An ancient document, in the law of evidence, refers to both a means of authentication for a piece of documentary evidence, and an exception to the hearsay rule. Ancient document - Authentication. With respect to authentication, an "ancient document" is one that may be deemed authentic without a witness to attest to the circumstances of its creation because its age suggests that it is unlikely to have been falsified in anticipation of the litigation in which it is introduced. Under the Federal ...

Including:

• Ancient document - Authentication
• Ancient document - Hearsay

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The Constitution of the Athenians or of Athens (or "Athenaion Politeia", or "The Athenians") is the name of either of two texts from Classical antiquity, one probably by Aristotle, the other attributed to Xenophon, but not by him. Constitution of the Athenians - Aristotle. The Aristotelian text is unique, because it is not a part of the Corpus Aristotelicum. It was lost until it was discovered in Egypt in 1890 by an American missionary. The British Museum acquired it later that year. Its authorship i ...

Including:

• Constitution of the Athenians - Aristotle
• Constitution of the Athenians - Xenophon
• Constitution of the Athenians - Dating and Authenticity.

Read more here: » Constitution of the Athenians: Encyclopedia - Constitution of the Athenians

The Dahlgren Affair was an incident in the American Civil War involving a failed Union raid on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia on March 2, 1864. According to mysterious papers found on the body of the raid's commanding officer, colonel Ulric Dahlgren, one of their mission objectives was to assassinate Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his cabinet. Dahlgren Affair - History. Ulric Dahlgren was killed outside of Richmond on March 2 during a bungled raid on the Confederate capital ...

Including:

• Dahlgren Affair - History
• Dahlgren Affair - Dahlgren Paper authenticity

Read more here: » Dahlgren Affair: Encyclopedia - Dahlgren Affair

The Zohar (Hebrew זהר "Splendor, radiance") is widely considered the most important work of Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism. It is a mystical commentary on the Torah (the five books of Moses), written in medieval Aramaic and medieval Hebrew. It contains a mystical discussion of the nature of God, the origin and structure of the universe, the nature of souls, sin, redemption, good and evil, and related topics. The Zohar is not one book, but a group of books. These books include scriptural interpretations as well as material on the ...

Including:

• Zohar - Origin
• Zohar - Acceptance of authenticity
• Zohar - Rejection of authenticity
• Zohar - Mysticism
• Zohar - Pardes and Biblical exegesis
• Zohar - Effects on Judaism
• Zohar - Influence on Christian mysticism
• Zohar - Appendices and additions

Read more here: » Zohar: Encyclopedia - Zohar

Barrett's Privateers is a folk song in the style of a sea chanty, written and performed by Canadian musician Stan Rogers. Although Barrett, the Antelope and other specific instances mentioned in the song are fictional, Barrett's Privateers is largely an authentic account of privateering in the late 1700's. The song was released in the album Fogarty's Cove in 1976. Barrett's Privateers - Plot. Barrett's Privateers is sung from the point of view of a young fisherman who enlisted on ...

Including:

• Barrett's Privateers - Plot
• Barrett's Privateers - Historical authenticity
• Barrett's Privateers - The Antelope
• Barrett's Privateers - Debate
• Barrett's Privateers - Sherbrooke
• Barrett's Privateers - Main truck

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The Epistle to Galatians is a book of the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul of Tarsus to some Christian early communities in the Roman province of Galatia in central Anatolia. It is principally concerned with the controversy surrounding Gentile Christians and the Jewish Law within early Christianity. Along with the Epistle to the Romans, it is the most theologically significant of the Pauline epistles, and has been particularly influential in Protestant thought. Epistle to Galatians - Galatia. Paul's ...

