artistic

After the defeat of revolutionary France, the other great powers tried to restore the situation which existed before 1789. However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of democracy of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by Socialist, Communist and Anarchistic ideas (especially those summarized by Karl Marx in the Manifesto of the Communist Par ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

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After the relative peace of most of the 19th Century, the rivalry between European powers exploded in 1914, when World War I started. On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (the Central Powers/Triple Alliance), while on the other side stood Serbia and the Triple Entente - the loose coalition of France, the United Kingdom and Russia, which were joined by Italy in 1915 and by the United States in 1917. Despite the defeat of Russia in 1917 (the war was one of the major causes of the Russian Revolution, leading to the formation of the communist So ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

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World War I and especially World War II ended the pre-eminent position of western Europe. The map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided as it became the principal zone of contention in the Cold War between the two power blocs, the capitalistic Western_countries and the communist Soviet Union. The U.S. and Western Europe (theUnited Kingdom, France, Italy, West Germany, etc.) established the NATO alliance as a protection against a possible Soviet invasion. Later, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, East Germany) establis ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

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Main article: French Revolution By the late 18th century France's finances were in disarray. Lavish royal expenditure and costly wars, such as the French intervention in the American war of Independence, had bankrupted the state. After repeated failed attempts at financial reform, Louis XVI was persuaded to convene the Estates-General, a representative body of the country made up of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. The members of the Estates-General assembled in Versaille in May 1789, but the debate a ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

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Main article: English Civil War The first and foremost cause of the War was religion. When Charles became King in 1625 his Arminian style of Anglicanism and French Catholic wife seemed to herald a slide back toward Catholicism and popery. Additionally, he did not get along with Parliament, and unproductive sessions in the 1620s resulted in the closure of Parliament for 11 years. However, following the Scottish invasion in 1640 Charles was forced to call Parliament to raise money for an army. Parliament was furious and wanted it ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

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In the 15th century, at the end of the Middle Ages, powerful states were appearing, built by the New Monarchs who were centralizing power in France, England, and Spain. On the other hand the Parliament in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth grew in power, taking legislative rights from the Polish king. Contrariwise, the Church was losing much of its power because of corruption, internal conflicts, and the spread of culture leading to the artistic, philosophical, ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

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The numerous wars did not prevent the new states from exploring and conquering wide portions of the world, particularly in Asia (Siberia) and in the newly-discovered America. In the 15th century, Portugal led the way in geographical exploration, followed by Spain in early 16th century, were the first states to set up colonies in South America and trade stations on the shores of Africa and Asia, but they were soon followed by France, England and the Netherlands. In 1552 Russian tsar Ioann IV the Terrible conquered Kazan and the Yermak's vo ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

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The Reformation had profound effects on the unity of Europe. Not only were nations divided one from another by their religious orientation, but some states were torn apart internally by religious strife, avidly fostered by their external enemies. France suffered this fate in the 16th century in the series of conflicts known as the French Wars of Religion, which ended in the triumph of the Bourbon Dynasty. England avoided this fate for a while and settled down under Elizabeth to a moderate Anglicanism. Germany, divided into numerous small sta ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century

The process of European integration was slow due to the reluctance of most nation states to give up their sovereignty. However, the process began to accelerate in the early 21st century. Whereas the European Union started out as a loose economic alliance among European nations, the European Union took further steps to more closely integrate the member states, and make the EU into a more supranational organisation. At the turn of the century, nations within the European Union had created a free trade zone and eliminated most travel bar ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union

Western Europe emerged as the site of a distinct civilization after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, as barbarian invasions separated it from the rest of the Mediterranean, where the Eastern Roman Empire (a.k.a. Byzantine Empire) survived for another millennium. In the 7th century the Arab expansion brought Islamic cultures to the southern Mediterranean shores (from Turkey to Sicily and Spain), further enlarging the differences between the various Mediterranean civilizations. Huge amounts of technology and learning we ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

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Anyone can apply for time on the telescope; there are no restrictions on nationality or academic affiliation. Competition for time on the telescope is extremely intense, and the ratio of time requested to time available (the oversubscription ratio) typically ranges between 6 and 9. [13] Calls for proposals are issued roughly annually, with time allocated for a 'cycle' lasting approximately one year. Proposals are divided into several categories; 'gene ...

