Upon brink of death
• Blaise Pascal - The Provincial Letters
• Blaise Pascal - Miracle
• Blaise Pascal - The Pensées
• Blaise Pascal - Last works and death
• Blaise Pascal - Legacy
• Blaise Pascal - Works
• Blaise Pascal - Notes

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Auvergne (Occitan: Auvèrnha) was the name of an historically independent county in the center of France, as well as later a province of France. It is the name of the geographical and cultural area that corresponds to the former province. The traditional capital of the province of Auvergne was Riom. Today, the whole of the province of Auvergne is contained inside the administrative région of Auvergne, a région which also includes provinces and territories that were not part of Auvergne historically. The c ...

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• Auvergne province - History
• Auvergne province - Geography
• Auvergne province - Economy
• Auvergne province - Culture

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As of January 1, 2004, metropolitan France is divided into: 22 régions (although strictly speaking Corsica is in fact a "territorial collectivity", not a région, but is referred to as a région in common speech) the régions are divided into 96 départements the départements are divided into 329 arrondissements the arrondissements are divided into 3,879 cantons the cantons are divided in ...

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• Subdivisions of France - Metropolitan France
• Subdivisions of France - Overseas
• Subdivisions of France - List of départements
• Subdivisions of France - General rules
• Subdivisions of France - Historical divisions

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Allier is a département in south-central France named after the Allier River. Allier - History. Allier was one of the original 83 départements created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais. In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Allier - Geography. The département belongs to the région Auv ...

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• Allier - History
• Allier - Geography
• Allier - Economy
• Allier - Demographics

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Aquitaine (Gascon and Occitan: Aquitània; Basque: Akitania) (anciently "Guyenne" or "Guienne") now forms a région in south-western France along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. Aquitaine - History. In Roman times, the province of Gallia Aquitania originally comprised the region of Gaul between the Pyrenees Mountains and the Garonne River, but Augustus Caesar added to it the land between the Garonne and the Loire River. At this ...

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• Aquitaine - History
• Aquitaine - Geography
• Aquitaine - Demographics

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Blue cheese is a generic type of cheese in which veins of Penicillium mold run through the crumbly texture. The cheese itself is not blue but the veins inside it make it have blue dots. Blue cheeses are traditionally made in many locations, including the UK's Stilton cheese, Denmark's Rosenborg, and Italy's Gorgonzola cheese, and Spain's Cabrales cheese. Several local French blue cheeses are protected designations under European Union agricultural policy (Protected designation of origin). They are: Bleu d'Au ...

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Bourbonnais was an historic province in the centre of France that corresponded to the modern département of Allier, along with part of the département of Cher. Bourbonnais - History. Its first known lord was Adhémar (or Aymar) in the 10th century AD. He acquired the castle of Bourbon (today Bourbon Archambault) which gave its name to the family, the House of Bourbon. The first House of Bourbon ended in 1200 with the death of Archambault VIII. It left only one heiress, Mahaut ...

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• Bourbonnais - History
• Bourbonnais - Shields and Armorial Bearings

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Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel (August 19, 1883 – January 10, 1971) was a pioneering French couturier whose modernist philosophy, menswear-inspired fashions, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her arguably the most important figure in the history of 20th-century fashion design. Popularly known as Coco Chanel or "Mademoiselle" by her inner circle, she was born in the small city of Saumur, France in 1883, although she asserted she was born in 1893, in Auvergne. Her mother died when Chanel was six, and shortly afterward h ...

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• Coco Chanel - Sources

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Valéry Marie René Giscard d'Estaing, de l'Académie française (born February 2, 1926 in Koblenz, Germany) is a French center-right politician who was President of the French Republic from 1974 until 1981. His tenure as President was marked by his attempts to modernize his country and his office, notably launching such far-reaching infrastucture projects as the high-speed TGV train and France's reliance on nuclear power as its main energy source. However, the economic downturn that followed the end of the "thirty glorious yea ...

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• Valéry Giscard d'Estaing - Biography
• Valéry Giscard d'Estaing - Presidency
• Valéry Giscard d'Estaing - Later career
• Valéry Giscard d'Estaing - European activities
• Valéry Giscard d'Estaing - Personal

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Techniques - Utensils Weights and measures Spices and Herbs Sauces - Soups - Desserts Cheese - Pasta - Bread Other ingredients Africa - Asia - Caribbean South Asian - Latin America Middle East - The West Other cuisines... Famous chefs Kitchens - Meals Wikibooks: Cookbook French cuisine is characterized by its extreme diversity. French cuisine is considered to be one of the world's most refined and elegant styles of cooking, and is reno ...