Including:

• Epistle to Galatians - Galatia
• Epistle to Galatians - Historical Background
• Epistle to Galatians - Authenticity
• Epistle to Galatians - Date and audience

Read more here: » Epistle to Galatians: Encyclopedia - Epistle to Galatians

The cornett or cornetto is an early wind instrument, dating from the Renaissance period. It was used in what are now called alta capellas or wind ensembles. It is not to be confused with the cornet. Cornett - Construction. The cornett takes the form of a tube, typically about 60 cm. long, made of ivory or wood with woodwind-style fingerholes. Usually the cornett is octagonal in cross-section, and it is wrapped in leather or parchment, with the fingerholes penetrating this cover. The cornett is slight ...

Including:

• Cornett - Construction
• Cornett - Music for the cornett
• Cornett - Playing the cornett
• Cornett - The cornett and authentic performance
• Cornett - Nomenclature

Read more here: » Cornett: Encyclopedia - Cornett

Authenticity has its paradoxical components. Sartre illustrated these in his extensive writings, pointing to the conflict between seeing the self as unique and different from the world, but the self is embedded in a world which clearly contains other such beings. Stated as a doctrine authenticity can be thought to be self-defeating. This is because it is thereby classified and becomes part of the non-self, an object of perhaps methodical study among others. This is opposed to the notion of the individual self which ...

See also:

Authenticity philosophy, Authenticity philosophy - Views of authenticity, Authenticity philosophy - Criticisms of authenticity, Authenticity philosophy - Authenticity today

Read more here: » Authenticity philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Authenticity philosophy - Criticisms of authenticity

Since authenticity of certain equipment will vary between periods and regions (plate armour would be historically inappropriate for Vikings) it is a difficult task to ensure that an entire set or kit of clothing and gear is authentic for the historical persona created by the reenactor. Authenticity can be applied to other things, for example a card game, song, or military tactic woul ...

See also:

Authenticity reenactment, Authenticity reenactment - The historical persona, Authenticity reenactment - The quest for authenticity, Authenticity reenactment - Enforcement of authenticity

Read more here: » Authenticity reenactment: Encyclopedia II - Authenticity reenactment - The quest for authenticity

The strictness with which authenticity is enforced varies wildly between the various events and groups. While some consider only perfect historical verifiability authentic enough and ban all inauthentic gear and behaviour from reenactment activities, others permit out-of-period materials and equipment, often with the only restriction that "it has to look authentic from 10 meters away" (i.e. from the audience's perspective). Similarly, many groups will permit equipment combined from a wider range of centuries than what could be conside ...

See also:

Authenticity reenactment, Authenticity reenactment - The historical persona, Authenticity reenactment - The quest for authenticity, Authenticity reenactment - Enforcement of authenticity

Read more here: » Authenticity reenactment: Encyclopedia II - Authenticity reenactment - Enforcement of authenticity

The perceived esthetic benefits of authentic performance vary with what kind of music is being played. In rough terms, they can be characterized as follows. Authentic performance is argued to achieve greater transparency of musical texture. The instruments have a less overpowering tone, so that the playing of one note interferes less with the hearing of simultaneous or neighboring notes. In orchestral performances, dynamic contrast is typically increased: the contributions of the brass instruments and timpani ...

See also:

Authentic performance, Authentic performance - Authentic performance compared to traditional musical practice, Authentic performance - Early instruments, Authentic performance - Harpsichord, Authentic performance - Viol, Authentic performance - Recorder, Authentic performance - Other instruments, Authentic performance - Changed instruments, Authentic performance - Singing, Authentic performance - Recovering early performance practices, Authentic performance - Interpreting musical notation, Authentic performance - Linguistic issues, Authentic performance - Tuning, Authentic performance - Issues in authentic performance, Authentic performance - Variety of opinion, Authentic performance - Authenticity or contemporary taste?, Authentic performance - Nomenclature, Authentic performance - Books

Read more here: » Authentic performance: Encyclopedia II - Authentic performance - Issues in authentic performance

The methods by which a human can authenticate themselves are generally classified into three cases: Something about the user is (e.g., fingerprint or retinal pattern, DNA sequence (there are assorted definitions of what is sufficient), voice pattern (again several definitions), signature recognition or other biometric identifier) Something the user has (e.g., ID card, security token, software token or cell ph ...

