Aryeh Kaplan

Aryeh Kaplan (1934 - 1983) was a noted rabbi and author, who had a background in both physics and Judaism. He is widely viewed as a prolific and original teacher; his work ranged from studies of the Torah, Talmud and works of mysticism to outreach and philosophy. Aryeh Kaplan - Biography. Rabbi Kaplan was born in the Bronx, New York City, and studied in the Torah Voda'as and Mir Yeshivot in Brooklyn. He then studied at Mir in Jerusalem, and was ordained by some of Israel's forem ...

Including:

• Aryeh Kaplan - Biography
• Aryeh Kaplan - Works

Read more here: » Aryeh Kaplan: Encyclopedia - Aryeh Kaplan

Rabbi Kaplan was born in the Bronx, New York City, and studied in the Torah Voda'as and Mir Yeshivot in Brooklyn. He then studied at Mir in Jerusalem, and was ordained by some of Israel's foremost rabbinic authorities including Rabbi Eliezer Yehudah Finkel. He also earned a masters degree in physics. As a graduate student, Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan was described in a scientific "Who's Who" as the most promising young physicist in America. Later "he decided to devote his overflowing heart and massive intellect to the writing and ...

See also:

Aryeh Kaplan, Aryeh Kaplan - Biography, Aryeh Kaplan - Works

Read more here: » Aryeh Kaplan: Encyclopedia II - Aryeh Kaplan - Biography

This article is about the Abrahamic belief; creationism can also refer to origin beliefs in general or, centuries earlier, to an alternative to traducianism. Creationism or creation theology is the belief that humans, life, the Earth, and the universe were created by a supreme being or deity's supernatural intervention. The intervention may be seen either as an act of creation from nothing (ex nihilo) ...

Including:

• Creationism - Overview
• Creationism - Political context
• Creationism - History of the concept of creation
• Creationism - Types of creationism
• Creationism - Jewish creationism
• Creationism - Christian God as absolute origin
• Creationism - Prevalence of creationism
• Creationism - United States
• Creationism - The western world outside the United States
• Creationism - Criticism of creationism
• Creationism - Scientific critique of creationism
• Creationism - The Christian critique of creationism
• Creationism - Creationism and naturalism

Read more here: » Creationism: Encyclopedia - Creationism

The documentary hypothesis is a hypothesis proposed by many historians and academics in the field of linguistics and source criticism that the Five Books of Moses (the Torah) are in fact a combination of documents from different sources rather than authored by one individual. Although the hypothesis is widely accepted (the Vatican itself estimates that 90% of academics in the field of biblical scholarship support it), it has a number of substantial critics, such as conservative, evangelical Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen, but also among critical scholars, ...

Including:

• Documentary hypothesis - The hypothesis
• Documentary hypothesis - Background to the hypothesis
• Documentary hypothesis - The modern hypothesis
• Documentary hypothesis - Secondary hypothesis
• Documentary hypothesis - History of the hypothesis
• Documentary hypothesis - Traditional Jewish and Christian beliefs
• Documentary hypothesis - Rabbinical biblical criticism
• Documentary hypothesis - The Enlightenment
• Documentary hypothesis - 19th-Century Theories
• Documentary hypothesis - Julius Wellhausen
• Documentary hypothesis - Richard Elliot Friedman
• Documentary hypothesis - The modern era
• Documentary hypothesis - Opponents of the hypothesis
• Documentary hypothesis - Debates between non-fundamentalist academics supporting the Documentary Hypothesis
• Documentary hypothesis - Highlighted source text at Wikisource

Read more here: » Documentary hypothesis: Encyclopedia - Documentary hypothesis

Baal teshuva (or baal teshuvah) (Hebrew: "master of repentance") or chozer bi-teshuva ("one who returns in repentance") refers to a Jew (often secular) who has adopted strict observance of Judaism, or a more Jewishly observant lifestyle than previously practiced. The baal teshuva phenomenon, sometimes also described as the "baal teshuva movement", is sometimes colloquially referred to as "born-a ...

