The Irish potato famine caused a mass exodus of Irish Catholics to the United States, causing Catholicism to become the United States' largest single Christian denomination. America remains majority-Protestant, and that was more true then than now. Discrimination against the Irish immigrants led them to seek assimilation into U.S. culture. At the time the Catholic church in the United States was divided along ethnic lines, so that Irish Catholics ...

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Americanism heresy, Americanism heresy - Dogmatic/Theological aspect, Americanism heresy - Social aspect

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TRIPs was added to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) treaty at the end of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations in 1994. Its inclusion was the culmination of a program of intense lobbying by the United States, supported by the EU, Japan and other first world states. Also influential were campaigns of unilateral economic encouragement (under the Generalized System of Preferences) and coercion (under Section 301 of the Trade Act). In turn, the United States strategy of linking trade policy to intellectual property standards c ...

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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Background and history, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - The requirements of TRIPs, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Controversy, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Access to essential medicines, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Software and business method patents, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Use for enforcement of industrial espionage cases, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Post-TRIPs expansionism, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Panel reports

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Aspect is a feature of grammar that gives information about the temporal flow of language. Chinese has a unique complement of aspects: for example, there are two perfectives, 了 (-le) and 过 [過] (-guo) which subtly differ in meaning. le (perfective) 我(See also:

Chinese grammar, Chinese grammar - Topic-prominence, Chinese grammar - Aspects, Chinese grammar - Mood, Chinese grammar - Serial Verb Constructions, Chinese grammar - Verbal Complements, Chinese grammar - Coverbs, Chinese grammar - Counters or measure words / unitary, Chinese grammar - Parts of speech

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TRIPs requires member states to provide strong protection for intellectual property rights. For example, under TRIPs: Copyright terms must extend to 50 years after the death of the author (although films and photographs are only required to have fixed 50 and 25 year terms, respectively). Copyright must be granted automatically, and not based upon any "formality", such as registrations or systems of renewal. Computer programs must be regarded as "literary works" under copyright law and receive the same terms of ...

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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Background and history, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - The requirements of TRIPs, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Controversy, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Access to essential medicines, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Software and business method patents, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Use for enforcement of industrial espionage cases, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Post-TRIPs expansionism, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Panel reports

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Since TRIPs came into force it has received a growing level of criticism from developing countries, academics, and NGOs, on the basis that the WTO system in general and the TRIPs system in particular encapsulates all that is socially, politically and economically unjust about globalisation (see also anti-globalisation). However, due to the rule-based system of the WTO, and the technical complexities of applicable laws, many commentators consider that only extensive and intense social and political opposition is likely to ov ...

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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Background and history, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - The requirements of TRIPs, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Controversy, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Access to essential medicines, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Software and business method patents, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Use for enforcement of industrial espionage cases, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Post-TRIPs expansionism, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Panel reports

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Although the requirements of TRIPs are, from a policy perspective, extremely stringent, the lobby groups working to expand various IP laws have certainly found "limitations" in it. These have formed the basis for various bilateral and multilateral initatives since 1994: The creation of anti-circumvention laws to protect digital restrictions management systems. This was achieved through the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. The desire to further restrict the possibility of comp ...

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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Background and history, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - The requirements of TRIPs, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Controversy, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Access to essential medicines, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Software and business method patents, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Use for enforcement of industrial espionage cases, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Post-TRIPs expansionism, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Panel reports

Read more here: » Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: Encyclopedia II - Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Post-TRIPs expansionism

According to WTO 10th Anniversary, Highlights of the first decade, Annual Report 2005 page 142 [5], in the first ten years, 25 complaints have been lodged leading to the panel reports and appellate body reports on TRIPS listed below. The WTO website has a gateway to all TRIPS disputes (including those that did not lead to panel reports) here [6]. 2005 Panel Report [7]: European Communities - Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs . < ...

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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Background and history, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - The requirements of TRIPs, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Controversy, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Access to essential medicines, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Software and business method patents, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Use for enforcement of industrial espionage cases, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Post-TRIPs expansionism, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Panel reports

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The discovery and development of ciprofloxacin is that rare case of an actual groundbreaking new drug development, opening up an entire new class of antibiotics for further research, development, and marketing. Even more remarkable, it seems to be a case where the first drug discovered of this class remains the 'gold standard' in terms of efficacy, with the other drugs developed by other pharmaceutical companies relegated to 'me-too' status ...