See also:

Authentication, Authentication - Website Password Authentication, Authentication - Multifactor authentication

Read more here: » Authentication: Encyclopedia II - Authentication - Multifactor authentication

The methods by which a human can authenticate themselves are generally classified into three cases: Something about the user is (e.g., fingerprint or retinal pattern, DNA sequence (there are assorted definitions of what is sufficient), voice pattern (again several definitions), signature recognition or other biometric identifier) Something the user has (e.g., ID card, security token, software token or cell phone) Something the user knows (e.g., a password, a ...

See also:

Authentication, Authentication - Multifactor authentication

Read more here: » Authentication: Encyclopedia II - Authentication - Multifactor authentication

Most authentic performance artists would not advocate authenticity for its own sake, but rather as a way of achieving more artistically effective performances of older music. It is felt that the gradual changes in the construction of instruments and in the training of musicians have produced instruments and styles that are optimal for (roughly) mid to late 19th-century music, but not for older work. In the community of classical musicians, students have over the centuries learned ways of playing and interpreting music from their teach ...

See also:

Authentic performance, Authentic performance - Authentic performance compared to traditional musical practice, Authentic performance - Early instruments, Authentic performance - Harpsichord, Authentic performance - Viol, Authentic performance - Recorder, Authentic performance - Other instruments, Authentic performance - Changed instruments, Authentic performance - Singing, Authentic performance - Recovering early performance practices, Authentic performance - Interpreting musical notation, Authentic performance - Linguistic issues, Authentic performance - Tuning, Authentic performance - Issues in authentic performance, Authentic performance - Variety of opinion, Authentic performance - Authenticity or contemporary taste?, Authentic performance - Nomenclature, Authentic performance - Books

Read more here: » Authentic performance: Encyclopedia II - Authentic performance - Authentic performance compared to traditional musical practice

In order to make their equipment authentic, a reenactor first has to decide time period, location and position in society. The collection of clothing and equiptment is typtically called a "kit" and the fictional alter ego is called a "persona" or "character". Sometimes when a person has interests that a single persona can't reasonably encompass, for the sake of being authentic, they might create more than one persona. For example, someone might be interested in Norse ("Viking") cultures but also be interested in economics and social history that ...

See also:

Authenticity reenactment, Authenticity reenactment - The historical persona, Authenticity reenactment - The quest for authenticity, Authenticity reenactment - Enforcement of authenticity

Read more here: » Authenticity reenactment: Encyclopedia II - Authenticity reenactment - The historical persona

Recovering the available written information about how music was performed in the past is a difficult scholarly task, requiring fluency in multiple languages, skill in navigating old archives, and thoughtful judgment in weighing sometimes contradictory evidence. Both pedagogical works and the correspondence of musicians from past centuries play an important role. Representative of the works from which valuable information has been obtained are the following: Syntagma musicum (1614-1620) by Michael Praetorius T ...

See also:

Authentic performance, Authentic performance - Authentic performance compared to traditional musical practice, Authentic performance - Early instruments, Authentic performance - Harpsichord, Authentic performance - Viol, Authentic performance - Recorder, Authentic performance - Other instruments, Authentic performance - Changed instruments, Authentic performance - Singing, Authentic performance - Recovering early performance practices, Authentic performance - Interpreting musical notation, Authentic performance - Linguistic issues, Authentic performance - Tuning, Authentic performance - Issues in authentic performance, Authentic performance - Variety of opinion, Authentic performance - Authenticity or contemporary taste?, Authentic performance - Nomenclature, Authentic performance - Books

Read more here: » Authentic performance: Encyclopedia II - Authentic performance - Recovering early performance practices

Deployment of T-FA tools such as smartcards and USB tokens appears to be increasing. More organizations are adding a layer of security to the desktop that requires users to physically possess a token, and have knowledge of a PIN or password in order to access company data. However, there are still some drawbacks to two-factor authentication - that are keeping the technology from widespread deployment - that are worth considering. Some consumers have difficulty keeping track of one more object in their life. Also many two factor systems are proprietary and protected by patents. The result is a substantial ...

