authentication

From nearby, a human individual is mainly recognized by his or her face. Other differences in appearance are less suitable: usually most of the body is covered with clothing, which varies from day to day; body parts other than the face that are uncovered, such as usually hands, are not as easy to tell people apart; the arrangement of the hair also helps recognizing people, but, like ...

See also:

Recognition of human individuals, Recognition of human individuals - Recognition of acquaintances, Recognition of human individuals - Recognition for commercial security and legal reasons including forensics

Read more here: » Recognition of human individuals: Encyclopedia II - Recognition of human individuals - Recognition of acquaintances

Most current real-world computer security efforts focus on external threats, and generally treat the computer system itself as a trusted system. Some knowledgeable observers consider this to be a disastrous mistake, and point out that this distinction is the cause of much of the insecurity of current computer systems - once an attacker has subverted one part of a system without fine-grained security, he or she usually has access to most or all of the features of that system. Because computer systems are very complex, and cannot be guaranteed to be free ...

See also:

Computer insecurity, Computer insecurity - Security and systems design, Computer insecurity - Financial cost, Computer insecurity - Reasons, Computer insecurity - Vulnerabilities, Computer insecurity - Code exploits, Computer insecurity - Eavesdropping, Computer insecurity - Social engineering and human error, Computer insecurity - Denial of service attacks, Computer insecurity - Indirect attacks, Computer insecurity - Backdoors, Computer insecurity - Direct access attacks, Computer insecurity - Reducing vulnerabilities, Computer insecurity - Security measures, Computer insecurity - Difficulty with response, Computer insecurity - Further reading

Read more here: » Computer insecurity: Encyclopedia II - Computer insecurity - Security and systems design

In cryptography, a zero-knowledge password proof (ZKPP) is an interactive method for one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) that it knows a value of a password, without revealing anything other than the fact that it knows that password to the verifier. A ZKPP prevents any party from verifying guesses for the password without interacting with a party that knows it and, ...

Including:

• Zero-knowledge password proof - History

Read more here: » Zero-knowledge password proof: Encyclopedia - Zero-knowledge password proof

In computer security, the word vulnerability refers to a weakness in a system allowing an attacker to violate the integrity, confidentiality, access control, availability, consistency or audit mechanism of the system or the data and applications it hosts. Vulnerabilities may result from bugs or design flaws in the system. A vulnerability can exist either only in theory, or could have a known exploit. Vulnerabilities are of significant interest when the program containing the vulnerability operates with special privileges, performs aut ...

Including:

• Vulnerability computer science - Causes
• Vulnerability computer science - Vulnerability disclosure
• Vulnerability computer science - Identifying and removing vulnerabilities
• Vulnerability computer science - Examples of vulnerabilities

Read more here: » Vulnerability computer science: Encyclopedia - Vulnerability computer science

A Virtual Private Network, or VPN, is a private communications network usually used within a company, or by several different companies or organizations, to communicate over a public network. VPN message traffic is carried on public networking infrastructure (e.g. the Internet) using standard (often insecure) protocols, or over a service provider's network providing VPN service guarded by well defined Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. Virtual private network - Aut ...

Including:

• Virtual private network - Authentication mechanism
• Virtual private network - Types of VPNs
• Virtual private network - Characteristics in application
• Virtual private network - Tunneling

Read more here: » Virtual private network: Encyclopedia - Virtual private network

In computing, Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard for software componentry, created and controlled by the Object Management Group (OMG). It defines APIs, communication protocol, and object/service information models to enable heterogeneous applications written in various languages running on various platforms to interoperate. CORBA therefore provides platform and location transparency for sharing well-defined obje ...

Including:

• CORBA - Key Features
• CORBA - Objects by Value OBV
• CORBA - CORBA Component Model CCM
• CORBA - Portable interceptors
• CORBA - General InterORB Protocol GIOP
• CORBA - Internet InterORB Protocol IIOP
• CORBA - CORBA implementations
• CORBA - OMG trademarks

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In security engineering and computer security, authorization, is a part of the operating system that protects computer resources by only allowing those resources to be used by resource consumers that have been granted authority to use them. Resources include individual files or items data, computer programs, computer devices and functionality provided by computer applications. Examples of consumers are computer users, computer programs and other devices on the computer. The authorization process is used to decide if person, program or device X is allowed ...

Including:

• Authorization - Authorization in Public Policy

Read more here: » Authorization: Encyclopedia - Authorization

Public key cryptography is a form of cryptography which generally allows users to communicate securely without having prior access to a shared secret key. This is done by using a pair of cryptographic keys, designated as public key and private key, which are related mathematically. The term asymmetric key cryptography is a synonym for public key cryptography. In public key cryptography, the private key is generally kept secret, while the public key may be widely distributed. In a sense, one key "locks" a lock; while the other is required to unlock it. It should not be poss ...