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• French cuisine - Diversity
• French cuisine - Ingredients
• French cuisine - Present-day food and drink in France
• French cuisine - Structure of meals
• French cuisine - Drink
• French cuisine - Divisions of restaurant cuisine
• French cuisine - Cuisine bourgeoise
• French cuisine - Cuisine du terroir
• French cuisine - Cuisine nouvelle
• French cuisine - Today
• French cuisine - Foreign cuisines
• French cuisine - Notable dishes
• French cuisine - Famous French dishes
• French cuisine - Quick food
• French cuisine - Common canned food
• French cuisine - Common salty pies
• French cuisine - Famous but untypical dishes
• French cuisine - Desserts
• French cuisine - Specialties by region/city
• French cuisine - Un-French dishes

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2 Population sans doubles comptes, i.e. not counting those people already counted in another commune (such as students and military personal). Clermont-Ferrand is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne région, with a population of approximately 140,000. It is the préfecture (capital) of the Puy-de-Dôme département. It sits on the plain of Limagne in the Massif Central and is surrounded by a major industrial area. The city is famous for the chain of volcanoe ...

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• Clermont-Ferrand - History
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• Clermont-Ferrand - Twin towns

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Clermont is the name of several places in the United States of America: Clermont, Florida Clermont, Georgia Clermont, Indiana Clermont, Iowa Clermont, New York Clermont Manor, home of Robert Livingston (1688-1775) Clermont County, Ohio Clermont is the name of several communes in France: Clermont, in the Ariège département Clermont, in the Haute-Savoie département Clermont, in the Landes département Clermont, sous-préfec ...

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For the cheese, see Cantal. Cantal is a département in south-central France. Cantal - History. Cantal was one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Auvergne. List of the communes of the Cantal département Cantal - Geography. The department is part of the current région of Auvergne and ...

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• Cantal - Tourism

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See also Orders of Chivalry in the British honours system After the failure of the crusades, the crusading military orders became idealized and romanticized, resulting in the late medieval notion of chivalry, as reflected in the Arthurian romances of the time. D'Arcy Boulton (1987) classifies the chivalric orders of the 14th and 15th centuries into the following categories: Monarchical Orders, with the presidency attached to a monarch. the Order of Saint George, founded by Charles I ...

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• Chivalric order - Literature

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Bagpipes are a class of musical instrument, aerophones using enclosed reeds. The term is equally correct in the singular or plural, although pipers most commonly talk of "pipes" and "the bagpipe". Bagpipes - Overview. A bagpipe is a wind instrument consisting of one or more musical pipes which are fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag. Air is supplied either by the player's breath (via a blowpipe), or a set of bellows; the inlet to the bag normally has a one-way valve which prevents air from retur ...

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• Bagpipes - Overview
• Bagpipes - History
• Bagpipes - Types
• Bagpipes - The great highland bagpipe
• Bagpipes - The Irish Uilleann bagpipe
• Bagpipes - The Northumbrian smallpipe
• Bagpipes - The Scottish smallpipe
• Bagpipes - The biniou
• Bagpipes - French and Occitan bagpipes
• Bagpipes - The border pipe
• Bagpipes - The gaita
• Bagpipes - The Brian Boru bagpipe
• Bagpipes - Categories
• Bagpipes - Other types
• Bagpipes - Bagpipes in non-traditional forms of music
• Bagpipes - Classical works featuring bagpipes
• Bagpipes - Bagpipes in jazz
• Bagpipes - Bagpipes in rock
• Bagpipes - Bagpipes in other forms of music
• Bagpipes - Bagpipe aphorisms
• Bagpipes - Bagpipe humour
• Bagpipes - Notes

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Auvergne (Occitan: Auvèrnha) is one of the 26 régions of France. It is important to note that the current administrative région of Auvergne is larger than the historical province of Auvergne, and includes provinces and areas that historically were not part of Auvergne. The Auvergne région is made up of the following old provinces: Auvergne: départements of Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal, northwest of Haute-Loire, and extreme south of Allier. The province of Auvergn ...

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• Auvergne région - External link

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Since the 1960s Salford has gradually restored itself from the grubby, smoky town pictures of the post-war period. Salford now has many delightful tourist attractions such as the Imperial War Museum (located in the neighbouring Trafford MBC area) and the Lowry Centre, an award winning art gallery and theatre. The modern City of Salford incorporates the former County Borough of Salford (including Pendleton, Claremont, Langworthy, Broughton, Weaste, Ordsall and Seedley), the Borough of Eccles (including Monton, Winton and Barton-upon-Ir ...

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Salford, Salford - History, Salford - Today, Salford - Twin town, Salford - Famous people from Salford, Salford - Born in Salford, Salford - Residents past and present, Salford - Sport, Salford - References in popular culture

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