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Ciprofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin - Activity, Ciprofloxacin - Label information, Ciprofloxacin - Interactions, Ciprofloxacin - Contraindications, Ciprofloxacin - Business aspects, Ciprofloxacin - Links

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As a member of the ketone bodies it is present in very small quantity in normal urine and in the blood. Larger quantities can be found after starvation and in diabetic patients with severe insulin deficiency (that is untreated or inadequately treated persons); a fruity smell of the breath caused by acetone is one symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis. See ketone bodies for more information. Acetone occurs naturally in plants, trees, volcanic gases, forest fires, and as a product of the breakdown of body fat. It is present in vehicle exhaus ...

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Acetone, Acetone - Biological aspects, Acetone - Chemistry, Acetone - Uses, Acetone - Health effects

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In the middle ages, poaching was a form of hunting unique to the poor, especially during the eras when hunting was a privilege reserved (in Europe) to landowners and the nobility. In the 16th century, killing a deer (a royal animal) was punishable by death. These privileges were abolished in the French Revolution. The poor typically hunted small animals such as rabbits (using snares and ferrets). Genuine hunting required weapons, considerable skill and spare time, which the average peasant simply did not have. A peasant was far more l ...

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Poaching, Poaching - Historical aspects, Poaching - Threat to wildlife, Poaching - Modern terminology

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Banksias are heavy producers of nectar, and so are important sources of food for nectariferous animals, including honeyeaters and small mammals such as honey possums, pygmy possums and bats . Many of these animals play a role in pollination of Banksia. Other associated fauna include the larvae of moths and weevils, which burrow into the "cones" to eat the seeds and pupate in the follicles; and birds such as cockatoos, who break off the "cones ...

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Banksia, Banksia - Description, Banksia - Distribution and Habitat, Banksia - Ecological aspects, Banksia - Taxonomy, Banksia - Uses and cultural references, Banksia - Gallery

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Many supporters of bullfighting regard it as a deeply ingrained integral part of their national cultures. The aesthetic of bullfighting is based on the interaction of the man and the bull. Rather than a competitive sport, the bullfight is more of a ritual which is judged by aficionados (bullfighting fans) based on artistic impression and command. Ernest Hemingway said of it in his 1932 novel Death in the Afternoon: "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree o ...

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Bullfighting, Bullfighting - Where bullfighting is practiced, Bullfighting - Origins, Bullfighting - Styles of bullfighting, Bullfighting - Spanish, Bullfighting - French, Bullfighting - Portuguese, Bullfighting - Cultural aspects of bullfighting, Bullfighting - Social aspects, Bullfighting - Influence in art, Bullfighting - Criticisms of bullfighting, Bullfighting - Famous bullfighters, Bullfighting - Bullfighting Terms

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In many federations (particularly those that are in fact confederations), the province or state is not clearly subordinate to the national or "central" government. Rather, it is considered to be sovereign in regard to its particular set of constitutional functions. The central and provincial governmental functions, or areas of jurisdiction, are identified in a constitution. Those that are not specifically identified in the constitution are called "residual powers". These residual powers lie at the provincial (or state) level in a decentralis ...

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Province, Province - Legal aspects, Province - Historical and cultural aspects, Province - Current provinces, Province - Current provinces and polities translated province, Province - Historical provinces, Province - Ancient and medieval/feudal provinces, Province - Modern post-feudal & colonial provinces, Province - Sources and References

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The word provincia was introduced by the Romans, who divided their empire into provinciae. The word is thought to have originated from the Latin word provincia (zone of influence), which is turn is thought to have derived from pro ("in front") and vincia ("linked"). In France, the expression en province still tends to mean "outside of the region of Paris". (The same expression is used in Peru, where en provincias means "outside of the city of Lima".) Prior to the French Revolution, Fran ...

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Province, Province - Legal aspects, Province - Historical and cultural aspects, Province - Current provinces, Province - Current provinces and polities translated province, Province - Historical provinces, Province - Ancient and medieval/feudal provinces, Province - Modern post-feudal & colonial provinces, Province - Sources and References

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The following traditional uses of beans refer to the broad bean. In ancient Greece and Rome, beans were used in voting (a white bean meant yes and a black bean meant no) and as a food for the dead, such as during the annual Lemuria festival. In some folk legends, such as in Estonia and the common Jack and the Beanstalk story, magical beans grow tall enough to bring the hero to the clouds. The Grimm Brothers collected a story in which a bean splits its sides laughing at the failure of others. Dreaming of a bean is sometimes said to be a sign of impending conflict, t ...

