Audita tremendi

Audita tremendi was a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory VIII on October 29, 1187, calling for the Third Crusade. It was issued just days after Gregory had succeeded Urban III as pope, in response to the defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin on July 4 of 1187. Jerusalem itself had fallen to Saladin on October 2 (see Siege of Jerusalem), but news of this had not yet reached Europe by ...

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1187 - Events. May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. September 20 - October 2 - Siege of Jerusalem - Saladin captures Jerusalem. October 29 - Pope Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi, proposing the Third Crusade. Alexis Branas attempts to seize Constantinople in defiance of his master Isaac II Angelus. Cathedral of St. Jacob consecrated in Szc ...

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• 1187 - Events
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A Papal bull is a special kind of patent or charter issued by a pope and named for the seal (bulla) that was appended to the end to authenticate it. Papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature, but after the 15th century, only for the more formal or solemn of occasions. Modern scholars have retroactively used the term "bull" to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of a decree or privilege (solemn or simple), and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter. Popularly, the name is used f ...

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• Papal bull - Format
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Some of the refugees went first to Tripoli, where they were denied entrance and were robbed of their possessions which they had taken with them from Jerusalem. Many of them went on to Antioch, Cilicia, and Byzantium. Other refugees went to Egypt, and were permitted to board Italian ships heading for Europe. Saladin permitted Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem, and allowed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to remain in Christian hands. To solidify Muslim claims to Jerusalem, many holy sites, including what would come to be known as Al-A ...

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Siege of Jerusalem 1187, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Background, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Situation in Jerusalem, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - The siege, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Negotiations between Balian and Saladin, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Surrender of the city, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Aftermath, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - In fiction, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Sources

Read more here: » Siege of Jerusalem 1187: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Aftermath

The Muslims captured the royal tent of King Guy, as well as the True Cross, after the Bishop of Acre was killed in the fighting. Prisoners included Guy, his brother Amalric, Raynald, William III of Montferrat, Gerard, Humphrey IV of Toron, Hugh of Jubail, and many others. Perhaps only as few as 3,000 Christians escaped the defeat, including Raymond, Joscelin, Balian, and Reginald of Sidon, who had trampled their own men while retreating. The exhausted captives were brought to Saladin's tent, where Guy was given a goblet of iced water as a si ...

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Battle of Hattin, Battle of Hattin - Location, Battle of Hattin - Background, Battle of Hattin - Siege of Tiberias, Battle of Hattin - The battle, Battle of Hattin - Aftermath, Battle of Hattin - Legends and fiction, Battle of Hattin - Sources

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According to the chronicler Ernoul, news of the defeat caused Pope Urban III to die of shock. The battle, and much of the background of the conflict, is depicted in the novel The Brethren by Sir Henry Rider Haggard. Although the battle itself was not shown, the aftermath, including the execution of Raynald, was depicted in the 2005 movie Kingdom of Heaven. ...

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Battle of Hattin, Battle of Hattin - Location, Battle of Hattin - Background, Battle of Hattin - Siege of Tiberias, Battle of Hattin - The battle, Battle of Hattin - Aftermath, Battle of Hattin - Legends and fiction, Battle of Hattin - Sources

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Saladin had assembled his own army at Raymond's fortress of Tiberias. When Raymond reconciled with Guy, this assembly turned into a siege, and the town fell on July 2. Raymond's wife Eschiva was besieged in the citadel. Raymond and Guy met at Acre with the bulk of the crusader army, which consisted of 1200 knights, possibly as many as 20,000 foot soldiers, and a large number of mercenaries (including Turcopoles and other Muslims) hired with money donated to the kingdom by Henry II of England. Muslim sources claim that the crusaders had over ...

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Battle of Hattin, Battle of Hattin - Location, Battle of Hattin - Background, Battle of Hattin - Siege of Tiberias, Battle of Hattin - The battle, Battle of Hattin - Aftermath, Battle of Hattin - Legends and fiction, Battle of Hattin - Sources

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In Tyre, Balian of Ibelin, lord of Ramla and Nablus and the highest ranking noble to escape the defeat at Hattin, had asked Saladin for safe passage to Jerusalem in order to retrieve his wife Maria Comnena and their family. Saladin granted his request, provided that Balian not take up arms against him and not remain in Jerusalem for more than one day. However, upon arrival in the holy city, Patriarch Heraclius, Queen Sibylla, and the rest of the inhabitants begged him to take charge of the defense of the city. Heraclius, who argued that a Christian could not make an oath t ...

