Encyclopedia - Athenian Democracy: Encyclopedia - Athenian Democracy
The Athenian democracy (sometimes called classical democracy) was the democratic system developed in the Greek city-state of Athens (comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Athenian Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Athenian Democracy - Overview
Athenian democracy - Assembly. The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the assembly or ekklesia. Unlike a par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Athenian Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Athenian Democracy - Officeholders
Citizens active as office holders served in a quite different capacity from when they voted in the assembly or served as jurors. The asse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pnyx: Encyclopedia Ii - Pnyx - Athenian Democracy
The grassy area in front of the bema was in ancient times an area of bare rock, in which about 6,000 men could stand. This can be taken a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Athenian Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Athenian Democracy - Criticism Of The Democracy
Athenian democracy has had many critics, both ancient and modern. Modern critics are more likely to find fault with the narrow definition...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delian League: Encyclopedia - Delian League
The Delian League was an association of Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. It was led by Athens. Because many of the league's Polis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia - History Of Athens
The history of Athens is the longest of any city in Europe: Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 3,000 years. It was the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 487 Bc: Encyclopedia - 487 Bc
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 530s BC 520s BC 510s BC 500s BC 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC 460s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Idiot: Encyclopedia - Idiot
The word is derived from the Greek word ιδιωτης, idiôtês, "a private citizen, individual", from ιδιος, idios, "private". I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 411 Bc: Encyclopedia - 411 Bc
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC - 410s BC - 400s BC 390s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Strategos: Encyclopedia Ii - Strategos - The Office Of Strategos In Athenian Democracy
From 501 BC the Athenian democracy elected ten generals elected each year, one for each of the ten democratic 'tribes'. Originally the ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pnyx: Encyclopedia Ii - Pnyx - The Site
Compared to the better known surviving monuments of ancient Athens, such as the Parthenon, the Pnyx is unspectacular. It is a small hill ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Origins And Setting
The name of Athens in Ancient Greek was Athḗnai (Ἀθῆναι, IPA /ʔa.ˈtʰɛː.nai/, pronounced roughly At-heh-nigh). This is a pl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voting System: Encyclopedia Ii - Voting System - History
Voting system - Early democracy. Voting has been used as an essential feature of democracy since the 6th century BC, when democracy was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Majoritarianism: Encyclopedia Ii - Majoritarianism - History And Legacy
Accurate majority rule (by using polls in order to define accurately what the majority really wants today and make every decision based o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Early History
The Acropolis of Athens was inhabited from Neolithic times. By 1400 BC Athens had become a powerful centre of the Mycenaean civilization....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Reform And Democracy
The reforms of Solon dealt with both economic and political issues. The economic power of the Eupatridae was reduced by abolishing slaver...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Classical Athens
Prior to the rise of Athens, the city of Sparta considered itself the leader of the Greeks, or hegemon. In 500 BC Athens sent troops to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Modern Athens
Athens was chosen as the Greek capital for historical and sentimental reasons, not because it was a functioning city: there are few build...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Byzantine Athens
Although the Byzantines retained control of the Aegean and its islands during this period, direct control did not extend far beyond the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Ottoman Athens
Finally, in 1458, Athens fell to the Ottoman Empire. The city's population declined and by the 17th century it was a mere village. Great ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Direct Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Direct Democracy - History
Direct democracy was first experimented with in the ancient Athenian democracy of ancient Greece (beginning circa 508 BC (Finley, 1973)),...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Direct Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Direct Democracy - History
Direct democracy was first experimented with in the ancient Athenian democracy of ancient Greece (beginning circa 508 BC (Finley, 1973)),...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Democracy - History Of Democracy
The term democracy - or more precisely, the original (ancient Greek) version of the word - was coined in ancient Athens in the 5th centur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Democracy - History Of Democracy
The term democracy - or more precisely, the original (ancient Greek) version of the word - was coined in ancient Athens in the 5th centur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostracism: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostracism - Period Of Operation