Including:

• Baal teshuva - Origins
• Baal teshuva - In the former Soviet Union
• Baal teshuva - In Israel
• Baal teshuva - Orthodox outreach organizations
• Baal teshuva - Orthodox outreach to Jewish women
• Baal teshuva - Orthodox day schools
• Baal teshuva - Publishers of English outreach literature
• Baal teshuva - Orthodox rabbis in outreach
• Baal teshuva - First generation
• Baal teshuva - Second generation

Read more here: » Baal teshuva: Encyclopedia - Baal teshuva

The efforts of translating the Bible from its original languages into over 2,000 others have spanned more than two millennia. Partial translations of the Bible into English can be traced back to the end of the 7th century. Over 450 versions have been created over time. The following paragraphs describe the history of these efforts, focusing on the translation of the Bible into English. English translations of the Bible - Early translations. English translations of the Bible - Early Jewish translatio ...

Including:

• English translations of the Bible - Early translations
• English translations of the Bible - Early Jewish translations
• English translations of the Bible - Early Christian translations
• English translations of the Bible - Jerome's Bible
• English translations of the Bible - Old English translations
• English translations of the Bible - Middle English translations
• English translations of the Bible - Early Modern English translations
• English translations of the Bible - Modern translations
• English translations of the Bible - Christian translations
• English translations of the Bible - Critical translations
• English translations of the Bible - Jewish translations

Read more here: » English translations of the Bible: Encyclopedia - English translations of the Bible

In theology, the doctrine of divine simplicity says that God is without parts. Divine simplicity - In Christian thought. In Christian thought, the importance of the concept is that God as a simple being is not divisible, and thus, he is present in his entirety everywhere that he is present, if he is present anywhere. In light of this idea, Thomas Aquinas wrote that, because God is infinitely simple, he can only appear to the finite mind as though he were infinitely complex. This doctrine also ...

Including:

• Divine simplicity - In Christian thought
• Divine simplicity - In Jewish thought

Read more here: » Divine simplicity: Encyclopedia - Divine simplicity

The Bahir (Hebrew for "Illumination") is a pseudepigraphic mystical work attributed to Nehunya ben ha-Kanah, a first century rabbinic sage, and a contemporary of Johanan ben Zakkai (first century), because it begins with the words, "R. Nehunya ben ha-Kanah said". It was first published in the 12th century, southern France. It is an early work of esoteric Jewish mysticism which eventually became known as Kabbalah. Bahir - Title. Nahmanides, in his commentary on the Torah, (Genesis 1) is one of the fir ...

Including:

• Bahir - Title
• Bahir - Authorship
• Bahir - Editions and Commentaries

Read more here: » Bahir: Encyclopedia - Bahir

Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted felon as a punishment for a crime (often called a capital offence or a capital crime). Historically the judicial execution of criminals and political opponents was a phenomenon of nearly all societies and it was often used as a means to suppress political enemies. It was also seen as the ultimate deterrent to crime. The majority of democratic countries in Europe and Latin America have abolished capital punishment over the la ...

Including:

• Capital punishment - Terminology
• Capital punishment - Methods of execution
• Capital punishment - Scope of use
• Capital punishment - History
• Capital punishment - Military
• Capital punishment - Around the present world
• Capital punishment - Juvenile capital punishment
• Capital punishment - International organisations
• Capital punishment - Views and opinions concerning the death penalty
• Capital punishment - Secular arguments for and against the death penalty
• Capital punishment - Arguments against
• Capital punishment - Arguments for
• Capital punishment - Religious attitudes towards the death penalty
• Capital punishment - In arts and entertainment
• Capital punishment - Literature
• Capital punishment - Art
• Capital punishment - Film
• Capital punishment - TV

Read more here: » Capital punishment: Encyclopedia - Capital punishment

Chokhmah ("Wisdom"; חכמה) (or chochmah or hokhmah) in the Kabbalah of Judaism, is the uppermost of the Sephirot of the right line (kav yamin which is also the "Pillar of Mercy"). It is derived from the Hebrew word chokhmah (חכמה) which means "wisdom". It is to the bottom right of Keter, and with Binah across it. Under it are the sephirot of Chesed and Netzach. It commonly has four paths going to Keter, Binah, Tifereth, and Chesed. (Som ...

