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Aegean civilization is the general term for the prehistoric civilizations in Greece and the Aegean. It was formerly called "Mycenaean" because its existence was first brought to popular notice by Heinrich Schliemann's excavations at Mycenae starting in 1876. However, subsequent discoveries have made it clear that Mycenae was not the chief center of Aegean civilization in its earlier stages (or perhaps at any period), and accordingly it is more usual now to use the more general geographical title. Aegean civilization - Di ...

Including:

• Aegean civilization - Distinctive features
• Aegean civilization - Indigenous script
• Aegean civilization - Art
• Aegean civilization - Architecture
• Aegean civilization - History of Aegean Civilization
• Aegean civilization - Origin and continuity
• Aegean civilization - Chronology.
• Aegean civilization - Annals
• Aegean civilization - Political Organization
• Aegean civilization - Religion
• Aegean civilization - Social Organization
• Aegean civilization - Commerce
• Aegean civilization - Treatment of the Dead
• Aegean civilization - Artistic Production
• Aegean civilization - Evidence of Aegean civilization
• Aegean civilization - The discovery of Aegean civiliation
• Aegean civilization - External link

Read more here: » Aegean civilization: Encyclopedia - Aegean civilization

The first major step in the development of the vaccine was Charles Nicolle's 1909 discovery that lice were the vectors for epidemic typhus. This made it possible to isolate the bacteria causing the disease and develop a vaccine. Nicolle attempted a vaccine but was not successful in making one that worked on a large enough scale. He won the 1928 Nobel Prize for this work. Henrique da Rocha Lima in 1916 then proved that the bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii was the agent responsible for typhus; he named bacteria after H. T. Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek, two zoologists who ...

See also:

Epidemic typhus, Epidemic typhus - Development of the Vaccine, Epidemic typhus - Epidemics

Read more here: » Epidemic typhus: Encyclopedia II - Epidemic typhus - Development of the Vaccine

In the absence of written records, only a summary history can be derived from monuments and archaeological remains. But the decipherment of writings in recent times has added much new knowledge. Aegean civilization - Origin and continuity. A great deal of evidence has been uncovered by archaeology which answers the question how much the Aegean civilization, which existed for at least three thousand years, can be regarded as continuous. Aegean civilization had its roots in a long-lasting primitive Neolithic ...

See also:

Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - Distinctive features, Aegean civilization - Indigenous script, Aegean civilization - Art, Aegean civilization - Architecture, Aegean civilization - History of Aegean Civilization, Aegean civilization - Origin and continuity, Aegean civilization - Chronology., Aegean civilization - Annals, Aegean civilization - Political Organization, Aegean civilization - Religion, Aegean civilization - Social Organization, Aegean civilization - Commerce, Aegean civilization - Treatment of the Dead, Aegean civilization - Artistic Production, Aegean civilization - Evidence of Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - The discovery of Aegean civiliation, Aegean civilization - External link

Read more here: » Aegean civilization: Encyclopedia II - Aegean civilization - History of Aegean Civilization

The word prévôt (provost) in old French law had many applications. In conformity with its etymology (praepositus) it could be applied to any person placed at the head of a branch of the public service, a position which, according to the old principles, habitually carried with it a right of jurisdiction. It is thus that there was at Paris the "provost of Paris," who was a royal judge, and the "provost of the merchants" (prévôt des marchands), the head of the Paris municipality. There were besides - to mention only the princi ...

See also:

Provost civil, Provost civil - History, Provost civil - The Provost in France

Read more here: » Provost civil: Encyclopedia II - Provost civil - The Provost in France

Pasquier's historical work is seen as an important predecessor to modern historiography, although he is indebted to the methods of other important Italian historians. He makes frequent use of primary sources (or contemporary chroniclers) and cites them as he goes along. Contrary to many other historical works of the time, Pasquier was seeking to create an accurate reconstruction of past for the presen ...

