The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded sound from the 1870s through the 1980s. Phonograph - Terminology. Usage of these terms is somewhat different in American English and British English; see usage note below. In more modern usage, this device is often called a turntable or record player. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the alternative term talking machine was sometimes used. The phonograph was the first device for recording and r ...

Including:

• Phonograph - Terminology
• Phonograph - History
• Phonograph - The phonautograph
• Phonograph - Phonograph theory
• Phonograph - The first phonograph
• Phonograph - British and American and Australian language usage differences
• Phonograph - Disc versus cylinder as a recording medium
• Phonograph - The dominance of the disc phonograph
• Phonograph - Turntable technology
• Phonograph - Turntable construction
• Phonograph - Turntable drive systems
• Phonograph - Pickup systems
• Phonograph - Arm systems
• Phonograph - Front-loading systems
• Phonograph - The phonograph in the 21st century

Read more here: » Phonograph: Encyclopedia - Phonograph

A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by any natural or 'wild' strain of the organism. The term derives from vaccinia, the infectious viral agent of cowpox ("vaca" means cow in Latin), which, when administered to humans, provided them protection against smallpox. The process of distributing and administ ...

Including:

• Vaccine - Origin of vaccines
• Vaccine - Types of vaccines
• Vaccine - Developing immunity
• Vaccine - Controversy surrounding the use of vaccines
• Vaccine - Potential for adverse side effects in general
• Vaccine - Efficacy of vaccines
• Vaccine - Economics of vaccine development
• Vaccine - Preservatives

Read more here: » Vaccine: Encyclopedia - Vaccine

(332,950 Earths) (27.9 g) The Sun (or Sol) is the star at the center of our Solar system. Earth orbits the Sun, as do many other bodies, including other planets, asteroids, meteoroids, comets and dust. Its heat and light support almost all life on Earth. The Sun is a ball of plasma with a mass of about 2×1030 kg, which is somewhat higher than that of an average star. About 74% of its mass is hydrogen, with 25% helium and the rest made up of trace quantities of heavier elements. It is thou ...

Including:

• Sun - General information
• Sun - Structure
• Sun - Core
• Sun - Radiation zone
• Sun - Convection zone
• Sun - Photosphere
• Sun - Temperature minimum
• Sun - Chromosphere
• Sun - Corona
• Sun - Theoretical problems
• Sun - Solar neutrino problem
• Sun - Coronal heating problem
• Sun - Faint young sun problem
• Sun - Magnetic field
• Sun - Position of the Sun through the year
• Sun - Solar space missions
• Sun - History and future of the Sun
• Sun - Human understanding of the Sun
• Sun - The Sun as a power source
• Sun - Sun and eye damage

Read more here: » Sun: Encyclopedia - Sun

Vaccination is a term coined by Edward Jenner for the process of administering live, albeit weakened, microbes to patients, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows: the cowpox virus, a relatively benign virus that, in its weakened form, provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and deadly disease. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' general ...

Including:

• Vaccination - Triggering immune sensitization
• Vaccination - History of vaccinations
• Vaccination - Herd immunity and medical risk management issues
• Vaccination - Adjuvants and preservatives

Read more here: » Vaccination: Encyclopedia - Vaccination

It follows that there are a number of issues about the right way to deal with autism. These issues complicate the choices that confront parents with children who have developmental delays and/or diagnosed as being on the 'spectrum'. It is particularly problematic that almost all approaches tried by parents have not been validated by double-blind studies. Scientific rigor is of particular significance in studying a disorder such as autism given that its diagnosis is based on the subjective observation of certa ...

See also:

Controversies in autism, Controversies in autism - The usefulness and accuracy of autism as a diagnosis, Controversies in autism - Asperger's and autism, Controversies in autism - Geeks and nerds, Controversies in autism - 'Autistic' vs. 'Has autism', Controversies in autism - Epidemiology of autism, Controversies in autism - Genetics and autism, Controversies in autism - Implications of genetic testing, Controversies in autism - Vaccines and autism, Controversies in autism - Thimerosal, Controversies in autism - MMR triple vaccine, Controversies in autism - Mercury in Medicine: Taking Unnecessary Risks, Controversies in autism - Intelligence and autism, Controversies in autism - Prognosis for autistic children, Controversies in autism - Treatment choices, Controversies in autism - Discredited approaches, Controversies in autism - Behavioral interventions, Controversies in autism - Drug therapy, Controversies in autism - Occupational auditory visual therapy, Controversies in autism - Biomedical intervention, Controversies in autism - Non-coercive approaches, Controversies in autism - The autism rights movement

Read more here: » Controversies in autism: Encyclopedia II - Controversies in autism - Treatment choices

See article: Vaccine controversy Opposition to vaccination, from a wide array of vaccine critics, has existed since the earliest vaccination campaigns: [2]. A number of vaccines, including those given to very young children, have contained thimerosal, a preservative that metabolizes into ethylmercury. It has been used in some influenza, DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) vaccine formulations. Since 1997, use of thimerosal has been gradually diminishing in western industrialized countries after recommendations by med ...

