aspirate

The letter B is the second letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is bee. B - History. The letter B probably started as a pictogram of the floorplan of a house in Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Proto-semitic alphabet. By 1500 BC, the Phoenician alphabet's letter had a linear form that served as the basis for all later forms, which appeared in both the angular and more rounded forms. Its name must have corresponded closely to the Hebrew beth. When the Ancient Greeks adopte ...

Including:

• B - History
• B - Typography
• B - Usage
• B - Alternative representations
• B - Computing
• B - Meanings for B

Read more here: » B: Encyclopedia - B

The Shiva Sutras (also Maheshvara Sutras) are the 14 sutras that form the basis of the Aṣṭādhyāyī (See: Aṣṭādhyāyī), the Sanskrit grammar by Pāṇini (See: Pāṇini). According to legend, these sutras were revealed to

Read more here: » Shiva Sutra: Encyclopedia - Shiva Sutra

Tibetan language - Dialects. Tibetan is comprised of several dialect groups: Central dialects Distribution: Tibetan Autonomous Region Ü (Tibetan: དབུས, Wylie: Dbus) Lhasa (Tibetan: ལྷ་ས་, Wylie: Lha sa) Tsang (Tibetan: གཙང་, Wylie: Gtsang) Shigatse (Tibetan: གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་, Wylie: Gzhis ka rtse) Kham (Tibetan: ཁམས་, Wylie: Khams) (see < ...

See also:

Tibetan language, Tibetan language - Registers, Tibetan language - Dialects, Tibetan language - Syntax, Tibetan language - Nouns, Tibetan language - Verbs, Tibetan language - Numerals, Tibetan language - Writing system, Tibetan language - Phonological history, Tibetan language - Phonology, Tibetan language - Studies, Tibetan language - Books

Read more here: » Tibetan language: Encyclopedia II - Tibetan language - Registers

There are over a hundred microorganisms which can cause CAP. The most common types of microorganisms are different among different groups of people. Newborn infants, children, and adults are at risk for different spectrums of disease causing microorganisms. In addition, adults with chronic illnesses, who live in certain parts of the world, who reside in nursing homes, who have recently been treated with antibiotics, or who are alcoholics are at risk for unique infections. Even when aggressive measures are taken, a definite cause for pneumonia is only identified in half the cases.< ...

See also:

Community-acquired pneumonia, Community-acquired pneumonia - Symptoms, Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment, Community-acquired pneumonia - Newborn infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - The decision to hospitalize, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prognosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Respiratory failure, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pleural effusion and empyema, Community-acquired pneumonia - Abscess, Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction, Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung disease, Community-acquired pneumonia - Immune problems, Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

Read more here: » Community-acquired pneumonia: Encyclopedia II - Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP

At a very early time in the development of Romance, the distinction between Latin long vowels and short vowels was very slight and the number of minimal pairs based on vowel length is much smaller than in Latin. This loss of distinction in vowel length would have made the nominative case and the ablative case of the first declension identical in sound (but still distinct in writing). ...

See also:

Linguistic history of Spanish, Linguistic history of Spanish - Basque influence, Linguistic history of Spanish - Celtic influence, Linguistic history of Spanish - Germanic influence, Linguistic history of Spanish - Arabic influence, Linguistic history of Spanish - Addition of the definite article, Linguistic history of Spanish - Abandonment of phonological length, Linguistic history of Spanish - Loss of case system, Linguistic history of Spanish - Loss of deponent verbs, Linguistic history of Spanish - Latin 'f-' to Spanish 'h-', Linguistic history of Spanish - Voicing, Linguistic history of Spanish - Elision, Linguistic history of Spanish - Syncope, Linguistic history of Spanish - Diphthongization, Linguistic history of Spanish - Monophthongization, Linguistic history of Spanish - Learned words and consonant cluster simplification, Linguistic history of Spanish - Words of non-Latin origin, Linguistic history of Spanish - Lists of Spanish etymology

Read more here: » Linguistic history of Spanish: Encyclopedia II - Linguistic history of Spanish - Abandonment of phonological length

Russian is primarily spoken in Russia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the USSR. Until 1917, it was the sole official language of the Russian Empire. During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian. Following the break-up of 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged thei ...