Ostracism was not in use throughout the whole period of Athenian democracy (c. 506–322 BC), but was a feature of political life only in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Strategos: Encyclopedia Ii - Strategos - Modern Use
In the modern Hellenic Army, strategos is the highest officer rank. All but one of the other Greek general officer ranks are derivations ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrasybulus: Encyclopedia Ii - Thrasybulus - The Coup Of 411 Bc
In 411 BC, in the wake of the Athenian defeat in Sicily, aristocrats at Athens who had long desired to overthrow the democracy began to w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solon Ohio: Encyclopedia Ii - Solon Ohio - History
In 1820, the first settlers arrived from Connecticut to live in part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. The township was named after Lor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attic Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - Attic Calendar - State Calendar
As Ionians, the Athenians had always been divided into four tribes. Although these tribes were never abolished, one of the key reforms at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lords Reform: Encyclopedia Ii - Lords Reform - The Range Of Options
Lords Reform - Allotment. Allotment or selection by lot was the form of selection used in the first democracies in Ancient Greece, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 487 Bc: Encyclopedia - 487 Bc
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 530s BC 520s BC 510s BC 500s BC 490s BC - 480s BC - 470s BC 460s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Republic: Encyclopedia - Republic
In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alcmaeonidae: Encyclopedia - Alcmaeonidae
The Alcmaeonidae or Alcmaeonids were a powerful noble family of ancient Athens who claimed descent from the mythological Alcmaeon, the gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voting System: Encyclopedia - Voting System
A voting system is a process that allows a group of individuals to choose between a number of options, and determines the preferred or wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Philosophy: Encyclopedia - Western Philosophy
Western philosophy is a line of related philosophical thinking, beginning in Ancient Greece, and including the predominant philosophical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia - State
A state is an organized political community occupying a definite territory, having an organized government, and possessing internal and e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia - Barbarian
Barbarian comes from the ancient Greek word βάρβαρος (barbaros) which meant a non-Greek, someone whose (first) language was not G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Republic: Encyclopedia - Republic
In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Democracy - Origins
History of democracy - Prehistoric democracies. The earliest forms of democracy may have originated in the bands and tribes of prehisto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Direct Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Direct Democracy - Direct Democracy In The United States
In the United States, ballot measures and their corresponding referenda are widely used at the state and sub-state level. There is much s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demarchy: Encyclopedia Ii - Demarchy - Areas Of Thinking And Debate
Although this form of democratic thinking has yet to be popularized or rigorously examined and critiqued, there are three broad areas of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostracism: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostracism - Ostracism In Context
Ostracism is crucially different from a judicial process: there is no charge and no defence can be mounted by the person expelled. The tw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Democracy - Advantages And Disadvantages Of Democracy
All democracies (and every other form of government) have certain structural defects, which are related to the nature of democracy. Altho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Philosophy - Western Philosophical Subdisciplines
Philosophical inquiry is often divided into several major "branches" based on the questions typically addressed by people working in diff...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Formation Of The State
The birth of the state, in the broadest sense of the word, coincides with the rise of civilization. For most of the existence of the huma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sortition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sortition - Perceived Disadvantages
Selection by sortition has a drawback that resembles one of the philosophical objections to the military draft (selective service)—name...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sicilian Expedition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sicilian Expedition - The Debate
Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus were chosen to lead the expedition, although Nicias had no interest in leading it. Five days after they ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Idiot: Encyclopedia Ii - Idiot - Use As An Abuse
In modern English and other languages, idiot is also a derogatory term used to insult. Its use usually means "You are stupid." It's socia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - Greek Origins Of The Term
Barbarian comes from the ancient Greek word βάρβαρος (barbaros) which meant a non-Greek, someone whose (first) language was not G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Formation Of The State
The birth of the state, in the broadest sense of the word, coincides with the rise of civilization. For most of the existence of the huma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - Republic - Characteristics Of Republics
Republic - Heads of state. If the head of state of a republic is at the same time the head of government, this is called a presidentia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - Greek Origins Of The Term