Including:

• Chokhmah Kabbalah - Introduction
• Chokhmah Kabbalah - The first of the intellectual powers of the soul
• Chokhmah Kabbalah - Numerology
• Chokhmah Kabbalah - In the texts of Judaism
• Chokhmah Kabbalah - Non-Jewish usages
• Chokhmah Kabbalah - External link

Read more here: » Chokhmah Kabbalah: Encyclopedia - Chokhmah Kabbalah

The use of formal execution extends back beyond recorded history. In the history of the death penalty, societies have generally progressed (or sometimes regressed) through an identifiable sequence of practices surrounding the death penalty. Tribal practices or blood feuds. Introduction of state-sponsored justice, with use of the death penalty for many crimes. The lex talionis, restricting the death penalty to m ...

See also:

Capital punishment, Capital punishment - Terminology, Capital punishment - History, Capital punishment - Blood feuds, Capital punishment - Sacrifice and entertainment, Capital punishment - State-sponsored justice, Capital punishment - Numbers of executions, Capital punishment - The lex talionis, Capital punishment - Differentiated styles of execution, Capital punishment - Movements towards humane execution, Capital punishment - Abolitionary movements, Capital punishment - The death penalty worldwide, Capital punishment - Military, Capital punishment - Juvenile capital punishment, Capital punishment - International organizations, Capital punishment - Public opinion, Capital punishment - The death penalty in specific countries, Capital punishment - Ethical views on capital punishment, Capital punishment - The Deterrence Argument, Capital punishment - The Prevention Argument, Capital punishment - The Retribution Argument, Capital punishment - The Rehabilitation Argument, Capital punishment - The right to life / sanctity of life, Capital punishment - Economic Arguments, Capital punishment - The Human Fallibility Argument, Capital punishment - Discrimatory misuse of the death penalty, Capital punishment - Effectiveness of the judicial and penal systems, Capital punishment - Cruel and unusual punishments, Capital punishment - Consideration of democratic rights, Capital punishment - Extreme cases and exceptional circumstances, Capital punishment - Religious views on capital punishment, Capital punishment - Buddhism and capital punishment, Capital punishment - Christianity and capital punishment, Capital punishment - Judaism and capital punishment, Capital punishment - Islam and capital punishment, Capital punishment - Hinduism and capital punishment, Capital punishment - Methods of execution, Capital punishment - Recent events and cases in the death penalty debate, Capital punishment - The death penalty in arts and media, Capital punishment - Literature, Capital punishment - Art, Capital punishment - Film, Capital punishment - TV, Capital punishment - Notes

Read more here: » Capital punishment: Encyclopedia II - Capital punishment - History

Support for the death penalty varies widely, and it can be a highly contentious political issue, particularly in democracies that use it. A decreasing majority of adults in the United States appear to support its continuance (though like most political issues, the numbers vary widely depending on the phrasing of the question asked), but a highly vocal, organised minority of people in that country do not, and non-governmental organisations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch lobby against it globally. In many parts of Asia where ...

See also:

Capital punishment, Capital punishment - Terminology, Capital punishment - Methods of execution, Capital punishment - Scope of use, Capital punishment - History, Capital punishment - Military, Capital punishment - Around the present world, Capital punishment - Views and opinions concerning the death penalty, Capital punishment - Secular arguments for and against the death penalty, Capital punishment - Arguments against, Capital punishment - Arguments for, Capital punishment - Religious attitudes towards the death penalty, Capital punishment - In arts and entertainment, Capital punishment - Literature, Capital punishment - Art, Capital punishment - Film, Capital punishment - TV

Read more here: » Capital punishment: Encyclopedia II - Capital punishment - Views and opinions concerning the death penalty

Rebbe Nachman was born in Mezhibuz, Ukraine, and in his short life achieved much acclaim as a teacher and spiritual leader. He was an extreme example of the Hasidic movement, living in poverty and better known for his stories and songs and his Torah scholarship, he was also an immense Torah scholar in his own right, as evidenced in his major work, Likutei Moharan which is filled with references to classical Jewish religious texts. Only later did he begin to couch his kabbalah teachings in the form of seemingly simple "ta ...

