Aurelian

Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (September 9, 214–275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful "soldier-emperors" who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. During his reign, the Empire was reunited in its entirety, following 15 years of rebellion, the loss of two-thirds of its territory to usurpers and devastating barbarian invasions. His success brought an end to the Empire's Crisis of the ...

Including:

• Aurelian - Rise to power
• Aurelian - Against the Germans
• Aurelian - Against the Palmyrene Empire
• Aurelian - Against the Gallic Empire
• Aurelian - Death
• Aurelian - Sources

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Aurelian - Reunification of the Empire. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern part of Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians, expelling them from Roman territory and earning the title of Germanicus Maximus. The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several usurpers — Septimius, Urbanus, Domitianus —, who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the Empire and the overhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, ...

See also:

Aurelian, Aurelian - Rise to power, Aurelian - Conqueror and reformer, Aurelian - Reunification of the Empire, Aurelian - Reformations, Aurelian - Death

Read more here: » Aurelian: Encyclopedia II - Aurelian - Conqueror and reformer

Born to an obscure provincial family in Sirmium (city in Pannonia), his career began during the reign of emperor Valerian, when he earned a consulship. Later on, he served as a general in several wars, and his success ultimately made him the right-hand man and cavalry commander of the army of Emperor Gallienus. In 268, his cavalry routed the powerful cavalry force of the Goths at the battle of Naissus and broke the back of the most fearsome i ...

See also:

Aurelian, Aurelian - Rise to power, Aurelian - Against the Germans, Aurelian - Against the Palmyrene Empire, Aurelian - Against the Gallic Empire, Aurelian - Death, Aurelian - Sources

Read more here: » Aurelian: Encyclopedia II - Aurelian - Rise to power

Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" ) is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by the three simultaneous crises of external invasion, internal civil war and economic collapse. The changes in the institutions, society, economic life and eventually religion were so profound and fundamental, the "Crisis of the Third Century" is increasingly seen as the watershed marking the difference between the classic ...

Including:

• Crisis of the Third Century - History
• Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia - Crisis of the Third Century

Internally the empire faced runaway hyperinflation caused by years of coinage devaluation. This had started earlier under the Severan emperors who enlarged the army by one quarter and doubled the base pay. As each of the short-lived emperors took power they needed ways to raise money quickly to pay the military's "acession bonus" and the easiest way to do so was by simply cutting the silver in coins with less valuable metals. This had the predictable effect of causing runaway inflation and by the time Diocletian came to power the old coinage ...

See also:

Crisis of the Third Century, Crisis of the Third Century - History, Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia II - Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

The Carnutes (Latin Carnuti), a powerful Celtic people in the heart of independent Gaul, dwelled in a particularly extensive territory between the Sequana (Seine) and the Liger (Loire) rivers. Their lands later corresponded to the dioceses of Chartres, Orleans and Blois, that is, the greater part of the modern departments of Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher. The territory of the Carnutes had the reputation among Roman observers of being the political and religious center of the Gallic nations. The chief fortified towns were < ...

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Zenobia (or Xenobia) is the name commonly used for the daughter of (= "bat" or "bath") Zabaai ben Selim, an Arab chieftain. The widow of Septimius Odenathus, she reigned as Queen of Palmyra from 267 to 272 as regent for her infant son Vaballathus. Something of a militant, she embarked on a campaign of conquests that eventually saw her as the ruler of much of Syria and Asia Minor. Her professed goal was to defend the Eastern portion of ...

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Aegyptus was, in ancient geography, a province of the Roman Empire, encompassing most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai Peninsula. Both the provinces of Cyrenaica to the west and Arabia to the east bordered Aegyptus. The area originally came under Roman rule in 30BC, and served as a major producer of grain for the empire. Aegyptus Province - Roman conquest of Egypt. In 30 BC, following the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became part of the Roman Empire as the imperial province of Aegyptus, g ...