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Hubble Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Conception design and aims, Hubble Space Telescope - Proposals and precursors, Hubble Space Telescope - The quest for funding, Hubble Space Telescope - Construction and engineering, Hubble Space Telescope - Optical Telescope Assembly OTA, Hubble Space Telescope - Spacecraft systems, Hubble Space Telescope - Ground support, Hubble Space Telescope - Challenger disaster, Hubble Space Telescope - Instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Flawed mirror, Hubble Space Telescope - Origin of the problem, Hubble Space Telescope - Design of a solution, Hubble Space Telescope - COSTAR, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing missions and new instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing mission 1, Hubble Space Telescope - Subsequent servicing missions, Hubble Space Telescope - Scientific results, Hubble Space Telescope - Important discoveries, Hubble Space Telescope - Impact on astronomy, Hubble Space Telescope - Using the telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Observation scheduling, Hubble Space Telescope - Amateur observations, Hubble Space Telescope - Hubble data, Hubble Space Telescope - Transmission to Earth, Hubble Space Telescope - Archive, Hubble Space Telescope - Pipeline reduction, Hubble Space Telescope - Data analysis, Hubble Space Telescope - Outreach activities, Hubble Space Telescope - Future, Hubble Space Telescope - Equipment failure, Hubble Space Telescope - Orbital decay, Hubble Space Telescope - Debate over final servicing mission, Hubble Space Telescope - Solutions

Read more here: » Hubble Space Telescope: Encyclopedia II - Hubble Space Telescope - Using the telescope

Hubble Space Telescope - Transmission to Earth. Hubble data is initially stored on the spacecraft. When launched, the storage facilities were old-fashioned reel-to-reel tape recorders, but these were replaced by solid state data storage facilities during servicing missions 2 and 3A. From the onboard storage facilities, data is transferred to the ground via the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System, a system of satellites designed so that satellites in low-Earth orbit can communicate with their mission control ...

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Hubble Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Conception design and aims, Hubble Space Telescope - Proposals and precursors, Hubble Space Telescope - The quest for funding, Hubble Space Telescope - Construction and engineering, Hubble Space Telescope - Optical Telescope Assembly OTA, Hubble Space Telescope - Spacecraft systems, Hubble Space Telescope - Ground support, Hubble Space Telescope - Challenger disaster, Hubble Space Telescope - Instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Flawed mirror, Hubble Space Telescope - Origin of the problem, Hubble Space Telescope - Design of a solution, Hubble Space Telescope - COSTAR, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing missions and new instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing mission 1, Hubble Space Telescope - Subsequent servicing missions, Hubble Space Telescope - Scientific results, Hubble Space Telescope - Important discoveries, Hubble Space Telescope - Impact on astronomy, Hubble Space Telescope - Using the telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Observation scheduling, Hubble Space Telescope - Amateur observations, Hubble Space Telescope - Hubble data, Hubble Space Telescope - Transmission to Earth, Hubble Space Telescope - Archive, Hubble Space Telescope - Pipeline reduction, Hubble Space Telescope - Data analysis, Hubble Space Telescope - Outreach activities, Hubble Space Telescope - Future, Hubble Space Telescope - Equipment failure, Hubble Space Telescope - Orbital decay, Hubble Space Telescope - Debate over final servicing mission, Hubble Space Telescope - Solutions

Read more here: » Hubble Space Telescope: Encyclopedia II - Hubble Space Telescope - Hubble data

It has always been important for the Space Telescope to capture the public's imagination, given the considerable contribution of taxpayers to its construction and operational costs. After the difficult early years when the faulty mirror severely dented Hubble's reputation with the public, the first servicing mission allowed its rehabilitation as the corrected optics produced numerous remarkable images. Several initiatives have helped to keep the public informed about Hubble activities. The Hubble Heritage Project was established to pr ...

