In the euhemeristic account of Sanchuniathon Ēl (rendered Elus or called by his standard Greek counterpart Cronus) is not the creator god or first god. Ēl is rather the son of Sky and Earth. Sky and Earth are themselves children of ‘Elyôn 'Most High'. Ēl is brother to the god Bethel, to Dagon, and to an unknown god equated with the Greek Atlas, and to the goddesses Aphrodite/’Ashtart, Rhea (presumably Asherah, and Dione (equated with Ba’alat Gebal. Ēl is father of Persephone who dies (presumably an otherwise unknown Semitic ...

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El god, El god - Linguistic forms and meanings, El god - Ēl in the Tanakh, El god - Ēl in Christian theology, El god - Ēl among the Amorites, El god - Ēl in Ugarit and among the Canaanites, El god - Ēl in the greater Levant, El god - Ēl according to Sanchuniathon, El god - Ēl and Poseidon, El god - Ēl in Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic and Hittite texts

Read more here: » El god: Encyclopedia II - El god - Ēl according to Sanchuniathon

In this period the Hittites are mentioned as the ethnic label of two military commanders under king David (around 1000 BC), Ahimelech and Uriah; the latter is murdered by David for the sake of his wife Bathsheba. In Solomon's reign (around 950 BC), the Hittites are listed as people whom the Hebrew had not been able "utterly to destroy" in their conquest of Canaan and who paid tribute to Israel. The kings of the Hittites are mentioned (in two smilar passages), together with Egypt and the kings of Syria, as senders of lavish tribute to ...

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Hittites in the Bible, Hittites in the Bible - Source and ordering of citations, Hittites in the Bible - From Noah to Abraham, Hittites in the Bible - Noah, Hittites in the Bible - From Abraham to Egypt, Hittites in the Bible - Abraham, Hittites in the Bible - Esau and Jacob, Hittites in the Bible - Joseph, Hittites in the Bible - Exodus and the conquest of Canaan, Hittites in the Bible - Abraham's covenant, Hittites in the Bible - Moses, Hittites in the Bible - Joshua, Hittites in the Bible - Judges, Hittites in the Bible - Kingdoms period, Hittites in the Bible - Saul, Hittites in the Bible - David, Hittites in the Bible - Solomon, Hittites in the Bible - Elisha, Hittites in the Bible - Babylonian exile and return, Hittites in the Bible - Ezekiel, Hittites in the Bible - Ezra, Hittites in the Bible - Books

Read more here: » Hittites in the Bible: Encyclopedia II - Hittites in the Bible - Kingdoms period

Judith M.Hadley: The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judaism (U of Cambridge 2000) Jenny Kien: Reinstating the Divine Woman in Judaism (Universal 2000) Asphodel P. Long: In a Chariot Drawn by Lions (Crossing Press 1993). Raphael Patai: The Hebrew Goddess (Wayne State University Press 1990 and earlier editions) ...

See also:

Asherah, Asherah - Asherah and gods, Asherah - Ashira in Arabia, Asherah - Asherah and `Ashurah, Asherah - Asherah in fiction, Asherah - Related Publications

Read more here: » Asherah: Encyclopedia II - Asherah - Related Publications

In Ezekiel:16:1, Jerusalem is said to be the daughter of an Hittite mother and an Amorite father, sister of Samaria and Sodom. The intent is clearly offensive, but it is not clear whether the reference to the Hitittes is concrete or only symbolic. However, a century later, Ezra is dismayed to learn, on his arrival from Babylon, that the leaders who had remained on the land had been "polluted" by mixing with other people, including the Hittites. Hittites in the Bible - Ezekiel. Ezekiel:16:1: Ag ...

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Hittites in the Bible, Hittites in the Bible - Source and ordering of citations, Hittites in the Bible - From Noah to Abraham, Hittites in the Bible - Noah, Hittites in the Bible - From Abraham to Egypt, Hittites in the Bible - Abraham, Hittites in the Bible - Esau and Jacob, Hittites in the Bible - Joseph, Hittites in the Bible - Exodus and the conquest of Canaan, Hittites in the Bible - Abraham's covenant, Hittites in the Bible - Moses, Hittites in the Bible - Joshua, Hittites in the Bible - Judges, Hittites in the Bible - Kingdoms period, Hittites in the Bible - Saul, Hittites in the Bible - David, Hittites in the Bible - Solomon, Hittites in the Bible - Elisha, Hittites in the Bible - Babylonian exile and return, Hittites in the Bible - Ezekiel, Hittites in the Bible - Ezra, Hittites in the Bible - Books

