Garraghan divides criticism into six inquiries (A Guide to Historical Method, 168): When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)? Where was it produced (localization)? By whom was it produced (authorship)? From what pre-existing material was it produced (analysis)? In what original form was it produced (integrity ...

See also:

Historical method, Historical method - External Criticism: Authenticity and Provenance, Historical method - Higher Criticism, Historical method - Lower Criticism, Historical method - Internal Criticism: Historical Reliability, Historical method - Eyewitness Evidence, Historical method - Oral Tradition, Historical method - Synthesis: Historical Reasoning, Historical method - Argument to the Best Explanation, Historical method - Statistical Inference, Historical method - Argument from analogy

Read more here: » Historical method: Encyclopedia II - Historical method - External Criticism: Authenticity and Provenance

The position of a particular work of Music often depends on the music genre and its relationship to music theory. The rather academic and dry Persian Classical Tradition (Musiqi Asil or Dastgah) is strongly based on the theories of sonic aesthetics as expounded by the likes of Farabi and Shirazi in the early centuries of Islam. It also preserves melodic formulae that are often attributed to the musicians of the Persian imperial court of Khosroe Parviz in the Sassanid Period. Dastgah is the music of those who have a greater share of, or affec ...

See also:

Music of Iran, Music of Iran - The Position of Music Performance in Iranian Culture, Music of Iran - Traditional Hierarchies of Authenticity and Value, Music of Iran - Folk music, Music of Iran - Mazandaran, Music of Iran - Pop music, Music of Iran - Bandari music, Music of Iran - Rock music, Music of Iran - Khonyâ-ye Bâstâni Irâni: Iranian classical music, Music of Iran - Western Classical music, Music of Iran - Electronic music, Music of Iran - Known personalities, Music of Iran - Songs, Music of Iran - Sources and Further reading, Music of Iran - External link

Read more here: » Music of Iran: Encyclopedia II - Music of Iran - Traditional Hierarchies of Authenticity and Value

The position of a particular work of Music often depends on the music genre and its relationship to music theory. The academic Persian Classical Tradition (Musiqi Asil or Dastgah) is strongly based on the theories of sonic aesthetics as expounded by the likes of Farabi and Shirazi in the early centuries of Islam. It also preserves melodic formulae that are often attributed to the musicians of the Persian imperial court of Khosroe Parviz in the Sassanid Period. Dastgah is the music of those who have a greater share of, or affect to be in poss ...

See also:

Music of Iran, Music of Iran - The Position of Music Performance in Iranian Culture, Music of Iran - Traditional Hierarchies of Authenticity and Value, Music of Iran - Folk music, Music of Iran - Mazandaran, Music of Iran - Pop music, Music of Iran - Bandari music, Music of Iran - Rock music, Music of Iran - Khonyâ-ye Bâstâni Irâni: Iranian classical music, Music of Iran - Western Classical music, Music of Iran - Electronic music, Music of Iran - Known personalities, Music of Iran - Iranian music in other countries, Music of Iran - Songs, Music of Iran - Sources and Further reading, Music of Iran - External link

Read more here: » Music of Iran: Encyclopedia II - Music of Iran - Traditional Hierarchies of Authenticity and Value

The Agrapha's genuineness must be supported by external and internal evidence. It means that early writes, like Papias, Clement, Ireneas, and Justin Martyr, would have quoted it, and the message of the Agrapha must be in context with the teachings of Jesus contained in the Canonical Gospels. Agrapha - New Testament. Acts, 20:35, "Remember the word of the Lord Jesus, how he said: It is a more blessed thing to give, rather than to receive." See also:

Agrapha, Agrapha - Definition of agrapha, Agrapha - Authentic Agrapha, Agrapha - New Testament, Agrapha - Apocryphal Scriptures, Agrapha - Patristic citations, Agrapha - Oxyrhynchus Logia, Agrapha - Bibliography

Read more here: » Agrapha: Encyclopedia II - Agrapha - Authentic Agrapha

Several of the letters are thought by a majority of modern scholars to be pseudepigraphal, that is, not actually written by Paul of Tarsus even if attributed to him within the letters themselves. Details of the arguments regarding this issue are addressed more specifically in the articles about each epistle. The 7 letters considered genuine by most scholars (at the time of writing), and doubted by almost none: Romans See also:

Pauline epistles, Pauline epistles - Religious classification of the epistles, Pauline epistles - Academic classification of the Epistles, Pauline epistles - Authenticity of the epistles, Pauline epistles - Non-canonical Pauline Epistles, Pauline epistles - External link

Read more here: » Pauline epistles: Encyclopedia II - Pauline epistles - Authenticity of the epistles

The existence of Laozi is mentioned in scrolls dating back to 400 BCE, but the details of his life were not contemporaneously recorded. The Chinese historian Sima Qian wrote a supposed biography of him in about 100 BCE, indicating that his birth name was Li Er. Studies on the language and the rhyme scheme of the work point to a date of composition after the Shi Jing or Book of Songs, yet before the writing of Zhuangzi †...

See also:

Tao Te Ching, Tao Te Ching - The original Tao Te Ching text, Tao Te Ching - Translations of the title, Tao Te Ching - Structure, Tao Te Ching - Historical authenticity, Tao Te Ching - Interpretation, Tao Te Ching - The Tao that can be told of..., Tao Te Ching - The Valley Spirit, Tao Te Ching - The Return, Tao Te Ching - The Sage has no heart on his own..., Tao Te Ching - Knowing oneself, Tao Te Ching - Other themes, Tao Te Ching - Translation, Tao Te Ching - The difficulties of translating classical Chinese, Tao Te Ching - Translations

Read more here: » Tao Te Ching: Encyclopedia II - Tao Te Ching - Historical authenticity

The mask is one of five discovered in the shaft graves at Mycenae, three in Grave IV and two in Grave V. In addition, the faces and hands of two children in Grave III are covered with gold leaf, one covering having holes for the eyes. The graves are certainly royal. The faces of the men are not all covered with masks. That they are men, and warriors, is indicated by the weapons in their graves. The quantities of gold and carefully worked artifacts surely denote honor, wealth and status. The custom of clothing leaders in gold leaf is k ...

See also:

Mask of Agamemnon, Mask of Agamemnon - Description, Mask of Agamemnon - Authenticity

Read more here: » Mask of Agamemnon: Encyclopedia II - Mask of Agamemnon - Description

The Aristotelian text is unique, because it is not a part of the Corpus Aristotelicum. It was lost until it was discovered in Egypt in 1890 by an American missionary. The British Museum acquired it later that year. Its authorship is disputed, with some scholars attributing it to Aristotle and others to his students. If it is a genuine writing of Aristotle, then it is of particular significance, because it is the only one of his ...

See also:

Constitution of the Athenians, Constitution of the Athenians - Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians - Xenophon, Constitution of the Athenians - Dating and Authenticity.

Read more here: » Constitution of the Athenians: Encyclopedia II - Constitution of the Athenians - Aristotle

Gavriliada is a satiric description of the beginnig of New Testament, primarily making fun of immaculate conception. In this interpretation, Mary, the mother of Jesus, a young and attractive Jewish girl, is married to an old and impotent carpenter who took her only to keep the house. God chose her to be the father of Jesus and sent Archangel Gabriel to check if she was still a virgin. Satan learned about that plan and seduced and deflowered Mary to prevent the whole thing from happening. Gabriel saved her from Satan, slept with Mary and mira ...

See also:

Gavriliada, Gavriliada - Synopsis, Gavriliada - Case of Gavriiliada, Gavriliada - Authenticity dispute

Read more here: » Gavriliada: Encyclopedia II - Gavriliada - Synopsis

In 1826, during the investigation of Decembrist activities, chiev investigator Bibikov came across multiple copies of the poem that existed only in written copies. However, this produced no consequences until Holy Synod didn't learn about the poem in 1828. Since it was blasphemous and Synod had the authority to prosecute blasphemy, a new investigation have started. However, for some reasons, the case left Hol ...