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Hubble Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Conception design and aims, Hubble Space Telescope - Proposals and precursors, Hubble Space Telescope - The quest for funding, Hubble Space Telescope - Construction and engineering, Hubble Space Telescope - Optical Telescope Assembly OTA, Hubble Space Telescope - Spacecraft systems, Hubble Space Telescope - Ground support, Hubble Space Telescope - Challenger disaster, Hubble Space Telescope - Instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Flawed mirror, Hubble Space Telescope - Origin of the problem, Hubble Space Telescope - Design of a solution, Hubble Space Telescope - COSTAR, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing missions and new instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing mission 1, Hubble Space Telescope - Subsequent servicing missions, Hubble Space Telescope - Scientific results, Hubble Space Telescope - Important discoveries, Hubble Space Telescope - Impact on astronomy, Hubble Space Telescope - Using the telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Observation scheduling, Hubble Space Telescope - Amateur observations, Hubble Space Telescope - Hubble data, Hubble Space Telescope - Transmission to Earth, Hubble Space Telescope - Archive, Hubble Space Telescope - Pipeline reduction, Hubble Space Telescope - Data analysis, Hubble Space Telescope - Outreach activities, Hubble Space Telescope - Future, Hubble Space Telescope - Equipment failure, Hubble Space Telescope - Orbital decay, Hubble Space Telescope - Debate over final servicing mission, Hubble Space Telescope - Solutions

Read more here: » Hubble Space Telescope: Encyclopedia II - Hubble Space Telescope - Outreach activities

Hubble Space Telescope - Important discoveries. Hubble has helped to resolve some long-standing problems in astronomy, as well as turning up results that have required whole new theories to explain them. Among its primary mission targets was to measure distances to Cepheid variable stars more accurately than ever before, and thus constrain the value of the Hubble constant, the measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding, which is also related to its age. Before the launch of Hubble, estimates of the Hu ...

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Hubble Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Conception design and aims, Hubble Space Telescope - Proposals and precursors, Hubble Space Telescope - The quest for funding, Hubble Space Telescope - Construction and engineering, Hubble Space Telescope - Optical Telescope Assembly OTA, Hubble Space Telescope - Spacecraft systems, Hubble Space Telescope - Ground support, Hubble Space Telescope - Challenger disaster, Hubble Space Telescope - Instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Flawed mirror, Hubble Space Telescope - Origin of the problem, Hubble Space Telescope - Design of a solution, Hubble Space Telescope - COSTAR, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing missions and new instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing mission 1, Hubble Space Telescope - Subsequent servicing missions, Hubble Space Telescope - Scientific results, Hubble Space Telescope - Important discoveries, Hubble Space Telescope - Impact on astronomy, Hubble Space Telescope - Using the telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Observation scheduling, Hubble Space Telescope - Amateur observations, Hubble Space Telescope - Hubble data, Hubble Space Telescope - Transmission to Earth, Hubble Space Telescope - Archive, Hubble Space Telescope - Pipeline reduction, Hubble Space Telescope - Data analysis, Hubble Space Telescope - Outreach activities, Hubble Space Telescope - Future, Hubble Space Telescope - Equipment failure, Hubble Space Telescope - Orbital decay, Hubble Space Telescope - Debate over final servicing mission, Hubble Space Telescope - Solutions

Read more here: » Hubble Space Telescope: Encyclopedia II - Hubble Space Telescope - Scientific results

Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing mission 1. The telescope had always been designed so that it could be regularly serviced, but after the problems with the mirror came to light, the first servicing mission assumed a much greater importance, as the astronauts would have to carry out extensive work on the telescope to install the corrective optics. The seven astronauts selected for the mission were trained intensively in the use of the hundred or so specialised tools which would need to be used. The mission (STS-61) took place in December 1993, and involved ...