Read more here: » Hittites in the Bible: Encyclopedia II - Hittites in the Bible - Babylonian exile and return

"Mitanni" seems to have been the native term; this entity may also have been the Biblical Harran, though this is contested. We may assume a Hurrian population with an Indo-Aryan aristocracy. No native sources for the history of Mitanni (i.e. Hanilgalbat) have been found so far. The account is mainly based on Assyrian, Hittite and Egyptian sources, as well as inscriptions from nearby places in Syria. Often it is not even possible to establish synchronicity between the rulers of different countries and cities, let alone give unco ...

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Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwaza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat

In this period, which is conjectured to start sometime after 2000 BC and end sometime before 1200 BC, the "sons of Heth" or "children of Heth" (בני-חת, BNY-HT) and the label "Hittite" (HTY) are mentioned multiple times, but referring to essentially only two events. In Genesis:23:2, towards the end of Abraham's life, he was staying in Hebron, on lands belonging to the "children of Heth", and from them he obtained a plot of land with a cave to bury his wife Sarah. One of them (Ephron) is labeled "the Hittite", several times. This deal is mentioned three more times (with almost ...

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Hittites in the Bible, Hittites in the Bible - Source and ordering of citations, Hittites in the Bible - From Noah to Abraham, Hittites in the Bible - Noah, Hittites in the Bible - From Abraham to Egypt, Hittites in the Bible - Abraham, Hittites in the Bible - Esau and Jacob, Hittites in the Bible - Joseph, Hittites in the Bible - Exodus and the conquest of Canaan, Hittites in the Bible - Abraham's covenant, Hittites in the Bible - Moses, Hittites in the Bible - Joshua, Hittites in the Bible - Judges, Hittites in the Bible - Kingdoms period, Hittites in the Bible - Saul, Hittites in the Bible - David, Hittites in the Bible - Solomon, Hittites in the Bible - Elisha, Hittites in the Bible - Babylonian exile and return, Hittites in the Bible - Ezekiel, Hittites in the Bible - Ezra, Hittites in the Bible - Books

Read more here: » Hittites in the Bible: Encyclopedia II - Hittites in the Bible - From Abraham to Egypt

Though not clearly stated in the Bible, Nimrod has since ancient times traditionally been interpreted to be the one who led the people to build the Tower of Babel. Since his kingdom included the towns in Shinar, it is believed likely that it was under his direction that the building began. This is the view adopted in the Targums and later texts such as the writings of Josephus. Some extrabiblical sources, however, assert to the contrary, that he left ...

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Nimrod king, Nimrod king - Biblical accounts, Nimrod king - Traditions and legends, Nimrod king - Interpretations, Nimrod king - Cultural References

Read more here: » Nimrod king: Encyclopedia II - Nimrod king - Interpretations

The Biblical view of humanity is set forth in Genesis:10, where various peoples are described as different lines of descent from Noah. In particular, Canaan is one of the sons of Ham, who is also said to be the ancestor of the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and the Philistine. The sons of Canaan are given as Sidon, Heth, then the (ancestors of?) the Jebusites, Amorites, Girgasites, Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, Arvadites, Zemarites, and the Hamathites. From Noah's third son Shem are said t ...

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Hittites in the Bible, Hittites in the Bible - Source and ordering of citations, Hittites in the Bible - From Noah to Abraham, Hittites in the Bible - Noah, Hittites in the Bible - From Abraham to Egypt, Hittites in the Bible - Abraham, Hittites in the Bible - Esau and Jacob, Hittites in the Bible - Joseph, Hittites in the Bible - Exodus and the conquest of Canaan, Hittites in the Bible - Abraham's covenant, Hittites in the Bible - Moses, Hittites in the Bible - Joshua, Hittites in the Bible - Judges, Hittites in the Bible - Kingdoms period, Hittites in the Bible - Saul, Hittites in the Bible - David, Hittites in the Bible - Solomon, Hittites in the Bible - Elisha, Hittites in the Bible - Babylonian exile and return, Hittites in the Bible - Ezekiel, Hittites in the Bible - Ezra, Hittites in the Bible - Books

Read more here: » Hittites in the Bible: Encyclopedia II - Hittites in the Bible - From Noah to Abraham

In the philosophy of religion and theology, the problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the existence of evil or suffering in the world with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent god. This is an issue that has troubled humanity of all religions. In the pantheon of Ugarit, enmity to the gods is represented by the deities Mot and Yaw. Mot, the god of death, was defeated definitively, but Yaw lived on. Since they both are sons of El, this suggests that evil originated in offspring of the creator (El). This is d ...

