Attalus I (Soter "Savior") (269 BCE–197 BCE)1 ruled Pergamon, a Greek city state in present-day Turkey, from 241 BCE to 197 BCE. He was the second cousin and the adoptive son of Eumenes I2, whom he succeeded, and was the first of the Attalid dynasty to assume the title of king.3 He won an important victory over the Galatians, newly arrived Celtic tribes from Thrace, who had been, for more than a generation, plundering and exacting tribute thr ...

Including:

• Attalus I - Early life
• Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians
• Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor
• Attalus I - First Macedonian War
• Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE
• Attalus I - Second Macedonian War
• Attalus I - Wife and sons
• Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome
• Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia - Attalus I

In 200 BCE, Attalus became involved in the Second Macedonian War. Acarnanians with Macedonian support invaded Attica, causing Athens, which had previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from the enemies of Philip.36 Attalus, with his fleet at Aegina, received an embassy from Athens, to come to the city for consultations. Informed that Roman ambassadors were also at Athens, Attalus went there in haste. His reception at Athens was extraordinary.37 Polybius writes: … ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - Second Macedonian War

The Attalid dynasty was a Greek dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Gauls. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III b ...

Including:

• Attalid dynasty - Dynasty of Pergamum
• Attalid dynasty - Genealogy
• Attalid dynasty - Reference

Read more here: » Attalid dynasty: Encyclopedia - Attalid dynasty

Later that summer Laevinus seized the main town of Zacynthus, except for its citadel, and the Acarnanian town of Oeniadae and the island of Nasos which he handed over to the Aetolians. He then withdrew his fleet to Corcyra for the winter.29 Upon hearing of the Roman alliance with Aetolia, Philip's first action was to secure his northern borders. He conducted raids in Illyria at Oricum and Apollonia and seized the frontier town of Sintia in Dardania or perhaps Paionia. He marched rapidly so ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece

From Lamia, Philip went to Phalara. There he met representatives from the neutral states of Egypt, Rhodes, Athens and Chios who were trying to end the war—they were trading states and the war was probably hurting trade.37 Livy says that they were concerned "not so much for the Aetolians, who were more warlike than the rest of the Greeks, as for the liberty of Greece, which would be seriously endangered if Philip and his kingdom took an active part in Greek politics." With them was Amynandor of Athamania, representing the Aetolians. A truce ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails

From Naupactus, Sulplicius sailed east to Corinth and Sicyon, conducting raids there. Philip, with his cavalry caught the Romans ashore and was able to drive them back to their ships, with the Romans returning to Naupactus. Philip then joined Cycliadas the Achaean general, near Dyme for a joint attack on the city of Elis, the main Aetolian base of operations against Achaea.39 However, Sulplicius had sailed into Cyllene and reinforced Elis with 4000 Romans. Leading a charge, Philip was thro ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume

Although Philip considered Attalus' escape a bitter defeat,46 it proved to be the turning-point of the war. Attalus was forced to return to Pergamon, when he learned at Opus that, perhaps at the urging of Philip, Prusias I, king of Bithynia and related to Philip by marriage, was moving against Pergamon. Sulpicius returned to Aegina. Free from the pressure of the combined Roman and Pergamon fleets, Philip was able to resume the offensive against the Aetolians. He captured Thronium, follo ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - The war ends

Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of Macedon, to attempt to extend his power westward. According to the ancient Greek historian Polybius, an important factor in Philip's decision to take advantage of this opportunity was the influence of Demetrius of Pharos. Demetrius had been, after the First Illyrian War in 229 BC, ruler of most of coastal Illyria.1 However, in 219 BC, during the Second Illyrian War he was defeated by the Romans and fled to the cou ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome

Desiring to prevent Philip from aiding Carthage in Italy and elsewhere, Rome sought out land allies in Greece. Laevinus had begun exploring the possibility of an alliance with the Aetolian League, as early as 212 BC.27 The Aetolians, war weary, had made peace with Philip at Naupactus in 217 BC. However five years later the pendulum had swung in the other direction, the war faction was on the ascendency, and the Aetolians were once again ready to ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece

Philip spent the winter of 217–216 BC building a fleet of 100 warships, something, according to Polybius "hardly any Macedonian king had ever done before", and training men to row them.8 Macedon probably lacked the resources to build and maintain the kind of fleet necessary to match the Romans.9 Polybius says that Philip had no "hope of fighting the Romans at sea",10 ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet

In the late summer of 214 BC, Philip again attempted an Illyrian invasion by sea, with a fleet of 120 lembi. He captured Oricum which was lightly defended, and sailing up the Aous (modern Vjosë) river he besieged Apollonia.21 Meanwhile the Romans had moved the fleet from Tarentum to Brundisium to continue the watch on the movements of Philip and a legion had been sent in support, all under the command of the Roman propraetor Marcus Valerius Laevinus.^{See also:}

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria

After hearing of Rome's nearly disastrous defeat at the hands of Hannibal at Cannae in 216 BC, Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance. There they concluded in the summer of 215 BC a treaty, the text of which is given by Polybius. In it they pledge in general terms, mutual support and defense and to be enemies to each other's enemies (excepting current allies). Specifically they promise support against Rome, and that Hannibal shall have the right to make peace with Rome, but that any peace would include ...