See also:

Nachman of Breslov, Nachman of Breslov - Biography, Nachman of Breslov - His following, Nachman of Breslov - Teachings, Nachman of Breslov - Tikun Klali, Nachman of Breslov - Contributions to Hasidism and important teachings, Nachman of Breslov - Did he believe he was the Messiah?, Nachman of Breslov - View within Breslov, Nachman of Breslov - Academic secular view, Nachman of Breslov - Views of Chaim Kramer, Nachman of Breslov - Controversy over his beliefs, Nachman of Breslov - Was Nachman actually a Sabbatean?, Nachman of Breslov - Works published after his death, Nachman of Breslov - Quotes, Nachman of Breslov - Reference

Read more here: » Nachman of Breslov: Encyclopedia II - Nachman of Breslov - Teachings

Creationism - Scientific critique of creationism. All forms of Creationism incorporate some theological content, but they have varied considerably over time in the degree to which they try to incorporate scientific terminology. Since the origins of modern geology in the 18th and 19th centuries, theories of creationism have become increasingly separated from mainstream science. Many modern forms of creationism, particularly Young Earth Christian creationism, were created to defend the literal interpretation of the ...

See also:

Creationism, Creationism - Overview, Creationism - Political context, Creationism - History of the concept of creation, Creationism - Types of creationism, Creationism - Jewish creationism, Creationism - Christian God as absolute origin, Creationism - Prevalence of creationism, Creationism - United States, Creationism - The western world outside the United States, Creationism - Criticism of creationism, Creationism - Scientific critique of creationism, Creationism - The Christian critique of creationism, Creationism - Creationism and naturalism

Read more here: » Creationism: Encyclopedia II - Creationism - Criticism of creationism

Documentary hypothesis - Traditional Jewish and Christian beliefs. The traditional Jewish view is that God revealed his will to Moses at Mount Sinai in a verbal fashion. This dictation is said to have been exactly transcribed by Moses. Based on the Talmud (tractate Git. 60a), some believe that the Torah may have been given piece-by-piece over the 40 years that the Israelites wandered in the desert. The Pentateuch itself does not imply as much. The expression "God said to Moses" shows only the Divine ...

See also:

Documentary hypothesis, Documentary hypothesis - The hypothesis, Documentary hypothesis - Background to the hypothesis, Documentary hypothesis - The modern hypothesis, Documentary hypothesis - Secondary hypothesis, Documentary hypothesis - History of the hypothesis, Documentary hypothesis - Traditional Jewish and Christian beliefs, Documentary hypothesis - Rabbinical biblical criticism, Documentary hypothesis - The Enlightenment, Documentary hypothesis - 19th-Century Theories, Documentary hypothesis - Julius Wellhausen, Documentary hypothesis - Richard Elliot Friedman, Documentary hypothesis - The modern era, Documentary hypothesis - Opponents of the hypothesis, Documentary hypothesis - Debates between non-fundamentalist academics supporting the Documentary Hypothesis, Documentary hypothesis - Highlighted source text at Wikisource

Read more here: » Documentary hypothesis: Encyclopedia II - Documentary hypothesis - History of the hypothesis

The Living Torah is a 1981 translation of the Torah by Aryeh Kaplan, published by Moznaim. It was and remains a highly popular translation, and was reissued in a Hebrew-English version with haftarot for synagogue use. Kaplan had the following goals for his translation, which were arguably absent from previous English translations: Clear and readable Close the basic meaning (peshat) of the text in many places, but in other places translated to be in accord with post-biblical rabbinic commentary and Jewish codes of law. Faithful to Orthodox Jewish tr ...