See also:

Étienne Pasquier, Étienne Pasquier - Recherches de la France, Étienne Pasquier - Bibliography

Read more here: » Étienne Pasquier: Encyclopedia II - Étienne Pasquier - Recherches de la France

Coventry was originally a part of the English county of Warwickshire. However during the medieval period Coventry became an important city in its own right. King Henry VI granted Coventry the status of a county in itself, largely to reward the city for the support the city had given him. This county status enabled Coventry to control its own assize and gaol, and the city's bailiffs became sherrifs – officers to the king. Coventry remained a separate county, until disputes over ratings with the villages which formed the county resulted in the county being abolished by the 'Coventry Boundar ...

See also:

County of the City of Coventry, County of the City of Coventry - History, County of the City of Coventry - Reference

Read more here: » County of the City of Coventry: Encyclopedia II - County of the City of Coventry - History

Some of the following describes the events as alleged by the prosecution. Julie Lejeune (age 8) and Mélissa Russo (age 8) were kidnapped together on June 24, 1995, probably by Dutroux, and imprisoned in Dutroux's cellar. Dutroux repeatedly sexually abused the girls and produced pornographic videos. 17-year-old An Marchal and 19-year-old Eefje Lambrechts were kidnapped on August 22, 1995 while on a camping trip in Ostend, probably by Dutroux and his drug-addicted accomplice Michel Lelièvre, who was being paid with drugs. Since ...

See also:

Marc Dutroux, Marc Dutroux - Before the kidnappings, Marc Dutroux - Abductions and arrest, Marc Dutroux - Shortcomings of the investigation public outcry, Marc Dutroux - The trial, Marc Dutroux - Sentencing, Marc Dutroux - Pedophilia?

Read more here: » Marc Dutroux: Encyclopedia II - Marc Dutroux - Abductions and arrest

Common law knew no clear definition of treason. Instead, it was for the King and his judges to determine if an offence constituted treason. Thus, the process became open to abuse, and decisions were often arbitrary. For instance, during the reign of Edward III, a knight was convicted of treason because he assaulted one of the King's subjects and held him for a ransom of £90. It was only in 1350 that Parliament passed legislation on the subject of treason. Under the Statute of Treasons, which distinguished between high and petty treason, sev ...

See also:

High treason in the United Kingdom, High treason in the United Kingdom - Offences, High treason in the United Kingdom - Liability, High treason in the United Kingdom - Trial, High treason in the United Kingdom - Procedures, High treason in the United Kingdom - Punishment

Read more here: » High treason in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - High treason in the United Kingdom - Offences

The media has characterised Dutroux as a pedophile. The four psychiatrists and a psychologist who have evaluated Dutroux have said that he is, rather, a psychopath: "The age of the victims did not seem to arouse in him any given effect or to play a particular role, beyond allowing him to kidnap them, to manipulate them, to confine them." ...

See also:

Marc Dutroux, Marc Dutroux - Before the kidnappings, Marc Dutroux - Abductions and arrest, Marc Dutroux - Shortcomings of the investigation public outcry, Marc Dutroux - The trial, Marc Dutroux - Sentencing, Marc Dutroux - Pedophilia?

Read more here: » Marc Dutroux: Encyclopedia II - Marc Dutroux - Pedophilia?

Dutroux's trial began on March 1, 2004, some seven and a half years after his initial arrest. It was a trial by jury and up to 450 people were called upon to testify. The trial took place in Arlon, the capital of the Belgian province of Luxembourg, where investigations started. Dutroux was tried for the murder of An Marchal, Eefje Lambrecks and his suspected accomplice Bernard Weinstein. While admitting the abductions, he denied all three killings, but earlier had confessed to the killing of Weinstein. Dutroux was also charged with a host of other crimes: auto theft, abduction, attempted murder and attempted abduction, molestation, and thr ...

See also:

Marc Dutroux, Marc Dutroux - Before the kidnappings, Marc Dutroux - Abductions and arrest, Marc Dutroux - Shortcomings of the investigation public outcry, Marc Dutroux - The trial, Marc Dutroux - Sentencing, Marc Dutroux - Pedophilia?

Read more here: » Marc Dutroux: Encyclopedia II - Marc Dutroux - The trial

Authorities were criticised for various aspects of the case. Perhaps most notably, police searched Dutroux's house on December 13, 1995 and again on December 19, 1995 in relation to his car theft charge. During this time, Julie Lejeune and Mélissa Russo were still alive in the basement dungeon, but they were not found. Since the search was unrelated to kidnapping charges, police searching the house had no dogs or specialised equipment that may ...