See also:

Russian language, Russian language - Classification, Russian language - Geographic distribution, Russian language - Official status, Russian language - Dialects, Russian language - Derived languages, Russian language - Writing system, Russian language - Alphabet, Russian language - Orthography, Russian language - Sounds, Russian language - Consonants, Russian language - Grammar, Russian language - Vocabulary, Russian language - The language of abuse and invective, Russian language - Proverbs and sayings, Russian language - History and examples, Russian language - Language description, Russian language - Related languages, Russian language - Other

Read more here: » Russian language: Encyclopedia II - Russian language - Geographic distribution

The script has 49 characters in its alphasyllabary and is phonemic. The Kannada character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the 49 characters in the alphasyllabary, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottaksharas). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The Kannada writing system is an abugida, with co ...

See also:

Kannada script, Kannada script - General, Kannada script - Vowels, Kannada script - Consonants, Kannada script - Structured consonants, Kannada script - Unstructured Consonants, Kannada script - Yogavaahas, Kannada script - Numbers

Read more here: » Kannada script: Encyclopedia II - Kannada script - General

The letter B probably started as a pictogram of the floorplan of a house in Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Proto-semitic alphabet. By 1500 BC, the Phoenician alphabet's letter had a linear form that served as the basis for all later forms, which appeared in both the angular and more rounded forms. Its name must have corresponded closely to the Hebrew beth. When the Ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they changed its name to beta and turned the letter upside-down and later added a second loop. In earlier Greek inscriptions, the l ...

See also:

B, B - History, B - Typography, B - Usage, B - Alternative representations, B - Computing, B - Meanings for B

Read more here: » B: Encyclopedia II - B - History

Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflexional structure, although considerable levelling has taken place. Russian grammar encompasses a highly synthetic morphology a syntax that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements: a polished vernacular foundation; a Church Slavonic inheritance; a Western European style. The spoken language has been influenced by the literary, but continues to preserve characteristi ...

See also:

Russian language, Russian language - Classification, Russian language - Geographic distribution, Russian language - Official status, Russian language - Dialects, Russian language - Derived languages, Russian language - Writing system, Russian language - Alphabet, Russian language - Orthography, Russian language - Sounds, Russian language - Consonants, Russian language - Grammar, Russian language - Vocabulary, Russian language - The language of abuse and invective, Russian language - Proverbs and sayings, Russian language - History and examples, Russian language - Language description, Russian language - Related languages, Russian language - Other

Read more here: » Russian language: Encyclopedia II - Russian language - Grammar

Individuals with symptoms of CAP require further evaluation. Physical examination by a health provider may reveal fever, an increased respiratory rate (tachypnea), low blood pressure (hypotension), a fast heart rate (tachycardia), and/or changes in the amount of oxygen in the blood. Feeling the way the chest expands (palpation) and tapping the chest wall (percussion) to identify dull areas which do not resonate can identify areas of the lung which are stiff and full of fluid (consolidated). Examination of the lungs with the aid of a stethosc ...

See also:

Community-acquired pneumonia, Community-acquired pneumonia - Symptoms, Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment, Community-acquired pneumonia - Newborn infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - The decision to hospitalize, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prognosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Respiratory failure, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pleural effusion and empyema, Community-acquired pneumonia - Abscess, Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction, Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung disease, Community-acquired pneumonia - Immune problems, Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

Read more here: » Community-acquired pneumonia: Encyclopedia II - Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis

See also: Reforms of Russian orthography The history of Russian language may be divided into the following periods. Origins The Kievan period (9th-11th centuries) Feudal breakup (12th-14th centuries) The Moscovite period (15th-17th centuries) Empire (18th-19th centuries) Soviet period and beyond (20th century) See also: Examples of literary language (12-20th century) Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 ...