See also:

Vaccine, Vaccine - Origin of vaccines, Vaccine - Types of vaccines, Vaccine - Developing immunity, Vaccine - Controversy surrounding the use of vaccines, Vaccine - Potential for adverse side effects in general, Vaccine - Efficacy of vaccines, Vaccine - Economics of vaccine development, Vaccine - Preservatives

Read more here: » Vaccine: Encyclopedia II - Vaccine - Controversy surrounding the use of vaccines

The beginning of fluoroscopy can be traced back to 8 November 1895 when Wilhelm Röntgen noticed a barium platinocyanide screen fluorescing as a result of being exposed to what he would later call x rays. Within months of this discovery, the first fluoroscopes were created. Thomas Edison quickly discovered that calcium tungstate screens produced brighter images and is credited with designing and producing the first commercially available fluoroscope. In its infancy, many incorrectly predicted that the moving images from fluoroscopy would completely replace the still x-ray radiographs, but the superior diagnostic quality of the earlier rad ...

See also:

Fluoroscopy, Fluoroscopy - History, Fluoroscopy - Risks, Fluoroscopy - Fluoroscope design, Fluoroscopy - Imaging concerns, Fluoroscopy - Common procedures involving the use of fluoroscopy

Read more here: » Fluoroscopy: Encyclopedia II - Fluoroscopy - History

Phonograph - Turntable construction. Inexpensive record players typically used a flanged steel stamping for the turntable structure. A rubber disc would be secured to the top of the stamping to provide traction for the record, as well as a small amount of vibration isolation. The spindle bearing usually consisted of a bronze bushing. The flange on the stamping provided a convenient place to drive the turntable by means of an idler wheel (see below). While light and cheap to manufacture, these mechanisms had low inertia ...

See also:

Phonograph, Phonograph - Terminology, Phonograph - History, Phonograph - The phonautograph, Phonograph - Phonograph theory, Phonograph - The first phonograph, Phonograph - British and American and Australian language usage differences, Phonograph - Disc versus cylinder as a recording medium, Phonograph - The dominance of the disc phonograph, Phonograph - Turntable technology, Phonograph - Turntable construction, Phonograph - Turntable drive systems, Phonograph - Pickup systems, Phonograph - Arm systems, Phonograph - Front-loading systems, Phonograph - The phonograph in the 21st century

Read more here: » Phonograph: Encyclopedia II - Phonograph - Turntable technology

IEEE 802.11 - 802.11 legacy. The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 released in 1997 specifies two raw data rates of 1 and 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s) to be transmitted via infrared (IR) signals or in the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz. IR remains a part of the standard but has no actual implementations. The original standard also defines Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) as the media access method. A significant percentage of the availab ...

See also:

IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11 - Protocols, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11 legacy, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11b, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11a, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11g, IEEE 802.11 - Non-Standard Channel Bonding, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11n, IEEE 802.11 - Certification, IEEE 802.11 - Standards, IEEE 802.11 - Community networks, IEEE 802.11 - Security

Read more here: » IEEE 802.11: Encyclopedia II - IEEE 802.11 - Protocols

Controversy has arisen regarding the efficacy of the MMR vaccine, because some scientists and parents contend that the vaccine might be linked to the development of a number of conditions, such as autism, bowel disorders such as Crohn's disease, and the brain disorder Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). During the 1980s and 1990s, a number of lawsuits were brought in the United States against manufacturers of vaccines, alleging the vaccines had caused a variety of physical and mental disorders in children. While these were inconclusive, ...