See also:

The Living Torah and Nach, The Living Torah and Nach - The Living Torah, The Living Torah and Nach - The Living Nach

Read more here: » The Living Torah and Nach: Encyclopedia II - The Living Torah and Nach - The Living Torah

In general, English Bible translation has been less central and not as widespread among Jews as among Christians (the latter having produced dozens of modern translations and versions in English along with sets of initials to distinguish them). This is partially due to the fact that English became the major spoken language among Jews only in the era since the holocaust. Before then, even Jews in English-speaking countries were still part of an immigrant culture to a large extent, which meant that they could either understand the Hebrew Bible ...

See also:

Jewish English Bible translations, Jewish English Bible translations - Lack of centrality, Jewish English Bible translations - Isaac Leeser translation, Jewish English Bible translations - Jewish Publication Society translations, Jewish English Bible translations - Old JPS 1917, Jewish English Bible translations - New JPS, Jewish English Bible translations - Living Torah and Nach, Jewish English Bible translations - Judaica Press, Jewish English Bible translations - Artscroll Tanach series, Jewish English Bible translations - Torah translations, Jewish English Bible translations - Fox, Jewish English Bible translations - Robert Alter

Read more here: » Jewish English Bible translations: Encyclopedia II - Jewish English Bible translations - Lack of centrality

English translations of the Bible - Early Jewish translations. Some of the first translations of the Jewish Torah began during the first exile in Babylonian, when Aramaic became the lingua franca of the Jews. With most people speaking only Aramaic and not understanding Hebrew, the Targums were created to allow the common person to understand the Torah as it was read in ancient synagogues. The most well-known movement to translate books of the Bible appeared in the 3rd century BCE. Most of the Tanakh then e ...

See also:

English translations of the Bible, English translations of the Bible - Early translations, English translations of the Bible - Early Jewish translations, English translations of the Bible - Early Christian translations, English translations of the Bible - Jerome's Bible, English translations of the Bible - Old English translations, English translations of the Bible - Middle English translations, English translations of the Bible - Early Modern English translations, English translations of the Bible - Modern translations, English translations of the Bible - Christian translations, English translations of the Bible - Critical translations, English translations of the Bible - Jewish translations

Read more here: » English translations of the Bible: Encyclopedia II - English translations of the Bible - Early translations

With the advent of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, the Jewish community found itself engaged in a discussion of Jewish principles of faith and modern scientific findings. By the early 1900s, the majority of Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism came to accept the existence of evolution as a scientific fact. They interpreted Genesis and related Jewish teachings in light of this fact. Orthodox Judaism offered significantly more resistance to this idea, with many Orthodox rabbis developing rejections of evolution that exactly par ...

See also:

Judaism and evolution, Judaism and evolution - Classical rabbinic teachings, Judaism and evolution - Medieval rabbinic teachings, Judaism and evolution - Kabbalistic rabbinic teachings, Judaism and evolution - Jewish views in reaction to Darwin, Judaism and evolution - Post-1800 Kabbalistic views of compatibility, Judaism and evolution - Late 1800s Orthodox embrace of evolution, Judaism and evolution - Modern day Orthodox Jewish views, Judaism and evolution - Modern day Conservative Jewish views, Judaism and evolution - Sources

Read more here: » Judaism and evolution: Encyclopedia II - Judaism and evolution - Jewish views in reaction to Darwin

Creationism - Scientific critique of creationism. All forms of Creationism incorporate some theological content, but they have varied considerably over time in the degree to which they incorporate scientific evidence. Since the origins of modern geology in the 18th and 19th centuries, theories of creationism have become increasingly separated from mainstream science. Many modern forms of creationism, particularly Young Earth Christian creationism, were created to defend the literal interpretation of the biblical ...

See also:

Creationism, Creationism - Political context, Creationism - History of the concept of creation, Creationism - Types of creationism, Creationism - Jewish creationism, Creationism - Christian God as absolute origin, Creationism - Prevalence of creationism, Creationism - United States, Creationism - The western world outside the United States, Creationism - Criticism of creationism, Creationism - Scientific critique of creationism, Creationism - The Christian critique of creationism, Creationism - Creationism and naturalism

Read more here: » Creationism: Encyclopedia II - Creationism - Criticism of creationism