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Siege of Jerusalem 1187, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Background, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Situation in Jerusalem, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - The siege, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Negotiations between Balian and Saladin, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Surrender of the city, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Aftermath, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - In fiction, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Sources

Read more here: » Siege of Jerusalem 1187: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Situation in Jerusalem

In terms of content, the bull is simply the format in which a decree of the pope appears. Any subject may be treated in a bull, and many were and are, including statutory decrees, episcopal appointments, dispensations, excommunications, apostolic constitutions, canonizations and convocations. The bull was the exclusive letter format from the Vatican until the 14th century, when the Papal brief began to appear. The Papal brief is the less formal form of papal communication and is authenticated with a wax impression (now a red ink impression) ...

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Papal bull, Papal bull - Format, Papal bull - Content, Papal bull - Examples of papal bulls

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Guy of Lusignan became king of Jerusalem in 1186, in right of his wife Sibylla, after the death of Sibylla's son (and Guy's stepson) Baldwin V. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was at this time divided between the "court faction" of Guy, Sibylla, and relative newcomers to the kingdom such as Raynald of Chatillon, as well as Gerard of Ridefort and the Knights Templar; and the "nobles’ faction", led by Raymond III of Tripoli, who had been regent for the child-king Baldwin V and had opposed the succession of Guy. Raymond left Jerusalem for Tripoli. T ...

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Battle of Hattin, Battle of Hattin - Location, Battle of Hattin - Background, Battle of Hattin - Siege of Tiberias, Battle of Hattin - The battle, Battle of Hattin - Aftermath, Battle of Hattin - Legends and fiction, Battle of Hattin - Sources

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The bull's format began with one-line in tall elongated letters containing three elements: the pope's name, the pope's title (episcopus servus servorum Dei), and a phrase indicative of the bull's purpose for record keeping purposes (the incipit), from which the bull would also take its name. The body of the text had no special formatting and was often very simple in layout. The closing section consisted of a short datum, mentioning the place it was issued, the day of the month and the year of the pope's pontificati ...

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Papal bull, Papal bull - Format, Papal bull - Content, Papal bull - Examples of papal bulls

Read more here: » Papal bull: Encyclopedia II - Papal bull - Format

Negotiations were carried out between Saladin and Balian, through the mediation of the Yusuf Batit, one of the Eastern Orthodox clergy, who had been largely suppressed under Latin Christian rule and knew that they would have more freedoms if the city were returned to the Muslims. Saladin preferred to take the city without bloodshed, but those inside refused to leave their holy city, vowing to destroy it in a fight to the death rather than ...

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Siege of Jerusalem 1187, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Background, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Situation in Jerusalem, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - The siege, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Negotiations between Balian and Saladin, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Surrender of the city, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Aftermath, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - In fiction, Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - Sources

Read more here: » Siege of Jerusalem 1187: Encyclopedia II - Siege of Jerusalem 1187 - The siege

The crusaders began their march from Sephoria on July 3, with Raymond leading the vanguard, Guy the main army, and Balian, Raynald, and the military orders the rearguard. They were almost immediately under harassment from the Muslim skirmishers on horseback. By noon on that day Saladin had joined his forces at Cafarsett and sent his army to engage the exhausted and depleted Crusaders. The rearguard was forced to a halt by continuous attacks, thus halting the whole army. The crusaders, after a day with no fresh water, were forced to make camp in the middle of the plain, surrounded by the Muslim army. Saladin's forces set fire ...

See also:

Battle of Hattin, Battle of Hattin - Location, Battle of Hattin - Background, Battle of Hattin - Siege of Tiberias, Battle of Hattin - The battle, Battle of Hattin - Aftermath, Battle of Hattin - Legends and fiction, Battle of Hattin - Sources

Read more here: » Battle of Hattin: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Hattin - The battle

The bull's format began with one-line in tall elongated letters containing three elements: the pope's name, the pope's title (episcopus servus servorum Dei), and a phrase indicative of the bull's purpose for record keeping purposes (the incipit), from which the bull would also take its name. The body of the text had no special formating and was often very simple in layout. The closing section consisted of a short datum, mentioning the place it was issued, the day of the month and the year of the pope's pontificati ...

See also:

Papal bull, Papal bull - Format, Papal bull - Content, Papal bull - Examples of papal bulls

Read more here: » Papal bull: Encyclopedia II - Papal bull - Format

See also:

Papal bull, Papal bull - Format, Papal bull - Content, Papal bull - Examples of papal bulls

Read more here: » Papal bull: Encyclopedia II - Papal bull - Content