See also:

MMR vaccine, MMR vaccine - Epidemiology, MMR vaccine - The MMR controversy, MMR vaccine - Dr. Andrew Wakefield's report, MMR vaccine - Recent studies

Read more here: » MMR vaccine: Encyclopedia II - MMR vaccine - The MMR controversy

Vaccination campaigns have spread throughout the globe since Jenner's smallpox vaccine of 1796, sometimes prescribed by law or regulations. Vaccines are now used to fight a wide variety of disease threats besides smallpox. Louis Pasteur further developed the technique during the 19th century, extending its use to protecting against bacterial anthrax and viral rabies. The method Pasteur used entailed treating the infectious agents for those diseases so they lost the ability to cause serious disease. Pasteur adopted the name vaccine as a generic term in honor ...

See also:

Vaccination, Vaccination - Triggering immune sensitization, Vaccination - History of vaccinations, Vaccination - Herd immunity and medical risk management issues, Vaccination - Adjuvants and preservatives, Vaccination - Peer-Reviewed Journals

Read more here: » Vaccination: Encyclopedia II - Vaccination - History of vaccinations

The Sun is a near-perfect sphere, with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths, which means the polar diameter differs from the equatorial by about 10 km. This is because the centrifugal effect of the Sun's slow rotation is 18 million times weaker than its surface gravity (at the equator). Tidal effects from the planets do not significantly affect the shape of the Sun, although the Sun itself orbits the center of mass of the solar system, which is offset from the Sun's center mostly because of the large mass of Jupiter. The mass of the Sun is so comparatively great that the center of mass of the solar system is generally wit ...

See also:

Sun, Sun - General information, Sun - Structure, Sun - Core, Sun - Radiation zone, Sun - Convection zone, Sun - Photosphere, Sun - Temperature minimum, Sun - Chromosphere, Sun - Corona, Sun - Theoretical problems, Sun - Solar neutrino problem, Sun - Coronal heating problem, Sun - Faint young sun problem, Sun - Magnetic field, Sun - Position of the Sun through the year, Sun - Solar space missions, Sun - History and future of the Sun, Sun - Human understanding of the Sun, Sun - The Sun as a power source, Sun - Sun and eye damage

Read more here: » Sun: Encyclopedia II - Sun - Structure

Vaccination campaigns have spread throughout the globe since Jenner's smallpox vaccine of 1796, sometimes prescribed by law or regulations. Vaccines are now used to fight a wide variety of disease threats besides smallpox. Louis Pasteur further developed the technique during the 19th century, extending its use to protecting against bacterial anthrax and viral rabies. The method Pasteur used entailed treating the infectious agents for those diseases so they lost the ability to cause serious disease. Pasteur adopted the name vaccine as a generic term in honor ...

See also:

Vaccination, Vaccination - Triggering immune sensitization, Vaccination - History of vaccinations, Vaccination - Herd immunity and medical risk management issues, Vaccination - Adjuvants and preservatives

Read more here: » Vaccination: Encyclopedia II - Vaccination - History of vaccinations

Some medical researchers have expressed fear that rare human cancers may be linked to the contamination, with the money virus SV40, of a proportion of polio vaccines administered in the 1950s and 1960s. The contamination of the vaccines administered to tens of millions of Americans, in both the injected and oral forms, was first discovered in 1961. Since then, government officials have insisted there is no evidence the simian virus is harmful to humans. But in recent years, dozens of scientific studies have found the virus in a steadi ...

See also:

Polio vaccine, Polio vaccine - Simian virus contamination

Read more here: » Polio vaccine: Encyclopedia II - Polio vaccine - Simian virus contamination

Some medical researchers have expressed fear that rare human cancers may be linked to the contamination, with the money virus SV40, of a large proportion polio vaccines administered in the 1950s and 1960s. The contamination of the vaccines administered to tens of millions of Americans, in both the injected and oral forms, was first discovered in 1961. Since then, government officials have insisted there is no evidence the simian virus is harmful to humans. But in recent years, dozens of scientific studies have found the virus in a ste ...

See also:

Polio vaccine, Polio vaccine - Simian virus contamination

Read more here: » Polio vaccine: Encyclopedia II - Polio vaccine - Simian virus contamination

One challenge in vaccine development is economic: many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. Although some contend pharmaceutical firms and biotech companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential, the number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades. This increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools ...

