The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. On its path from the outside world to the forebrain, sound information is preserved and modified in many ways. It changes media twice, first from air to fluid, then from fluid to action potentials. Auditory system - Ear. See Main Article Ear Auditory system - Outer ear. The folds of cartilage that comprise the lay conception of the ear are called the pinna. Sound waves change when they hit t ...

Including:

• Auditory system - Ear
• Auditory system - Outer ear
• Auditory system - Middle ear
• Auditory system - Inner ear
• Auditory system - Hair cell
• Auditory system - Neuron to hair relationship
• Auditory system - Neural audition circuit
• Auditory system - Overview
• Auditory system - The cochlear nucleus
• Auditory system - Superior Olivary Complex
• Auditory system - Inferior Colliculus
• Auditory system - Medial Geniculate Nucleus
• Auditory system - Primary Auditory Cortex
• Auditory system - Bibliography
• Auditory system - See Also

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Auditory system - Overview. This sound information, now re-encoded, travels down the auditory nerve, through parts of the brainstem (for example, the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus), further processed at each waypoint. The information eventually reaches the thalamus, and from there it is relayed to the cortex. In the human brain, the primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe. See also:

Auditory system, Auditory system - Ear, Auditory system - Outer ear, Auditory system - Middle ear, Auditory system - Inner ear, Auditory system - Hair cell, Auditory system - Neuron to hair relationship, Auditory system - Neural audition circuit, Auditory system - Overview, Auditory system - The cochlear nucleus, Auditory system - Superior Olivary Complex, Auditory system - Inferior Colliculus, Auditory system - Medial Geniculate Nucleus, Auditory system - Primary Auditory Cortex, Auditory system - Bibliography, Auditory system - See Also

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Humans can hear the direction of the source of a sound, sometimes with surprising accuracy. Two mechanisms are known to be used. The nervous system can resolve time differences as small as the time it takes sound to pass one ear and reach the other. For high frequencies, frequencies with a wavelength shorter than the listener's head, more sound reaches the nearer ear. Neither of these mechanisms work as well in water, in which the speed of sound is faster than in air. The arrival time of a sound to ...

See also:

Hearing sense, Hearing sense - Localization of sound, Hearing sense - From the ear to the primary auditory cortex

Read more here: » Hearing sense: Encyclopedia II - Hearing sense - Localization of sound

Humans can hear the direction of the source of a sound, sometimes with surprising accuracy. Two mechanisms are known to be used. The nervous system can resolve time differences as small as the time it takes sound to pass one ear and reach the other. For high frequencies, frequencies with a wavelength shorter than the listener's head, more sound reaches the nearer ear. Neither of these mechanisms work as well in wa ...

See also:

Hearing sense, Hearing sense - Localization of Sound, Hearing sense - From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex

Read more here: » Hearing sense: Encyclopedia II - Hearing sense - Localization of Sound

In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. In most animals, the brain is located in the head close to the primary sensory apparatus and the mouth. While all vertebrate nervous systems have a brain, invertebrate nervous systems may have either a centralized brain or collections of individual ganglia. The brain is an extremely complex organ; for example, the human brain is a collection of 100 billion neurons, each linked with up to 25,000 others [1]. T ...

Including:

• Brain - Mind and brain
• Brain - History
• Brain - Modern neuroscience
• Brain - Comparative anatomy
• Brain - Invertebrates
• Brain - Vertebrates
• Brain - Neurobiology
• Brain - Histology
• Brain - Function
• Brain - Brain pathology
• Brain - The study of the brain
• Brain - Fields of study
• Brain - Methods of observation
• Brain - Other matters
• Brain - Brain as food

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The acoustic reflex (or stapedius reflex) is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear of mammals in response to high-intensity sound stimuli. When presented with a high-intensity sound stimulus, the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles of the ossicles contract. The stapedius pulls the stapes (stirrup) of the middle ear away from the oval window of the cochlea and the tensor tympani muscle pulls the malleus (hammer) away from ear drum. The reflex decreases the transmission of vibrational energy to t ...

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Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and similar mollusks), and the craniates (vertebrates)[6]. The brain of arthropods and cephalopods arises from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. In arthropods, the brain consists of a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing^{See also:}

Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Brain - The brain in animals. Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and similar mollusks), and the craniates (vertebrates and their cousins) [1]. The brain of arthropods and cephalopods arises from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. In arthropods, the brain consists of a central ...

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Brain, Brain - The importance of the brain, Brain - The brain in animals, Brain - Pathology of the brain, Brain - Other matters, Brain - The biology of the brain, Brain - Histology, Brain - Anatomy, Brain - Brain regions in vertebrates, Brain - Function, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - History, Brain - The brain as a food

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Despite the variance of the species in which the brain is found there are many common features in its cellular make-up, its structure, and its function. On a cellular level the brain is composed of two classes of cells, neurons and glia, both of which contain several different cell types which perform different functions. Interconnected neurons form neural networks (or neural ensembles). These networks are similar to man-made electrical circuits in that they contain circuit elements (neurons) connected by biological wires (nerve fibers). The ...

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Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in gravy can be purchased for consumption as food. The form of brain is often fried with scrambled eggs to produce the famous "Eggs n' Brains".[18] The brain of animals also features in French cuisine such as in the dish [tête de veau], or head of calf. Although it might consist only of the outer meat of the sk ...