See also:

First Macedonian War, First Macedonian War - Demetrius urges war against Rome, First Macedonian War - Philip makes peace with Aetolia, First Macedonian War - Philip builds a fleet, First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage, First Macedonian War - War breaks out in Illyria, First Macedonian War - Rome seeks allies in Greece, First Macedonian War - Campaign in Greece, First Macedonian War - Attempt at Peace fails, First Macedonian War - Hostilities resume, First Macedonian War - The war ends, First Macedonian War - Notes

Read more here: » First Macedonian War: Encyclopedia II - First Macedonian War - Philip allies with Carthage

In 205 BCE, after the "Peace of Phoenice", Rome turned to Attalus, as its only friend in Asia, for help concerning a religious matter. An unusual number of meteor showers caused concern in Rome, and an inspection was made of the Sibylline Books, which discovered verses saying that if a foreigner were to make war on Italy, he could be defeated if the Magna Idaea, the Mother Goddess, associated with Mount Ida in Phrygia, were brought from Pessinus to Rome. M. Valerius Laevinus heading a distinguished delegation, was dispatched to Pergamon, to ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome

Attalus married Apollonis, from Cyzicus. They had four sons, Eumenes, Attalus, Philetaerus and Athenaeus (after Apollonis' father).47 Polybius describes Apollonis as: … a woman who for many reasons deserves to be remembered, and with honor. Her claims upon a favourable recollection are that, though born of a private family, she became a queen, and retained that exalted rank to the end of her life, not by the use of meretricious fascinations, but by the virtue and integrity of her conduct in private ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - Wife and sons

Prevented by the treaty of Phoenice from expansion in the east, Philip set out to extend his power in the Aegean and in Asia Minor. In the spring of 201 BCE he took Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieged Chios to the north. These events caused Attalus, allied with Rhodes, Byzantium and Cyzicus, to enter the war. A large naval battle occurred in the strait between Chios and the mainland, just southwest of Erythrae. According to Polybius, fifty-three decked warships and over one hundred and fifty smaller warships ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE

According to Pausanias "the greatest of his achievements" was the defeat of the "Gauls"(Γαλάται)5. Pausanias was referring to the Galatians, immigrant Celts from Thrace, who had recently settled in Galatia in central Asia Minor, and whom the Romans and Greeks called Gauls, associating them with the Celts of what is now France, Switzerland, and northern Italy. Since the time of Philetaerus, the uncle of Eumenes I and the first Attalid ruler, the Galatian ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians

Little is known about Attalus' early life. He was the son of Attalus, and Antiochis.4 The elder Attalus, was the son of a brother (also called Attalus) of Philetaerus, the founder of the Attalid dynasty, and Eumenes, the father of Eumenes I, Philetaerus' successor; he is mentioned, along with his uncles, as a benefactor of Delphi. He won fame as a charioteer, winning at Olympia, and was honored with a monument at Pergamon. Attalus was a young child when his father died, sometime before 241 BCE, after which he was ado ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - Early life

Several years after the first victory over the Gauls, Pergamon was again attacked by the Gauls together with their ally Antiochus Hierax, the younger brother of Seleucus II Callinicus, and ruler of Seleucid Asia Minor from his capital at Sardis. Attalus defeated the Gauls and Antiochus at the battle of Aphrodisium and again at a second battle in the east. Subsequent battles were fought and won against Antiochus alone, in Hellespontine Phrygia, (where Antiochus was perhaps seeking refuge with his father-in law, Ziaelas the king of Bithynia), ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor

Attalus, now thwarted in the east, turned his attention westward. Perhaps because of concern for the ambitions of Philip V of Macedon, Attalus had sometime before 219 BCE become allied with Philips' enemies the Aetolian League, a union of Greek states in Aetolia, in central Greece, having funded the fortification of Elaeus, an Aetolian stronghold in Calydonia, near the mouth of the river Achelous.18 Philip's alliance with Hannibal of Carthage in 215 BCE also caused concern in Rome, then involved in the Second ...

See also:

Attalus I, Attalus I - Early life, Attalus I - Defeat of the Galatians, Attalus I - Conquests in Seleucid Asia Minor, Attalus I - First Macedonian War, Attalus I - Macedonian hostilities of 201 BCE, Attalus I - Second Macedonian War, Attalus I - Wife and sons, Attalus I - The introduction of the cult of the Magna Mater to Rome, Attalus I - Notes

Read more here: » Attalus I: Encyclopedia II - Attalus I - First Macedonian War