See also:

Gavriliada, Gavriliada - Synopsis, Gavriliada - Case of Gavriiliada, Gavriliada - Authenticity dispute

Read more here: » Gavriliada: Encyclopedia II - Gavriliada - Case of Gavriiliada

The Zohar assumes four kinds of Biblical exegesis: Peshat ("simple/literal meaning"), Remez ("hint/allusion"), Derash ("interpretative/anagogical), and Sod ("secret/mystic"). The initial letters of the words Peshat, Remez, Derash, and Sod form together the word PaRDeS ("paradise/orchard"), which became the designation for the four ...

See also:

Zohar, Zohar - Origin, Zohar - Acceptance of authenticity, Zohar - Rejection of authenticity, Zohar - Mysticism, Zohar - Pardes and Biblical exegesis, Zohar - Effects on Judaism, Zohar - Influence on Christian mysticism, Zohar - Appendices and additions

Read more here: » Zohar: Encyclopedia II - Zohar - Pardes and Biblical exegesis

Ulric Dahlgren was killed outside of Richmond on March 2 during a bungled raid on the Confederate capital, ostensibly to free Union prisoners. Late that evening thirteen year old William Littlepage discovered Dahlgren's body and searched its pockets for a pocketwatch. Instead he found a pocketbook and two folded papers, which he promptly turned over to his teacher Edward W. Halbach, a captain in the Confederate Home Guard. Halbach examined the papers the next morning, discovering that they contained signed orders on Union army stationery for ...

See also:

Dahlgren Affair, Dahlgren Affair - History, Dahlgren Affair - Dahlgren Paper authenticity

Read more here: » Dahlgren Affair: Encyclopedia II - Dahlgren Affair - History

The film was one of the few released with a "Sensurround" sound mix. Midway film - Authenticity of the combat footages. The U.S. carrier fighter-planes in the Battle of Midway and throughout 1942 were Grumman F4F "Wildcats", commonly identified by their distinct landing-gear configuration. There are numerous scenes of carrier landings in the movie and every single one depicts the Grumman F6F "Hellcat", distinguished by a different, more stable landing-gear configuration (fuselage and numerous other feature ...

See also:

Midway film, Midway film - Plot, Midway film - Trivia, Midway film - Authenticity of the combat footages, Midway film - Cast

Read more here: » Midway film: Encyclopedia II - Midway film - Trivia

According to Gershom Scholem, most of the Zohar was written in an exalted style of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine during the second century of the modern era. The Zohar first appeared in Spain in the 13th century, and was published by a Jewish writer named Moses de Leon. He ascribed this work to a rabbi of the second century, Simeon ben Yohai. Jewish historiography holds that during a time of Roman persecution, Rabbi Simeon hid in a cave for 13 years, studying the Torah with his son, Elazar. [1] During this time he is said to have been ins ...

See also:

Zohar, Zohar - Origin, Zohar - Acceptance of authenticity, Zohar - Rejection of authenticity, Zohar - Mysticism, Zohar - Pardes and Biblical exegesis, Zohar - Effects on Judaism, Zohar - Influence on Christian mysticism, Zohar - Appendices and additions

Read more here: » Zohar: Encyclopedia II - Zohar - Origin

The Zohar was lauded by many rabbis because it opposed religious formalism, stimulated one's imagination and emotions, and for many people helped reinvigorate the experience of prayer. In many places prayer had become a mere external religious exercise, while prayer was supposed to be a means of transcending earthly affairs and placing oneself in union with God. The Zohar was censured by many rabbis because it propagated many superstitious beliefs, and produced a host of mystical dreamers, whose over-heated imaginations peopled the wo ...

See also:

Zohar, Zohar - Origin, Zohar - Acceptance of authenticity, Zohar - Rejection of authenticity, Zohar - Mysticism, Zohar - Pardes and Biblical exegesis, Zohar - Effects on Judaism, Zohar - Influence on Christian mysticism, Zohar - Appendices and additions

Read more here: » Zohar: Encyclopedia II - Zohar - Effects on Judaism

The enthusiasm felt for the Zohar was shared by many Christian scholars, such as Pico de Mirandola, Reuchlin, Ægidius of Viterbo, etc., all of whom believed that the book contained proofs of the truth of Christianity. They were led to this belief by the analogies existing between some of the teachings of the Zohar and certain Christian dogmas, such as the fall and redemption of man, and the dogma of the Trinity, which seems to be expressed in the Zohar in the following terms: "The Ancient of Days has three heads. He reveals himself in three ...