See also:

Marc Dutroux, Marc Dutroux - Before the kidnappings, Marc Dutroux - Abductions and arrest, Marc Dutroux - Shortcomings of the investigation public outcry, Marc Dutroux - The trial, Marc Dutroux - Sentencing, Marc Dutroux - Pedophilia?

Read more here: » Marc Dutroux: Encyclopedia II - Marc Dutroux - Shortcomings of the investigation public outcry

Dutroux was the eldest of five children; his parents, both teachers, emigrated to the Belgian Congo and returned to Belgium in 1960. They separated in 1971 and Dutroux stayed with his mother but left at age 16, working briefly as a prostitute serving homosexual men. He married his first wife at the age of 19; they had two children. He divorced her in 1983. At this point, he already had an affair with Michelle Martin. The two would eventually have three children together; they married in 1989 while both were i ...

See also:

Marc Dutroux, Marc Dutroux - Before the kidnappings, Marc Dutroux - Abductions and arrest, Marc Dutroux - Shortcomings of the investigation public outcry, Marc Dutroux - The trial, Marc Dutroux - Sentencing, Marc Dutroux - Pedophilia?

Read more here: » Marc Dutroux: Encyclopedia II - Marc Dutroux - Before the kidnappings

The uniqueness of Aegean civilization has never been in doubt, since its remains came to be studied seriously. For a time the surviving remains were thought to have originated with Egyptians or Phoenicians, but with more remains uncovered this was shown to be untrue. The Aegean civilization developed three distinctive features. Aegean civilization - Indigenous script. An indigenous writing system existed which consisted of characters with which only a very small percentage were identical, or even obviously ...

See also:

Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - Distinctive features, Aegean civilization - Indigenous script, Aegean civilization - Art, Aegean civilization - Architecture, Aegean civilization - History of Aegean Civilization, Aegean civilization - Origin and continuity, Aegean civilization - Chronology., Aegean civilization - Annals, Aegean civilization - Political Organization, Aegean civilization - Religion, Aegean civilization - Social Organization, Aegean civilization - Commerce, Aegean civilization - Treatment of the Dead, Aegean civilization - Artistic Production, Aegean civilization - Evidence of Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - The discovery of Aegean civiliation, Aegean civilization - External link

Read more here: » Aegean civilization: Encyclopedia II - Aegean civilization - Distinctive features

For details of monumental evidence the articles on Crete, Mycenae, Tiryns, Troad, Cyprus, etc., must be consulted. The most representative site explored up to now is Cnossus (see Crete) which has yielded not only the most various but the most continuous evidence from the Neolithic age to the twilight of classical civilization. Next in importance come Hissarlik, Mycenae, Phaestus, Hagia Triada, Tiryns, Phylakope, Palaikastro and Gournia. A. INTERNAL EVIDENCE Structures; Ruins of palaces, palatial villas, hous ...

See also:

Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - Distinctive features, Aegean civilization - Indigenous script, Aegean civilization - Art, Aegean civilization - Architecture, Aegean civilization - History of Aegean Civilization, Aegean civilization - Origin and continuity, Aegean civilization - Chronology., Aegean civilization - Annals, Aegean civilization - Political Organization, Aegean civilization - Religion, Aegean civilization - Social Organization, Aegean civilization - Commerce, Aegean civilization - Treatment of the Dead, Aegean civilization - Artistic Production, Aegean civilization - Evidence of Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - The discovery of Aegean civiliation, Aegean civilization - External link

Read more here: » Aegean civilization: Encyclopedia II - Aegean civilization - Evidence of Aegean civilization

Commerce was practised to some extent in very early times, as is proved by the distribution of Melian obsidian over all the Aegean area and by the Nilotic influence on early Minoan art. We find Cretan vessels exported to Melos, Egypt and the Greek mainland. Melian vases came in their turn to Crete. After 1600 B.C. there is very close commerce with Egypt, and Aegean things had their way to all coasts of the Mediterranean. No traces of currency have come to light, unless certain axeheads, too slight for practical use, had that character. Stand ...