Including:

• Public-key cryptography - History
• Public-key cryptography - Security
• Public-key cryptography - Applications
• Public-key cryptography - Practical considerations
• Public-key cryptography - A postal analogy
• Public-key cryptography - Actual algorithms -- two linked keys
• Public-key cryptography - Weaknesses
• Public-key cryptography - Computational cost
• Public-key cryptography - Associating public keys with identities
• Public-key cryptography - Relation to real time
• Public-key cryptography - Examples
• Public-key cryptography - Notes

Read more here: » Public-key cryptography: Encyclopedia - Public-key cryptography

Wi-Fi (also WiFi, Wi-fi, Wifi, or wifi) is a set of product compatibility standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications. New standards beyond the 802.11 specifications, such as 802.16(WiMAX), are currently in the works and offer many enhancements, anywhere from longer range to greater transfer speeds. Wi-Fi was intended to be used for mobile devices and LANs, but is now often used for Internet access. It enables a person with a wireless-enabled computer or ...

Including:

• Wi-Fi - Wi-Fi vs. cellular
• Wi-Fi - Commercial Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi - Free Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi - Advantages of Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi - Disadvantages of Wi-Fi
• Wi-Fi - Wi-Fi Gaming
• Wi-Fi - Wi-Fi and free software
• Wi-Fi - Trademark
• Wi-Fi - Unintended and Intended use by outsiders

Read more here: » Wi-Fi: Encyclopedia - Wi-Fi

Biometrics (ancient Greek: bios ="life", metron ="measure") is the study of automated methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. In information technology, biometric authentication refers to technologies that measure and analyze human physical and behavioral characteristics for authentication purposes. Examples of physical characteristics include fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, facial patterns and hand measurements, while examples of mostly ...

Including:

• Biometrics - History
• Biometrics - Operation and performance
• Biometrics - A Comparison of Biometrics
• Biometrics - Issues and concerns
• Biometrics - Issues and concerns
• Biometrics - Identity theft and Privacy Issues
• Biometrics - Sociological concerns
• Biometrics - Uses and initiatives
• Biometrics - Brazil
• Biometrics - Canada
• Biometrics - United States

Read more here: » Biometrics: Encyclopedia - Biometrics

Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs). Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers and digital cameras via a secure, low-cost, globally available short range radio frequency. Bluetooth - Introduction. Bluetooth is a radio standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 10 centimetres, 10 metres, 100 met ...

Including:

• Bluetooth - Introduction
• Bluetooth - Bluetooth applications
• Bluetooth - Specifications and Features
• Bluetooth - Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B
• Bluetooth - Bluetooth 1.1
• Bluetooth - Bluetooth 1.2
• Bluetooth - Bluetooth 2.0
• Bluetooth - The Future of Bluetooth
• Bluetooth - Technical information
• Bluetooth - Communication & Connection
• Bluetooth - Setting up connections
• Bluetooth - Pairing
• Bluetooth - Air interface
• Bluetooth - Security
• Bluetooth - Security measures
• Bluetooth - Security concerns
• Bluetooth - Bluetooth profiles
• Bluetooth - Future of Bluetooth
• Bluetooth - Origin of the name and the logo
• Bluetooth - Bluetooth Consortium
• Bluetooth - Competing Technologies

Read more here: » Bluetooth: Encyclopedia - Bluetooth

Computer security is a field of computer science concerned with the control of risks related to computer use. The means traditionally taken to realize this objective is to attempt to create a secure computing platform, designed so that agents (users or programs) can only perform actions that have been allowed. This involves specifying and implementing a security policy. The actions in question can be reduced to operations of access, modification and deletion. Computer security can be seen as a subfield of security engine ...

Including:

• Computer security - Computer security by design
• Computer security - Early history of security by design
• Computer security - Techniques for creating secure systems
• Computer security - Capabilities vs. ACLs
• Computer security - Other uses of the term trusted
• Computer security - Notable persons in computer security

Read more here: » Computer security: Encyclopedia - Computer security

A security protocol (or cryptographic protocol) is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods. Cryptographic protocols are widely used for secure application-level data transport. A cryptographic protocol usually incorporates at least some of these aspects: Key agreement or establishment Entity authentication Symmetric encryption and message authentication material construction Secured application ...

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Cryptography is the field concerned with linguistic and mathematical techniques for securing information, particularly in communications. Historically, cryptography was concerned solely with encryption; that is, means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge. Encryption was used primarily to ensure secrecy in important communications, such as those of spies, military leaders, and diplomats. In recent decades, however, the fie ...