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Bean, Bean - Name, Bean - Types of beans, Bean - Cultural aspects

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The messages and library will be encoded in glass-made radiation-resistant DVDs. Symbolic instructions in several formats will show the future finders how to build a DVD reader, which may no longer exist 50,000 years from now. The satellite itself is a hollow sphere 80 cm in diameter engraved with a map of Earth and surrounded by an aluminium layer, a thermal layer and several layers of titanium and other heavy materials intertwined with vacuum. The sphere is resistant to cosmic radiation, atmosphere re-entry, space junk impacts and s ...

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KEO, KEO - The messages, KEO - Other contents, KEO - Technical aspects, KEO - Project history, KEO - Similar Projects

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In HDV, the video frame is defined to have an aspect ratio of 16:9. Permitted resolutions are 720p and 1080i. HDV 1080i, like other new HD recording formats, uses a pixel aspect ratio of 1.33 to store data in a more mathematically and algorithmically efficient way. HDV 1080i uses a pixel resolution of 1440x1080, but when displayed has an effective resolution of 1920x1080 = (1440 x 1.33)x1080. Visually, the images are considered to be equal, as the spatial resolution of the human eye is less sensitive to differences ...

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HDV, HDV - History, HDV - HDV compression, HDV - Resolution and aspect ratio, HDV - Notes regarding specific camcorder models, HDV - Editing HDV, HDV - Editing Software support, HDV - Specifications

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The distinction between grammatical tense, aspect, and mood is fuzzy and at times controversial. The English continuous temporal constructions express an aspect as well as a tense, and some therefore consider that aspect to be separate from tense in English. In Spanish the traditional verb tenses are also combinations of aspectual and temporal information. Going even further, there's an ongoing dispute among modern English grammarians (see English grammar) regarding whether tense can only refer to inflected forms. In Ger ...

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Grammatical tense, Grammatical tense - Compound tenses, Grammatical tense - Tense aspect and mood, Grammatical tense - Classification of tenses, Grammatical tense - Bibliography

Read more here: » Grammatical tense: Encyclopedia II - Grammatical tense - Tense aspect and mood

Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identified as "institutions," may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergence; that is, institutions arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self-organization, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual humans involved. As mechanisms of social cooperation, institutions are manifest in both objectively real, formal organizations ...

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Institution, Institution - Aspects of Institutions, Institution - Perspectives of the Social Sciences

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EUC is often used as the character encoding (i.e. for external storage) in programs that deal with GB2312, thus maintaining compatibility with ASCII. Two bytes are used to represent every character not found in ASCII. The value of the first byte is from 0xA1-0xF7, while the value of the second byte is from 0xA1-0xFE. Hence, like UTF-8, it is possible to check if a byte is part of a two-byte construct. Compared to UTF-8, GB2312 is also more storage efficient, since Chinese characters are limited to a maximum of two bytes ...

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GB2312, GB2312 - Codepoints, GB2312 - Technical Aspects

Read more here: » GB2312: Encyclopedia II - GB2312 - Technical Aspects

There is currently a single client implementation called kast. It is written in C, and uses a browser-based user interface which means that it is trivial to install and use on any type of computer or operating-system. All konspire2b-related software is open source under the GNU GPL. The konspire2b website uses a wiki for the purpose of documentation and brainstorming. There has been a continuing linkspam vandalism campaign on the Konspire wiki ...

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Konspire2b, Konspire2b - Overview, Konspire2b - Technical aspects, Konspire2b - Differences with other peer-to-peer software, Konspire2b - Technical problems, Konspire2b - Legal problems, Konspire2b - History

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Human sexuality can also be understood as part of the social life of humans, governed by implied rules of behavior and the status quo. Thus, it is claimed, sexuality influences social norms and society in turn influences the manner in which sexuality can be expressed. Since the invention of the mass media, things such as movies and advertising have given sexuality even more ability to shape the environments in which we live. Some see sexuality as distilled (often into stereotypes) and ...

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Human sexuality, Human sexuality - Physiological aspects, Human sexuality - Social aspects, Human sexuality - Society and politics, Human sexuality - Sex education, Human sexuality - Cultural and psychiatric aspects, Human sexuality - Documentary Films, Human sexuality - Study of sexuality, Human sexuality - Topics in human sexuality

Read more here: » Human sexuality: Encyclopedia II - Human sexuality - Social aspects