See also:

Russian language, Russian language - Classification, Russian language - Geographic distribution, Russian language - Official status, Russian language - Dialects, Russian language - Derived languages, Russian language - Writing system, Russian language - Alphabet, Russian language - Orthography, Russian language - Sounds, Russian language - Consonants, Russian language - Grammar, Russian language - Vocabulary, Russian language - The language of abuse and invective, Russian language - Proverbs and sayings, Russian language - History and examples, Russian language - Language description, Russian language - Related languages, Russian language - Other

Read more here: » Russian language: Encyclopedia II - Russian language - History and examples

Russian is a Slavic language in the Indo-European family. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Belarusian and Ukrainian, the other two national languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in Ukraine and Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably. The basic vocabulary, principles of word-formation, and, to some extent, inflexions and literary style of Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly adopted form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic lan ...

See also:

Russian language, Russian language - Classification, Russian language - Geographic distribution, Russian language - Official status, Russian language - Dialects, Russian language - Derived languages, Russian language - Writing system, Russian language - Alphabet, Russian language - Orthography, Russian language - Sounds, Russian language - Consonants, Russian language - Grammar, Russian language - Vocabulary, Russian language - The language of abuse and invective, Russian language - Proverbs and sayings, Russian language - History and examples, Russian language - Language description, Russian language - Related languages, Russian language - Other

Read more here: » Russian language: Encyclopedia II - Russian language - Classification

CAP is treated by administering an antibiotic which is effective in killing the offending microorganism as well as managing any complications of the infection. If the causative microorganism is identified, different antibiotics are tested in the laboratory in order to identify which medication will be most effective. Often, however, no microorganism is ever identified. Also, since laboratory testing can take several days, there is some delay until an organism is identified. In both cases, a person's risk factors for different organisms must ...

See also:

Community-acquired pneumonia, Community-acquired pneumonia - Symptoms, Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment, Community-acquired pneumonia - Newborn infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - The decision to hospitalize, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prognosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Respiratory failure, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pleural effusion and empyema, Community-acquired pneumonia - Abscess, Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction, Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung disease, Community-acquired pneumonia - Immune problems, Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

Read more here: » Community-acquired pneumonia: Encyclopedia II - Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment

Some people have an underlying problem which increases their risk of getting an infection. Some important situations are covered below: Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction. When part of the airway (bronchi) leading to the alveoli is obstructed, the lung is not able to clear fluid when it accumulates. This can lead to infection of the fluid resulting in CAP. One cause of obstruction, especially in young children, is inhalation of a foreign object such as a marble or toy. The object is lodged i ...

See also:

Community-acquired pneumonia, Community-acquired pneumonia - Symptoms, Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment, Community-acquired pneumonia - Newborn infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - The decision to hospitalize, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prognosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Respiratory failure, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pleural effusion and empyema, Community-acquired pneumonia - Abscess, Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction, Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung disease, Community-acquired pneumonia - Immune problems, Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

Read more here: » Community-acquired pneumonia: Encyclopedia II - Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP

Russian is a Slavic language in the Indo-European family. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Belarusan. The basic vocabulary, principles of word-formation, and, to some extent, inflexions and literary style of Russian have been heavily influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly adopted form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. Many words in modern literary Russian are closer in form to the modern Bulgarian languag ...

See also:

Russian language, Russian language - Classification, Russian language - Geographic distribution, Russian language - Official status, Russian language - Dialects, Russian language - Derived languages, Russian language - Writing system, Russian language - Alphabet, Russian language - Orthography, Russian language - Sounds, Russian language - Consonants, Russian language - Grammar, Russian language - Vocabulary, Russian language - The language of abuse and invective, Russian language - Proverbs and sayings, Russian language - History and examples, Russian language - Language description, Russian language - Related languages, Russian language - Other

Read more here: » Russian language: Encyclopedia II - Russian language - Classification

Russian language - Alphabet. Main article: Russian alphabet Russian is written using a modified version of the Cyrillic (кириллица) alphabet, consisting of 33 letters. The following table gives their upper case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Old letters that have been abolished at one time or another but occur in this and related articles include ѣ /i ...