Barbarian comes from the ancient Greek word βάρβαρος (barbaros) which meant a non-Greek, someone whose (first) language was not G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - Later Developments, Other Cultures
Historically, the term barbarian has seen widespread use. Many peoples have dismissed alien cultures and even rival civilizations as barb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - Romantic And Post-romantic Barbarians
The modern sympathetic admiration for such fantasy barbarians as Conan the Barbarian is a direct descendant of the Enlightenment idealiza...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - A Functional Definition
A non-pejorative, simply functional concept of "barbarian", as sociologists have redefined the term, depends upon a carefully-defined use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - Hellenic Stereotype
Out of those sources the Hellenic stereotype was elaborated: barbarians are like children, unable to speak or reason properly, cowardly, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Philosophy - Philosophy Contrasted With Other Disciplines
Originally the term "philosophy" was applied to all intellectual endeavour. Aristotle studied what would now be called biology, meteorol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Republic: Encyclopedia Ii - Republic - Examples Of Republics
In the early 21st century the states that are not hereditary monarchies, but still don't label themselves as republics are the Libyan Ara...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Introduction
The word "state" in contemporary parlance often means the "Westphalian state", in reference to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and is use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voting System: Encyclopedia Ii - Voting System - Aspects Of Voting Systems
Each voting system specifies the ballot, which defines the set of allowable votes, and the voting method or tallying method, an algorithm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voting System: Encyclopedia Ii - Voting System - Single-winner Methods
Single-winner systems can be classified based on their ballot type. Binary voting systems are those in which a voter either votes or does...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voting System: Encyclopedia Ii - Voting System - Multiple-winner Methods
A vote with multiple winners, such as the election of a legislature, has different practical effects than a single-winner vote. Often, pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Voting System: Encyclopedia Ii - Voting System - Criteria In Evaluating Voting Systems
In the real world, attitudes toward voting systems are highly influenced by the systems' impact on groups that one supports or opposes. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Western Philosophy - Origins
The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: "D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sicilian Expedition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sicilian Expedition - Athenian Landing
The Athenian fleet first sailed to Corcyra to meet up with their allies, and the ships were divided into three sections, one for each com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sicilian Expedition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sicilian Expedition - Athenian Reaction
In Athens, the citizens did not, at first, believe the defeat. When they realized the enormity of what had happened, they panicked that A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Introduction
The word "state" in contemporary parlance often means the "Westphalian state", in reference to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and is use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - International Point Of View
The legal criteria for statehood are not obvious. A document that is often quoted on the matter is the Montevideo Convention from 1933, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - The Domestic Point Of View
Looked at from the point of view of an individual nation, the state is a centralized organization of the whole country. Those studying th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sicilian Expedition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sicilian Expedition - Final Syracusan Victory
On September 13 the Athenians left camp, leaving their wounded behind and their dead unburied. The survivors, including all the non-comba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sicilian Expedition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sicilian Expedition - Second Battle Of Syracuse
Just as the Athenians were preparing to sail home, there was a lunar eclipse, and Nicias, described by Thucydides as a particularly super...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sicilian Expedition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sicilian Expedition - Winter Of 415/spring Of 414 Bc
Hermocrates suggested that the Syracusans reorganize their army. He wanted to reduce the number of generals from fifteen to three; Hermoc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sicilian Expedition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sicilian Expedition - Spartan Intervention
Soon after this, Gylippus landed at Himera, and with 700 marines, 100 hoplites, 100 cavalry, and 1000 Sicilians marched towards Syracuse....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sicilian Expedition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sicilian Expedition - Demosthenes' Arrival
Demosthenes and Eurymedon then arrived with seventy-three ships and 5000 hoplites. On their arrival, eighty Syracusan ships attacked seve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sortition: Encyclopedia Ii - Sortition - Perceived Advantages