See also:

Zohar, Zohar - Origin, Zohar - Acceptance of authenticity, Zohar - Rejection of authenticity, Zohar - Mysticism, Zohar - Pardes and Biblical exegesis, Zohar - Effects on Judaism, Zohar - Influence on Christian mysticism, Zohar - Appendices and additions

Read more here: » Zohar: Encyclopedia II - Zohar - Influence on Christian mysticism

The Zohar is not considered complete without the addition of certain appendixes, which are often attributed either to the same author, or to some of his immediate disciples. These supplementary portions are almost always printed as part of the text with separate titles, or in separate columns. They are as follows: Sifra di-Ẓeni'uta, consisting of five chapters, in which are chiefly discussed the questions involved in the Creation, such as the transition from the infinite to the finite, that from absolute unity to multif ...

See also:

Zohar, Zohar - Origin, Zohar - Acceptance of authenticity, Zohar - Rejection of authenticity, Zohar - Mysticism, Zohar - Pardes and Biblical exegesis, Zohar - Effects on Judaism, Zohar - Influence on Christian mysticism, Zohar - Appendices and additions

Read more here: » Zohar: Encyclopedia II - Zohar - Appendices and additions

Omarion - Albums. 2005 O #1 US (Platinum) ...

See also:

Omarion, Omarion - Appearances on Punk'd, Omarion - London bombings controversy, Omarion - Press release, Omarion - Authenticity, Omarion - Internet meme, Omarion - Discography, Omarion - Albums, Omarion - Singles

Read more here: » Omarion: Encyclopedia II - Omarion - Discography

The cornett is generally agreed to be a difficult instrument to play. It embodies a design that survives in no modern instrument; that is, the main tube has only the length of a typical woodwind, but the mouthpiece is of the brass type, relying on the player's lips to form the musical sound. Most modern brass instruments are considerably longer than the cornett, which permits the tube resonances to ...

See also:

Cornett, Cornett - Construction, Cornett - Music for the cornett, Cornett - Playing the cornett, Cornett - The cornett and authentic performance, Cornett - Nomenclature

Read more here: » Cornett: Encyclopedia II - Cornett - Playing the cornett

Digital evidence is almost never in a format readable by humans. As such, another step is required for admitting any digital document into evidence. Conceptually, any additional step creates a new document, which might otherwise not qualify under the "best evidence rule". However, the Federal Rules of Evidence rule 1001(3) states "if data are stored in a computer…, any printout or other output readable by sight, shown ...

See also:

Digital evidence, Digital evidence - Authentication, Digital evidence - Best evidence rule, Digital evidence - Hearsay, Digital evidence - Privilege

Read more here: » Digital evidence: Encyclopedia II - Digital evidence - Best evidence rule

The LDS Church was interested in the document, particularly in light of the popularity of recent research. After reviewing the letter, Gordon B. Hinckley, 2nd Counselor in the 1st Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apparently took the advice of the experts and conceded that available evidence supported the letter's authenticity. Hinckley initially intended to purchase this document for over one million dollars, and add it to his organization's archives. However, this deal never happened, and the letter was ...

See also:

Salamander Letter, Salamander Letter - Origination, Salamander Letter - Authenticity, Salamander Letter - LDS purchase, Salamander Letter - Suspicion, Salamander Letter - Lasting effects

Read more here: » Salamander Letter: Encyclopedia II - Salamander Letter - LDS purchase

The cornett takes the form of a tube, typically about 60 cm. long, made of ivory or wood with woodwind-style fingerholes. Usually the cornett is octagonal in cross-section, and it is wrapped in leather or parchment, with the fingerholes penetrating this cover. The cornett is slightly curved, normally to the right, so that the player's left hand, playing the upper holes, and her right hand, playing the lower holes, can more comfortably reach their proper locations. At the top of the cornett there is a small mouthpiece of the kind used in brass instruments ...

See also:

Cornett, Cornett - Construction, Cornett - Music for the cornett, Cornett - Playing the cornett, Cornett - The cornett and authentic performance, Cornett - Nomenclature

Read more here: » Cornett: Encyclopedia II - Cornett - Construction