See also:

Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - Distinctive features, Aegean civilization - Indigenous script, Aegean civilization - Art, Aegean civilization - Architecture, Aegean civilization - History of Aegean Civilization, Aegean civilization - Origin and continuity, Aegean civilization - Chronology., Aegean civilization - Annals, Aegean civilization - Political Organization, Aegean civilization - Religion, Aegean civilization - Social Organization, Aegean civilization - Commerce, Aegean civilization - Treatment of the Dead, Aegean civilization - Artistic Production, Aegean civilization - Evidence of Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - The discovery of Aegean civiliation, Aegean civilization - External link

Read more here: » Aegean civilization: Encyclopedia II - Aegean civilization - Commerce

The curtain-wall and towers of the Mycenaean citadel, its gate with heraldic lions, and the great "Treasury of Atreus" had borne silent witness for ages before Heinrich Schliemann's time; but they were supposed only to speak to the Homeric, or at farthest a rude Heroic beginning of purely Hellenic, civilization. It was not until Schliemann exposed the contents of the graves which lay just inside the gate, that scholars recognized the advanced stage ...

See also:

Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - Distinctive features, Aegean civilization - Indigenous script, Aegean civilization - Art, Aegean civilization - Architecture, Aegean civilization - History of Aegean Civilization, Aegean civilization - Origin and continuity, Aegean civilization - Chronology., Aegean civilization - Annals, Aegean civilization - Political Organization, Aegean civilization - Religion, Aegean civilization - Social Organization, Aegean civilization - Commerce, Aegean civilization - Treatment of the Dead, Aegean civilization - Artistic Production, Aegean civilization - Evidence of Aegean civilization, Aegean civilization - The discovery of Aegean civiliation, Aegean civilization - External link

Read more here: » Aegean civilization: Encyclopedia II - Aegean civilization - The discovery of Aegean civiliation

As a general rule, no British criminal court has jurisdiction over the Sovereign, from whom they derive their authority. As Sir William Blackstone writes, "the law supposes an incapacity of doing wrong from the excellence and perfection … of the King." Furthermore, to charge the Sovereign with high treason would be inconsistent, as it would constitute accusing him of disloyalty to himself. After the English Civil War, however, Charles I was tried for treason against the people of England. His trial and execution were irregular; they were more acc ...

See also:

High treason in the United Kingdom, High treason in the United Kingdom - Offences, High treason in the United Kingdom - Liability, High treason in the United Kingdom - Trial, High treason in the United Kingdom - Procedures, High treason in the United Kingdom - Punishment

Read more here: » High treason in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - High treason in the United Kingdom - Liability

Peers and their wives and widows were formerly entitled to be tried for treason and for felonies in the House of Lords or the Lord High Steward's Court, the former being used in every case except when Parliament was not in session. In the House of Lords, the Lord High Steward presided, but the entire House acted as both judge and jury. In the Lord High Steward's Court, the Lord High Steward was a judge, and a panel of "Lords Triers" served as a jury. There was no right of peremptory challenge in either body. Trial by either body ceased in 1948, since which ...

See also:

High treason in the United Kingdom, High treason in the United Kingdom - Offences, High treason in the United Kingdom - Liability, High treason in the United Kingdom - Trial, High treason in the United Kingdom - Procedures, High treason in the United Kingdom - Punishment

Read more here: » High treason in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - High treason in the United Kingdom - Trial

Certain special rules procedures have historically applied to high treason cases. The Privilege of the Peerage and Parliamentary privilege preclude the arrest of certain individuals (including peers, wives and widows of peers and members of Parliament) in many cases, but treason was not included (nor were felony or breach of the peace). Similarly, an individual could not claim sanctuary when charged with high treason; this distinction between treasons and felonies was lost as sanctuary laws were repealed in the late seventeenth and early nin ...

See also:

High treason in the United Kingdom, High treason in the United Kingdom - Offences, High treason in the United Kingdom - Liability, High treason in the United Kingdom - Trial, High treason in the United Kingdom - Procedures, High treason in the United Kingdom - Punishment

Read more here: » High treason in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - High treason in the United Kingdom - Procedures