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Yaw god, Yaw god - The development of monotheism in the Levant, Yaw god - The problem of evil

Read more here: » Yaw god: Encyclopedia II - Yaw god - The problem of evil

Some scholars try to equate the deities venerated by the Mitanni with Vedic deities, and trace the names used by the aristocracy to Indo-Aryan roots. In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya (Ashvins) are invoked. Kikkuli's horse training text includes technical terms such as aika (eka, one), tera (tri, three), panza (pancha, five), satta (sapta, seven), na (nava, nine), vartana (vartana, round). Another ...

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Mitanni, Mitanni - Hurri Mitanni/Maitani and Hanilgalbat, Mitanni - History, Mitanni - Unknown rulers, Mitanni - Barattarna / Parshatatar, Mitanni - Shaushtatar, Mitanni - Artatama I and Shuttarna II, Mitanni - Artasshumara, Mitanni - Tushratta, Mitanni - Shattiwaza, Mitanni - Shattuara I, Mitanni - Wasashatta, Mitanni - Shattuara II, Mitanni - Hanilgalbat as an Assyrian Province, Mitanni - Neo-Assyrian times, Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans, Mitanni - Mitanni rulers, Mitanni - Towns, Mitanni - Excavations, Mitanni - Sources

Read more here: » Mitanni: Encyclopedia II - Mitanni - Possible connections to Sanskrit and Indo-Aryans

In the description of the Phoenician pantheon ascribed to Sanchuniathon ‘Ashtart appears as a daughter of Sky and Earth and sister of the god El. After El overthrows and banishes his father Sky, Sky sends to El as some kind of trick his "virgin daughter" ‘Ashtart along with her sisters Asherah and the goddess who will later be called Ba‘alat Gebul "the Lady of Byblos". It seems that this trick does not work as all three become wives of their brother El. ‘Ashtart bears to El children who appear under Greek names as seven daughters called the Titanides or Artemides and ...

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Astarte, Astarte - General discussion, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Ugarit, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Egypt, Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Judea, Astarte - Other associations

Read more here: » Astarte: Encyclopedia II - Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon

A common suggestion, as articulated by biblical scholar Mark S. Smith in The Origins of Biblical Monotheism, is that the Israelite Yahweh was derived from the traditions of the Shasu, linguistically Canaanite nomads from southern transjordan. An Egyptian inscription from the Temple of Amun at Karnak from the time of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (1390-1352 BCE) refers to the "Shasu of Yhw," evidence that this god was worshipped among some of the Shasu tribes at this time. Biblical archaeologist Amihai Mazar, in Archaeology of the Land of t ...

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Tetragrammaton, Tetragrammaton - Meaning, Tetragrammaton - Using consonants as semi-vowels, Tetragrammaton - Using the vowels of YHWH, Tetragrammaton - Vowel marks, Tetragrammaton - The Scholarly Reconstructed pronunciation יַהְוֶה i.e. Yahweh, Tetragrammaton - Scholarly sources in which יַהְוֶה is found, Tetragrammaton - Jewish use of the word, Tetragrammaton - Possible effect on the Hebrew Language, Tetragrammaton - Alternative names, Tetragrammaton - Possible origins, Tetragrammaton - Popular culture, Tetragrammaton - Footnotes

Read more here: » Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia II - Tetragrammaton - Possible origins

In an analogue to the euphemism HaShem for God, the euphemism HaShem HaMeforash (literally, the explicit name) is sometimes used to refer to the Tetragrammaton. Another name, four-letter word, has lost its popularity for obvious reasons. Some people refer to the Tetragrammaton as Hebrew word #3068 [3] after the numbering in James Strong's concordance. See also The name of God in Judaism. ...