See also:

Russian language, Russian language - Classification, Russian language - Geographic distribution, Russian language - Official status, Russian language - Dialects, Russian language - Derived languages, Russian language - Writing system, Russian language - Alphabet, Russian language - Orthography, Russian language - Sounds, Russian language - Consonants, Russian language - Grammar, Russian language - Vocabulary, Russian language - The language of abuse and invective, Russian language - Proverbs and sayings, Russian language - History and examples, Russian language - Language description, Russian language - Related languages, Russian language - Other

Read more here: » Russian language: Encyclopedia II - Russian language - Writing system

See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on the Russian language. The total number of words in Russian is difficult to reckon because of the ability to agglutinate and create manifold compounds, diminutives, etc. (see Word Formation under Russian grammar). The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the last two centuries, and the total vocabulary of Pushkin (who is credited with greatly augmenting and codifying literary Russian), are as follows: Philologists have estimated that the language today m ...

See also:

Russian language, Russian language - Classification, Russian language - Geographic distribution, Russian language - Official status, Russian language - Dialects, Russian language - Derived languages, Russian language - Writing system, Russian language - Alphabet, Russian language - Orthography, Russian language - Sounds, Russian language - Consonants, Russian language - Grammar, Russian language - Vocabulary, Russian language - The language of abuse and invective, Russian language - Proverbs and sayings, Russian language - History and examples, Russian language - Language description, Russian language - Related languages, Russian language - Other

Read more here: » Russian language: Encyclopedia II - Russian language - Vocabulary

In addition to treating any underlying illness which can increase a person's risk for CAP, there are several additional ways to prevent CAP. Smoking cessation is important not only for treatment of any underlying lung disease, but also because cigarette smoke interferes with many of the body's natural defenses against CAP. Vaccination is important in both children and adults. Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the first year of life have greatly reduced their role in CAP in childr ...

See also:

Community-acquired pneumonia, Community-acquired pneumonia - Symptoms, Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment, Community-acquired pneumonia - Newborn infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - The decision to hospitalize, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prognosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Respiratory failure, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pleural effusion and empyema, Community-acquired pneumonia - Abscess, Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction, Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung disease, Community-acquired pneumonia - Immune problems, Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

Read more here: » Community-acquired pneumonia: Encyclopedia II - Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

CAP is a common illness in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups. In children, the majority of deaths occur in the newborn period, with over two million worldwide deaths a year. In fact, the WHO estimates that one in three newborn infant deaths are due to pneumonia.[16] Mortality decreases with age until late adulthood; elderly individua ...

See also:

Community-acquired pneumonia, Community-acquired pneumonia - Symptoms, Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment, Community-acquired pneumonia - Newborn infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - The decision to hospitalize, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prognosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Respiratory failure, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pleural effusion and empyema, Community-acquired pneumonia - Abscess, Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction, Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung disease, Community-acquired pneumonia - Immune problems, Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

Read more here: » Community-acquired pneumonia: Encyclopedia II - Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology

Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, severe complications can result from CAP, including: Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis. Sepsis can occur when microorganisms enter the blood stream and the immune system responds. Sepsis most often occurs with bacterial pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause. Individuals with sepsis require hospitalization in an intensive care unit. They often require medications and intravenous fluids to keep their blood pressure from going too low. ...

See also:

Community-acquired pneumonia, Community-acquired pneumonia - Symptoms, Community-acquired pneumonia - Diagnosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Microorganisms causing CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - Treatment, Community-acquired pneumonia - Newborn infants, Community-acquired pneumonia - Children, Community-acquired pneumonia - Adults, Community-acquired pneumonia - The decision to hospitalize, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prognosis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Sepsis, Community-acquired pneumonia - Respiratory failure, Community-acquired pneumonia - Pleural effusion and empyema, Community-acquired pneumonia - Abscess, Community-acquired pneumonia - Special circumstances leading to CAP, Community-acquired pneumonia - Obstruction, Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung disease, Community-acquired pneumonia - Immune problems, Community-acquired pneumonia - Epidemiology, Community-acquired pneumonia - Prevention

Read more here: » Community-acquired pneumonia: Encyclopedia II - Community-acquired pneumonia - Complications of CAP