Including:

• Aegyptus Province - Roman conquest of Egypt
• Aegyptus Province - Roman rule in Egypt

Read more here: » Aegyptus Province: Encyclopedia - Aegyptus Province

Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of Timiş, Caraş-Severin, Arad, and Mehedinţi), the western part to Serbia-Montenegro (the Serbian Banat, mostly included in the Vojvodina, except for a small part included in Central Serbia), and a small ...

Including:

• Banat - Name
• Banat - Geography
• Banat - Romanian Banat
• Banat - Serbian Banat
• Banat - Hungarian Banat
• Banat - History
• Banat - Symbols
• Banat - Cities

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The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the loosely-termed Germanic peoples who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. After the collapse of the western Roman Empire the Visigoths played a major role in western European affairs for another two and a half centuries. Visigoth - Visigoths as Tervingi. The naming of this people is problematic. Some time shortly after 291 Mamertinus made a eulogy of Em ...

Including:

• Visigoth - Visigoths as Tervingi
• Visigoth - Early history
• Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Aquitaine
• Visigoth - Visigothic Kingdom in Iberia
• Visigoth - Kings of the Visigoths
• Visigoth - Early kings
• Visigoth - Balti dynasty
• Visigoth - Later kings
• Visigoth - Doubtful kings
• Visigoth - Select bibliography

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Tyana was an ancient city of Anatolia, in modern south-eastern Turkey. The ruins of Tyana are at Kemerhisar, three miles south of Nigde; there are remains of a Roman aqueduct and of cave cemetries. The surrounding plain was known as Tyanitis. It was in a strategic position on the road to Syria via the Cilician Gates. It is the reputed birthplace of Apollonius of Tyana. Tyana is probably the city referred to in Hittite archives as Tuwanuwa. In Greek legend the city was first called Thoana, because Thoas, a Thracian ...

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The troubles began in 235, when the emperor Alexander Severus was murdered by soldiers at the age of 27 after Roman legions were defeated in a campaign against Persia. As general after general squabbled over control of the empire, the frontiers were neglected and subjected to frequent raids by Carpians, Goths, Vandals and Alamanni, and outright attacks from Sassanids in the east. Finally, by 258, the attacks were coming from within, when the Empire broke up in to three separate competing states. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain an ...

See also:

Crisis of the Third Century, Crisis of the Third Century - History, Crisis of the Third Century - Economic Impact

Read more here: » Crisis of the Third Century: Encyclopedia II - Crisis of the Third Century - History

The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian Calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church. It is based on the Ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the Ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted in the intercalation of a 6th epagomenal day every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus formally reformed t ...

Including:

• Coptic calendar - The Coptic year
• Coptic calendar - The date of Christmas
• Coptic calendar - The date of Easter
• Coptic calendar - Coptic months

Read more here: » Coptic calendar: Encyclopedia - Coptic calendar

Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (Latin: IMP CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS ¹) (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Orthodox Christians) Saint Constantine, was proclaimed Augustus by his troops on July 25, 306 and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of Byzantium (modern Istanbul) as "Nova Roma" (New Rome) or Constantinople (Const ...

Including:

• Constantine I emperor - Early life
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine and Christianity
• Constantine I emperor - Persian reaction
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine's life and actions after the Edict of Milan
• Constantine I emperor - Later life
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine's legal standards
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine's courts and appointees
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine's legacy
• Constantine I emperor - Legend and Donation of Constantine
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia
• Constantine I emperor - Notes
• Constantine I emperor - References and further reading

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Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothicus (May 10, 213/214 - January, 270), more often referred to as Claudius II, ruled the Roman Empire for less than two years (268 - 270), but during that brief time, he was so successful and beloved by the people of Rome that he attained divine status. His origin is uncertain. Claudius was either from the Sirmium region (in Pannonia Inferior) or from Dardania (in Moesia Superior). Claudius was the commander of the Roman army that defeated decisively the Goths at the battle of Naissus, in Sept ...