See also:

Tetragrammaton, Tetragrammaton - Meaning, Tetragrammaton - Using consonants as semi-vowels, Tetragrammaton - Using the vowels of YHWH, Tetragrammaton - Vowel marks, Tetragrammaton - The Scholarly Reconstructed pronunciation יַהְוֶה i.e. Yahweh, Tetragrammaton - Scholarly sources in which יַהְוֶה is found, Tetragrammaton - Jewish use of the word, Tetragrammaton - Possible effect on the Hebrew Language, Tetragrammaton - Alternative names, Tetragrammaton - Possible origins, Tetragrammaton - Popular culture, Tetragrammaton - Footnotes

Read more here: » Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia II - Tetragrammaton - Alternative names

‘Anat first appears in Egypt in the 18th dynasty along with other northwest Semitic deities. She was especially worshipped in her aspect of a war goddess, often paired with the goddess ‘Ashtart. In the Contest Between Horus and Set, these two goddesses appear as daughters of Re and are given in marriage to the god Set, who had been identified with the Semitic god Hadad. During the Hyksos period ‘Anat had temples in the Hyksos capital of Tanis (Egypt) and in Beth-Shan (Palestine) as well as being worshipped in Memphis. On ...

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Anat, Anat - ‘Anat in Ugarit, Anat - ‘Anat in Egypt, Anat - ‘Anat in Mesopotamia, Anat - ‘Anat in Israel, Anat - ‘Anat and Athene, Anat - ‘Anath, Anat - Possible late transfigurations

Read more here: » Anat: Encyclopedia II - Anat - ‘Anat in Egypt

The goddess ‘Anat is never mentioned in Hebrew scriptures as a goddess, though her name is apparently preserved in the city names Beth Anath and Anathoth. Anathoth seems to be a plural form of the name, perhaps a shortening of bêt ‘anātôt 'House of the ‘Anats', either a reference to many shrines of the goddess or a plural of intensification. The ancient hero Shamgar son of ‘Anat is mentioned in Judges 3.31;5:6 which raises the idea that this hero may have been imagined as a demi-god, a mortal son of the goddess. ...

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Anat, Anat - ‘Anat in Ugarit, Anat - ‘Anat in Egypt, Anat - ‘Anat in Mesopotamia, Anat - ‘Anat in Israel, Anat - ‘Anat and Athene, Anat - ‘Anath, Anat - Possible late transfigurations

Read more here: » Anat: Encyclopedia II - Anat - ‘Anat in Israel

‘Ashtart's first appears in Egypt beginning with the 18th Dynasty along with other northwest Semitic deities. She was especially worshipped in her aspect of a war goddess, often paired with the goddess ‘Anat. In the Contest Between Horus and Set, these two goddesses appear as daughters of Re and are given in marriage to the god Set, here identified with the Semitic god Hadad. ‘Ashtart was also identified with the goddess Sekhmet but seemingly more often conflated, at least in part, with Isis to judge from the many images found o ...

See also:

Astarte, Astarte - General discussion, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Ugarit, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Egypt, Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon, Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Judea, Astarte - Other associations

Read more here: » Astarte: Encyclopedia II - Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Egypt

In Judaism, pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton is a taboo; it is widely considered forbidden to utter it and the pronunciation of the name is generally avoided. Usually, HaShem is used as a substitute in prayers or readings from the Hebrew Bible. The difference is marked by the vowelization in printed Bibles—the Tetragrammaton takes on the vowels of the word it's to be pronounced as. Torah scrolls have no diacritical vowel marks, and therefore the reader must memorize the correct pronunciation for each ins ...

See also:

Tetragrammaton, Tetragrammaton - Meaning, Tetragrammaton - Using consonants as semi-vowels, Tetragrammaton - Using the vowels of YHWH, Tetragrammaton - Vowel marks, Tetragrammaton - The Scholarly Reconstructed pronunciation יַהְוֶה i.e. Yahweh, Tetragrammaton - Scholarly sources in which יַהְוֶה is found, Tetragrammaton - Jewish use of the word, Tetragrammaton - Possible effect on the Hebrew Language, Tetragrammaton - Alternative names, Tetragrammaton - Possible origins, Tetragrammaton - Popular culture, Tetragrammaton - Footnotes

Read more here: » Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia II - Tetragrammaton - Jewish use of the word