See also:

Vaccine, Vaccine - Origin of vaccines, Vaccine - Types of vaccines, Vaccine - Developing immunity, Vaccine - Controversy surrounding the use of vaccines, Vaccine - Potential for adverse side effects in general, Vaccine - Efficacy of vaccines, Vaccine - Economics of vaccine development, Vaccine - Preservatives

Read more here: » Vaccine: Encyclopedia II - Vaccine - Economics of vaccine development

The 1994 DSM-IV criteria for the diagnosis of autism is the result of several revisions, the psychiatric community divided as to whether the condition should be ordered by severity along a spectrum, or categorised into multiple distinct disorders that have similar symptoms. This division is exacerbated by the wide range of conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders. Research and clinical experience suggests that, while autism may appear to manifest as a psychiatric disorder, its underlying causes are neurological. PDD h ...

See also:

Controversies in autism, Controversies in autism - The usefulness and accuracy of autism as a diagnosis, Controversies in autism - Asperger's and autism, Controversies in autism - Geeks and nerds, Controversies in autism - 'Autistic' vs. 'Has autism', Controversies in autism - Epidemiology of autism, Controversies in autism - Genetics and autism, Controversies in autism - Implications of genetic testing, Controversies in autism - Vaccines and autism, Controversies in autism - Thimerosal, Controversies in autism - MMR triple vaccine, Controversies in autism - Mercury in Medicine: Taking Unnecessary Risks, Controversies in autism - Intelligence and autism, Controversies in autism - Prognosis for autistic children, Controversies in autism - Treatment choices, Controversies in autism - Discredited approaches, Controversies in autism - Behavioral interventions, Controversies in autism - Drug therapy, Controversies in autism - Occupational auditory visual therapy, Controversies in autism - Biomedical intervention, Controversies in autism - Non-coercive approaches, Controversies in autism - The autism rights movement

Read more here: » Controversies in autism: Encyclopedia II - Controversies in autism - The usefulness and accuracy of autism as a diagnosis

The following IEEE standards[3] and task groups exist within the IEEE 802.11 working group: IEEE 802.11 - The original 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz RF and IR standard (1999) IEEE 802.11a - 54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in 2001) IEEE 802.11b - Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s (1999) IEEE 802.11c - Bridge operation procedures; included in the IEEE 802.1D standard (2001) IEEE 802.11d - International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001) ...

See also:

IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11 - Protocols, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11 legacy, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11b, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11a, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11g, IEEE 802.11 - Non-Standard Channel Bonding, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11n, IEEE 802.11 - Certification, IEEE 802.11 - Standards, IEEE 802.11 - Community networks, IEEE 802.11 - Security

Read more here: » IEEE 802.11: Encyclopedia II - IEEE 802.11 - Standards

The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution, 802.11i (previously this work was handled as part of a broader 802.11e effort to enhance the MAC layer). The Wi-Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802.11i draft. These started to appear in products in mid-2003. 802.11i (aka WPA2) itself was ratified in June 2004, and uses the Advanced Encryption Standard, instead of RC4, which was used in WEP and WPA. In January 2005, IEEE set up yet another task group TGw to protect management and broadcast frames, which previous ...

See also:

IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11 - Protocols, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11 legacy, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11b, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11a, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11g, IEEE 802.11 - Non-Standard Channel Bonding, IEEE 802.11 - 802.11n, IEEE 802.11 - Certification, IEEE 802.11 - Standards, IEEE 802.11 - Community networks, IEEE 802.11 - Security

Read more here: » IEEE 802.11: Encyclopedia II - IEEE 802.11 - Security

In the late 1990s, controversial theories arose linking childhood vaccinations to autism. Controversies in autism - Thimerosal. Main articles: Vaccine controversy, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Controversies in autism, Controversies in autism - The usefulness and accuracy of autism as a diagnosis, Controversies in autism - Asperger's and autism, Controversies in autism - Geeks and nerds, Controversies in autism - 'Autistic' vs. 'Has autism', Controversies in autism - Epidemiology of autism, Controversies in autism - Genetics and autism, Controversies in autism - Implications of genetic testing, Controversies in autism - Vaccines and autism, Controversies in autism - Thimerosal, Controversies in autism - MMR triple vaccine, Controversies in autism - Mercury in Medicine: Taking Unnecessary Risks, Controversies in autism - Intelligence and autism, Controversies in autism - Prognosis for autistic children, Controversies in autism - Treatment choices, Controversies in autism - Discredited approaches, Controversies in autism - Behavioral interventions, Controversies in autism - Drug therapy, Controversies in autism - Occupational auditory visual therapy, Controversies in autism - Biomedical intervention, Controversies in autism - Non-coercive approaches, Controversies in autism - The autism rights movement

Read more here: » Controversies in autism: Encyclopedia II - Controversies in autism - Vaccines and autism