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Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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A distinction is sometimes made in the philosophy of mind between the mind and brain. The brain is defined as the physical, biological matter contained within the head, responsible for all electrochemical neuronal processes. The mind, however, exists as something outside of the brain. The mind is sometimes thought of as consciousness, the soul, or some other non-physical center of thought. The inability to determine what consciousness is has led to the mind-body problem. Some philosophers such as strong AI theorists believe that the mind is analogous to comp ...

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Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Brain - Fields of study. Several areas of science specifically study the brain. Neuroscience seeks to understand the nervous system, including the brain, from a biological and computational perspective. Psychology seeks to understand behavior and the brain. The terms neurology and psychiatry usually refer to medical applications of neuroscience and psychology respectively. Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain, such as computer science (artificial ...

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Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Ancient Greeks had differing views on the function of the brain. Hippocrates believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence. Aristotle believed that the brain was a cooling mechanism for the blood while the heart was the seat of intelligence. He reasoned that humans are more rational than the beasts because they have a proportionally larger brain to cool their hot-bloodedness ^{See also:}

Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in gravy can be purchased for consumption as food. The form of brain is often fried with scrambled eggs to produce the famous "Eggs n' Brains"[12]. The brain of animals also features in French cuisine such as in the dish [tête de veau], or head of calf. Although it might consist only of the outer meat of the sk ...

See also:

Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia II - Brain - Brain as food

A distinction is sometimes made in the philosophy of mind between the mind and brain. The brain is defined as the physical, biological [[for all electrochemical neuronal processes. The mind, however, exits as something outside of the brain. The mind is sometimes thought of as consciousness, the soul, or some other non-physical center of thought. The inability to determine what consciousness is has led to the mind-body problem. Some philosophers such as strong AI theorists believe that the mind is analogous to comp ...

See also:

Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia II - Brain - Mind and brain

Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in gravy can be purchased for consumption as food. This form of brain is often fried with scrambled egg to produce the famous "Eggs n' Brains"[11]. The brain of animals also features in the cuisine of France such as in the dish tête de veau, or head of calf. Although it might consist only of the outer meat of the skul ...

See also:

Brain, Brain - The importance of the brain, Brain - The brain in animals, Brain - Pathology of the brain, Brain - Other matters, Brain - The biology of the brain, Brain - Histology, Brain - Anatomy, Brain - Brain regions in vertebrates, Brain - Function, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - History, Brain - The brain as a food

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Despite the variance of the species in which the brain is found there are many common features in its cellular make-up, its structure and its function. On a cellular level, the brain is composed of two classes of cell, neurons and glia, both of which contain several different cell types which perform different functions. Interconnected neurons form neural networks (or neural ensembles). These networks are similar to man-made electrical circuits in that they contain circuit elements (neurons) connected by biological wires (nerve fibers). Of c ...

See also:

Brain, Brain - The importance of the brain, Brain - The brain in animals, Brain - Pathology of the brain, Brain - Other matters, Brain - The biology of the brain, Brain - Histology, Brain - Anatomy, Brain - Brain regions in vertebrates, Brain - Function, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - History, Brain - The brain as a food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia II - Brain - The biology of the brain

See Main Article Ear Auditory system - Outer ear. The folds of cartilage that comprise the lay conception of the ear are called the pinna. Sound waves change when they hit the pinna (as when they hit anything), and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the direction from which the sounds came. The sound waves enter the ear canal, a simple tube (but one which amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz). At the far end of the ear canal is the eardrum, which marks the beginning of the middle ear. < ...

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Auditory system, Auditory system - Ear, Auditory system - Outer ear, Auditory system - Middle ear, Auditory system - Inner ear, Auditory system - Hair cell, Auditory system - Neuron to hair relationship, Auditory system - Neural audition circuit, Auditory system - Overview, Auditory system - The cochlear nucleus, Auditory system - Superior Olivary Complex, Auditory system - Inferior Colliculus, Auditory system - Medial Geniculate Nucleus, Auditory system - Primary Auditory Cortex, Auditory system - Bibliography, Auditory system - See Also

Read more here: » Auditory system: Encyclopedia II - Auditory system - Ear

1) Golding, NL et al. Recordings from slices indicate that octopus cells of the cochlear nucleus detect coincident firing of auditory nerve fibers with temporal precision. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 3138-3153, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience 2) Kandel, et al Principles of Neuroscience. Fourth ed. pp 591-624. Copyright 2000, by McGraw-Hill Co. 3) Oliver, Douglas L. et al. Topography of Interaural Temporal Disparity Coding in Projections of Medial Superior Olive to Inferior Colliculus. The Journal of ...

See also:

Auditory system, Auditory system - Ear, Auditory system - Outer ear, Auditory system - Middle ear, Auditory system - Inner ear, Auditory system - Hair cell, Auditory system - Neuron to hair relationship, Auditory system - Neural audition circuit, Auditory system - Overview, Auditory system - The cochlear nucleus, Auditory system - Superior Olivary Complex, Auditory system - Inferior Colliculus, Auditory system - Medial Geniculate Nucleus, Auditory system - Primary Auditory Cortex, Auditory system - Bibliography, Auditory system - See Also

Read more here: » Auditory system: Encyclopedia II - Auditory system - Bibliography