Classical advocates of sortition, such as Aristotle, held that selection by lot is a more democratic process than election by vote, since...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - The Domestic Point Of View
Looked at from the point of view of an individual nation, the state is a centralized organization of the whole country. Those studying th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Democracy - Essential Elements Of A Democracy
True democracy as a form of government always has the following characteristics: there is constrained freedom to further the public good...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Democracy - Liberal Democracy
In common usage, democracy is often understood to be the same as liberal democracy. The minimal characteristics of democracy (listed abov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Direct Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Direct Democracy - Electronic Direct Democracy
Even before the predominance of the Internet, electronic constituent assemblies (ECA) were designed and used effectively. The ECAs combin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - International Point Of View
The legal criteria for statehood are not obvious. A document that is often quoted on the matter is the Montevideo Convention from 1933, t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Democracy - Democratic Government
Democracy is often implemented as a form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the real majority (as opposed to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demarchy: Encyclopedia Ii - Demarchy - Demarchy In Fiction
The concept of demarchy played an important role in Frederick Pohl's science fiction novel, The Years of the City (ISBN 0-671-46047-1), w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - Romantic And Post-romantic Barbarians
The modern sympathetic admiration for such fantasy barbarians as Conan the Barbarian is a direct descendant of the Enlightenment idealiza...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demarchy: Encyclopedia Ii - Demarchy - Demarchy And The Problem Of Modern Politics
Demarchy is an attempt to produce a form of democracy that is free from many of the influences and problems that are part of modern polit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demarchy: Encyclopedia Ii - Demarchy - Problems On The Implementation Of Demarchy
Since no modern nation has attempted to use demarchy as a system of democratic government, any shortcomings of the system can only be the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - A Functional Definition
A non-pejorative, simply functional concept of "barbarian", as sociologists have redefined the term, depends upon a carefully-defined use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - Later Developments Other Cultures
Historically, the term barbarian has seen widespread use. Many peoples have dismissed alien cultures and even rival civilizations as barb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostracism: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostracism - Purpose
A practice like ostracism, carried out by thousands of people over many decades of an evolving political situation and culture, cannot ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - State: Encyclopedia Ii - State - Philosophies Of The State
Different political philosophies have distinct opinions concerning the state as a domestic organization. In the modern era, these philoso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barbarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Barbarian - Hellenic Stereotype
Out of those sources the Hellenic stereotype was elaborated: barbarians are like children, unable to speak or reason properly, cowardly, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ostracism: Encyclopedia Ii - Ostracism - Procedure
The name is derived from the ostraka, (singular ostrakon , ὄστρακον), referring to the potsherds or pieces of broken pottery tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Majoritarianism: Encyclopedia Ii - Majoritarianism - Majoritarianism In The United States
In contemporary America, the leading mainstream majoritarian political forces include the social democrats (such as leftist political par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Direct Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Direct Democracy - Direct Democracy In Switzerland
In Switzerland, single majorities are sufficient at the town, city, and state (canton and half-canton) level, but at the national level, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Direct Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Direct Democracy - Arguments Against Direct Democracy
A fundamental objection to direct democracy is that the public generally gives only superficial attention to political issues and is thus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Democracy - Rise Of Democracy In Modern National Governments
History of democracy - Pre-Eighteenth century milestones. Renaissance humanism was a cultural movement in Europe beginning in central I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Majoritarianism: Encyclopedia Ii - Majoritarianism - Reform And Backlash
In recent times—especially beginning in the 1960s—some forms of majoritarianism have come under intense attack from liberal reformers...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Athenian Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Athenian Democracy - Participation And Exclusion
Athenian democracy - Size and make-up of the Athenian population. The population of Attica can only be roughly guessed at as the Atheni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Athenian Democracy: Encyclopedia Ii - Athenian Democracy - Main Bodies Of Governance
There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands. These are the assembly (in s...   » Read the article

Article - Popular Pages Sitemap Viii - A
This is a sitemap for Popular Pages VIII - A . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word....   » Read the article