Including:

• Claudius II - Claudius as Emperor
• Claudius II - Death of St. Valentine

Read more here: » Claudius II: Encyclopedia - Claudius II

The Western Roman Empire is the name given to the western half of the Roman Empire after its division by Diocletian in 286 AD. It would exist intermittently in several periods between the 3rd Century and the 5th Century, after Diocletian's Tetrarchy and the reunifications associated with Constantine the Great. Theodosius the Great was the last Roman Emperor who ruled both east and west, and he died in 395 AD. After him the Roman Empire was definitably divided and the Western Roman Empire ended with the abdication of Romulus Augustus under pressur ...

Including:

• Western Roman Empire - Early Cultural Differences and Divisions between East and West
• Western Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences
• Western Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century
• Western Roman Empire - The Tetrarchies and the Constantine Dynasty
• Western Roman Empire - Economic stagnation in the West
• Western Roman Empire - Constantine the Great
• Western Roman Empire - Reunification Eastern focus and re-division
• Western Roman Empire - The origins of the theological Great East-West Schism
• Western Roman Empire - Permanent division
• Western Roman Empire - Economic factors
• Western Roman Empire - Fall of Rome
• Western Roman Empire - Byzantine reconquest
• Western Roman Empire - The legacy and the final conquest of Rome
• Western Roman Empire - List of western Roman emperors

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Mithraism (in Persian: مهرپرستی) was an ancient mystery religion prominent from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. It was based on worship of the god Mithras and derives from the Persian and Indic god Mithra and other Zoroastrian deities. Mithras was known throughout Europe and Asia by the names Mithra, Mitra, Meitros, Mihr, Mehr, and Meher. The veneration of this God began about 4000 years ago in Persia, where ...

Including:

• Mithraism - Principles of Mithraism
• Mithraism - The mithraeum
• Mithraism - Mithraic ranks
• Mithraism - The iconography of Mithraism
• Mithraism - History of Mithraism
• Mithraism - Mithraism In Persia Iran
• Mithraism - Mithraism in early Rome
• Mithraism - Mithraism in the Roman Empire
• Mithraism - The demise of Mithraism
• Mithraism - Connections
• Mithraism - Parallels to Christianity
• Mithraism - Mithraic studies
• Mithraism - Places to see

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The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were an alliance of warbands formed from Germanic tribes, first mentioned by Dio Cassius when they fought Caracalla in 213. They apparently dwelt in the basin of the Main, to the south of the Chatti. Alamanni - Tribal connections. The Alamanni emerged from the Irminones. According to Asinius Quadratus their name —"all men"—indicates that they were a conglomeration of various tribes formed into warbands, similar to the contemporary Huns. Another source < ...

Including:

• Alamanni - Tribal connections
• Alamanni - Conflicts with the Roman Empire
• Alamanni - List of battles between Romans and Alamanni
• Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks
• Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers
• Alamanni - Christianization
• Alamanni - Modern Alemanni

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274 - Events. December 25 - Roman emperor Aurelianus has a temple dedicated to Sol Invictus on the supposed day of the solstice and day of rebirth of the Sun. The Gallic Empire (Gaul and Britain) is reconquered by Roman Emperor Aurelian. Germanic Peoples take advantage of the destroyed Roman armies of the Rhine. They pillage and depopulate large areas of Gaul, including Paris. The Rhine border is lost for 20 years. Franks live in the area of present southern Netherlands, nort ...

Including:

• 274 - Events
• 274 - Births
• 274 - Deaths

Read more here: » 274: Encyclopedia - 274

275 - Events. Eutychian elected pope (probable date) September 25 - Marcus Claudius Tacitus appointed emperor by the senate 275 - Births. Eusebius of Caesarea (approximate date) Saint George, soldier of the Roman Empire and later Christian martyr (or 280, approximate date). 275 - Deaths. Aurelian, Roman Emperor Mani, founder of Manichaeism (approximate date)