The vowelized [ i.e. vocalized ] Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton "יַהְוֶה" ( i.e. Yahweh ) (see picture to the right) started to appear in scholarly sources in the early and mid 19th century. "יַהְוֶה" is sometimes referred to as a "Scholarly Reconstruction" and is based in large part on various Greek transcriptions (ιαουε—iaoue and ιαουαι—iaouai and ιαβε—Iabe) dating from the first centuries BC and AD. Particularly cited is Clement of Alexandria's spelling of the Tetragrammaton in his Greek See also:

Tetragrammaton, Tetragrammaton - Meaning, Tetragrammaton - Using consonants as semi-vowels, Tetragrammaton - Using the vowels of YHWH, Tetragrammaton - Vowel marks, Tetragrammaton - The Scholarly Reconstructed pronunciation יַהְוֶה i.e. Yahweh, Tetragrammaton - Scholarly sources in which יַהְוֶה is found, Tetragrammaton - Jewish use of the word, Tetragrammaton - Possible effect on the Hebrew Language, Tetragrammaton - Alternative names, Tetragrammaton - Possible origins, Tetragrammaton - Popular culture, Tetragrammaton - Footnotes

Read more here: » Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia II - Tetragrammaton - The Scholarly Reconstructed pronunciation יַהְוֶה i.e. Yahweh

Judith M.Hadley: The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judaism (U of Cambridge 2000) Jenny Kien: Reinstating the Divine Woman in Judaism (Universal 2000) Asphodel P. Long: In a Chariot Drawn by Lions (Crossing Press 1993). Raphael Patai: The Hebrew Goddess (Wayne State University Press 1990 and earlier editions) ...

See also:

Asherah, Asherah - Asherah and gods, Asherah - Ashira in Arabia, Asherah - Asherah and `Ashurah, Asherah - Related Publications

Read more here: » Asherah: Encyclopedia II - Asherah - Related Publications

In the ancient lunar calendar that became the Islamic calendar, the Day of ʿAshurah, transliterated also as Aashurah, Ashura or Aashoorah, falls on the 10th day of Muharram. On that day, in the year of the Hejira 61 (AD 680), Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of Muhammad was killed by Umayyad forces at the Battle of Karbala (now in Iraq). Still called the "Day of Aashurah", it has been observ ...

See also:

Asherah, Asherah - Asherah and gods, Asherah - Ashira in Arabia, Asherah - Asherah and `Ashurah, Asherah - Related Publications

Read more here: » Asherah: Encyclopedia II - Asherah - Asherah and `Ashurah

In the Haggadah (the traditional Hebrew Passover text) it is written that the divine names of God could be used to perform miracles if one knew their combination. Names of God in Judaism - Kabbalistic use. The system of cosmology of the Kabbalah explains the significance of the names. One of the most important names is that of the En Sof אין סוף ("Infinite" or "Endless"), who is above the Sefirot. The forty-two-lettered name contains the combined names אהיה יהוה אדוני הויה, th ...

See also:

Names of God in Judaism, Names of God in Judaism - Names of God, Names of God in Judaism - The Tetragrammaton, Names of God in Judaism - Other names of God, Names of God in Judaism - Miracles of the divine names, Names of God in Judaism - Kabbalistic use, Names of God in Judaism - Laws of writing divine names, Names of God in Judaism - The tradition of seven divine names, Names of God in Judaism - Bibliography

Read more here: » Names of God in Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Names of God in Judaism - Miracles of the divine names

According to Jewish tradition, the sacredness of the divine names must be recognized by the professional scribe who writes the Scriptures, or the chapters for the tefillin and the mezuzah. Before transcribing any of the divine names he prepares mentally to sanctify them. Once he begins a name he does not stop until it is finished, and he must not be interrupted while writing it, even to greet a king. If an error is made in writing it, it may not be erased, but a line must be drawn round it to show that it is canceled, and the whole page mus ...

See also:

Names of God in Judaism, Names of God in Judaism - Names of God, Names of God in Judaism - The Tetragrammaton, Names of God in Judaism - Other names of God, Names of God in Judaism - Miracles of the divine names, Names of God in Judaism - Kabbalistic use, Names of God in Judaism - Laws of writing divine names, Names of God in Judaism - The tradition of seven divine names, Names of God in Judaism - Bibliography

Read more here: » Names of God in Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Names of God in Judaism - Laws of writing divine names