Including:

• Cryptography - Terminology
• Cryptography - Cryptanalysis
• Cryptography - History of cryptography
• Cryptography - Secure communications
• Cryptography - Symmetric key cryptography
• Cryptography - Public key cryptography
• Cryptography - Other topics

Read more here: » Cryptography: Encyclopedia - Cryptography

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a cipher (a method for encrypting information) selected as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1976, and which has subsequently enjoyed widespread use internationally. The algorithm was initially controversial, with classified design elements, a relatively short key length, and suspicions about a National Security Agency (NSA) backdoor. DES consequently came under intense academic scrutiny, and motivated the ...

Including:

• Data Encryption Standard - History of DES
• Data Encryption Standard - NSA's involvement in the design
• Data Encryption Standard - The algorithm as a standard
• Data Encryption Standard - Chronology
• Data Encryption Standard - Replacement algorithms
• Data Encryption Standard - Description
• Data Encryption Standard - Overall structure
• Data Encryption Standard - The Feistel F function
• Data Encryption Standard - Key schedule
• Data Encryption Standard - Security and cryptanalysis
• Data Encryption Standard - Brute force attack
• Data Encryption Standard - Attacks faster than brute-force
• Data Encryption Standard - Minor cryptanalytic properties

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A key is a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm. In encryption, a key specifies the particular transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, or vice versa during decryption. Keys are also used in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and keyed-hash functions (also known as MACs), often used for authentication. For a well-designed algorithm, enciphering the same plaintext but with a different key should produce a totally different ciphertext. Similarly, decryptin ...

Including:

• Key cryptography - Need for secrecy
• Key cryptography - Key sizes
• Key cryptography - Key choice

Read more here: » Key cryptography: Encyclopedia - Key cryptography

In cryptography, a cryptographic hash function is a hash function with certain additional security properties to make it suitable for use as a primitive in various information security applications, such as authentication and message integrity. A hash function takes a long string (or message) of any length as input and produces a fixed length string as output, sometimes termed a message digest or a digital fingerprint. In various standards and applications, the two most-commonly used hash functions are MD5 and SHA ...

Including:

• Cryptographic hash function - Overview
• Cryptographic hash function - Related algorithms
• Cryptographic hash function - Cryptographic properties
• Cryptographic hash function - Applications of hash functions
• Cryptographic hash function - Merkle-Damgård hash functions
• Cryptographic hash function - List of cryptographic hash functions

Read more here: » Cryptographic hash function: Encyclopedia - Cryptographic hash function

Many current computer systems have a very poor level of computer security. This computer insecurity article describes the current battlefield of computer security exploits and defenses. Please see the computer security article for an alternative approach, based on security engineering principles. Computer insecurity - Security and systems design. Most current real-world computer security efforts focus on external threats, and generally treat the computer system itself as a trusted system. Some knowledgeable ...

Including:

• Computer insecurity - Security and systems design
• Computer insecurity - Financial cost
• Computer insecurity - Reasons
• Computer insecurity - Vulnerabilities
• Computer insecurity - Code exploits
• Computer insecurity - Eavesdropping
• Computer insecurity - Social engineering and human error
• Computer insecurity - Denial of service attacks
• Computer insecurity - Indirect attacks
• Computer insecurity - Backdoors
• Computer insecurity - Direct access attacks
• Computer insecurity - Reducing vulnerabilities
• Computer insecurity - Security measures
• Computer insecurity - Difficulty with response
• Computer insecurity - Further reading

Read more here: » Computer insecurity: Encyclopedia - Computer insecurity

Randomness has many uses in gambling, divination, statistics, cryptography, art, etc. Note that these uses may have different requirements when it comes to statistical randomness or unpredictability, which in turn leads to different randomization methods. For example, applications in cryptography have strict requirements, whereas other uses (such as generating a "quote of the day") don't need more than "shallow" randomness. Applications of randomness - Early uses. Applications of randomness - ...

Including:

• Applications of randomness - Early uses
• Applications of randomness - Games
• Applications of randomness - Divination
• Applications of randomness - Science
• Applications of randomness - Statistical sampling
• Applications of randomness - Analysis
• Applications of randomness - Simulation
• Applications of randomness - Cryptography
• Applications of randomness - Literature music and art
• Applications of randomness - Other uses

Read more here: » Applications of randomness: Encyclopedia - Applications of randomness

Even though most classes in an object-oriented programming model will perform a single, specific function, they often share common, secondary requirements with other classes. These secondary requirements are said to cross-cut into the primary requirements. For example, a typical application comprises cross cutting concerns like logging within the data access layer and also in the user interface layer whenever a thread enters or exits a method. Even though the primary functionality of each class is very different, the code needed to pe ...

Including:

• Cross Cutting - Cross cutting
• Cross Cutting - Example code

Read more here: » Cross Cutting: Encyclopedia - Cross Cutting