See also:

Two-factor authentication, Two-factor authentication - Problems with T-FA, Two-factor authentication - Tokens, Two-factor authentication - Biometrics, Two-factor authentication - The challenges of authentication, Two-factor authentication - Password security, Two-factor authentication - Software security

Read more here: » Two-factor authentication: Encyclopedia II - Two-factor authentication - Problems with T-FA

Deployment of T-FA tools such as smartcards and USB tokens appears to be increasing. More organizations are adding a layer of security to the desktop that requires users to physically possess a token, and have knowledge of a PIN or password in order to access company data. However, there are still some drawbacks to two-factor authentication - that are keeping the technology from widespread deployment - that are worth considering. Some consumers have difficulty keeping track of one more object in their life. Also many two factor systems are proprietary and protected by patents. The result is a substantial ...

See also:

Two-factor authentication, Two-factor authentication - Examples, Two-factor authentication - Problems with T-FA, Two-factor authentication - Tokens, Two-factor authentication - Biometrics, Two-factor authentication - The challenges of authentication, Two-factor authentication - Password security, Two-factor authentication - Software security

Read more here: » Two-factor authentication: Encyclopedia II - Two-factor authentication - Problems with T-FA

Challenge-response authentication - Password-based schemes. The simplest example of a challenge-response protocol is password authentication, where the challenge is asking for the password and the valid response is the correct password. Clearly an adversary that can eavesdrop on a password authentication can then authenticate itself in the same way. One solution is to issue multiple passwords, each of them marked with an identifier. The verifier can pick any of the identifiers, and the prover must have the ...

See also:

Challenge-response authentication, Challenge-response authentication - Non-cryptographic techniques, Challenge-response authentication - Password-based schemes, Challenge-response authentication - Other non-cryptographic protocols, Challenge-response authentication - Cryptographic techniques

Read more here: » Challenge-response authentication: Encyclopedia II - Challenge-response authentication - Non-cryptographic techniques

Non-cryptographic authentication was generally adequate in the days before the Internet, when the user could be sure that the system asking for the password was really the system they were trying to access, and that nobody was likely to be eavesdropping on the communication channel to observe the password being entered. To address the insecure channel problem, a more sophisticated approach is necessary. Many cryptographic solutions involve two-way authentication, where both the user and the system must each convince the other that the ...

See also:

Challenge-response authentication, Challenge-response authentication - Non-cryptographic techniques, Challenge-response authentication - Password-based schemes, Challenge-response authentication - Other non-cryptographic protocols, Challenge-response authentication - Cryptographic techniques

Read more here: » Challenge-response authentication: Encyclopedia II - Challenge-response authentication - Cryptographic techniques

A SASL mechanism is modelled as a series of challenges and responses. Defined SASL mechanisms [1] include: "EXTERNAL", where authentication is implicit in the context (e.g., for protocols already using IPsec or TLS) "ANONYMOUS", for unauthenticated guest access "PLAIN", a simple cleartext password mechanism. PLAIN obsoleted the LOGIN mechanism. "OTP", a one-time password mechanism. OTP obsoleted the SKEY Mechanism. "SKEY", a S/KEY mechanism. "CRAM-MD5", a simple challenge-response sch ...

See also:

Simple Authentication and Security Layer, Simple Authentication and Security Layer - SASL Mechanisms, Simple Authentication and Security Layer - SASL-aware Application Protocols

Read more here: » Simple Authentication and Security Layer: Encyclopedia II - Simple Authentication and Security Layer - SASL Mechanisms