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Hubble Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Conception design and aims, Hubble Space Telescope - Proposals and precursors, Hubble Space Telescope - The quest for funding, Hubble Space Telescope - Construction and engineering, Hubble Space Telescope - Optical Telescope Assembly OTA, Hubble Space Telescope - Spacecraft systems, Hubble Space Telescope - Ground support, Hubble Space Telescope - Challenger disaster, Hubble Space Telescope - Instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Flawed mirror, Hubble Space Telescope - Origin of the problem, Hubble Space Telescope - Design of a solution, Hubble Space Telescope - COSTAR, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing missions and new instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing mission 1, Hubble Space Telescope - Subsequent servicing missions, Hubble Space Telescope - Scientific results, Hubble Space Telescope - Important discoveries, Hubble Space Telescope - Impact on astronomy, Hubble Space Telescope - Using the telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Observation scheduling, Hubble Space Telescope - Amateur observations, Hubble Space Telescope - Hubble data, Hubble Space Telescope - Transmission to Earth, Hubble Space Telescope - Archive, Hubble Space Telescope - Pipeline reduction, Hubble Space Telescope - Data analysis, Hubble Space Telescope - Outreach activities, Hubble Space Telescope - Future, Hubble Space Telescope - Equipment failure, Hubble Space Telescope - Orbital decay, Hubble Space Telescope - Debate over final servicing mission, Hubble Space Telescope - Solutions

Read more here: » Hubble Space Telescope: Encyclopedia II - Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing missions and new instruments

Much of Greek learning was assimilated by the nascent Roman state as it expanded outward from Italy, taking advantage of its enemies' inability to unite: the only real challenge to Roman ascent came from the Phoenician colony of Carthage, but its defeat in the end of the 3rd century BC marked the start of Roman hegemony. First governed by kings, then as a senatorial republic (the Roman Republic), Rome finally became an empire at the end of the 1st century BC, under Augustus and his authoritarian successors. The Roman Empire had its centre in ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - Rome

Main article: Demographics of El Salvador El Salvador's population numbers about 6.7 million people. Around 90% is mestizo (mixed Amerindian and Spanish), some 9% white, and only 1% indigenous. Very few Amerindians have retained their native customs, traditions, or languages. A large Asian population is also apart of El Salvador's population. Spanish is the language spoken by virtually all inhabitants. The country's people are largely Roman Catholic (83% of the population), though Protestant groups are growing (15%). The capital city of San Salvador has about 2.1 million people; an estimated 42% of E ...

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El Salvador, El Salvador - History, El Salvador - Geography, El Salvador - Politics, El Salvador - Political divisions, El Salvador - Economy, El Salvador - Demographics, El Salvador - Culture, El Salvador - Miscellaneous topics

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Within weeks of the launch of the telescope, the images returned showed that there was a serious problem with the optical system. Although the first images appeared to be sharper than ground-based images, the telescope failed to achieve a final sharp focus, and the best image quality obtained was drastically lower than expected. Images of point sources spread out over a radius of more than one arcsecond, instead of having a point spread function concentrated within a circle 0.1 arcsec in diameter as had been specified in the design criteria ^{See also:}

Hubble Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Conception design and aims, Hubble Space Telescope - Proposals and precursors, Hubble Space Telescope - The quest for funding, Hubble Space Telescope - Construction and engineering, Hubble Space Telescope - Optical Telescope Assembly OTA, Hubble Space Telescope - Spacecraft systems, Hubble Space Telescope - Ground support, Hubble Space Telescope - Challenger disaster, Hubble Space Telescope - Instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Flawed mirror, Hubble Space Telescope - Origin of the problem, Hubble Space Telescope - Design of a solution, Hubble Space Telescope - COSTAR, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing missions and new instruments, Hubble Space Telescope - Servicing mission 1, Hubble Space Telescope - Subsequent servicing missions, Hubble Space Telescope - Scientific results, Hubble Space Telescope - Important discoveries, Hubble Space Telescope - Impact on astronomy, Hubble Space Telescope - Using the telescope, Hubble Space Telescope - Observation scheduling, Hubble Space Telescope - Amateur observations, Hubble Space Telescope - Hubble data, Hubble Space Telescope - Transmission to Earth, Hubble Space Telescope - Archive, Hubble Space Telescope - Pipeline reduction, Hubble Space Telescope - Data analysis, Hubble Space Telescope - Outreach activities, Hubble Space Telescope - Future, Hubble Space Telescope - Equipment failure, Hubble Space Telescope - Orbital decay, Hubble Space Telescope - Debate over final servicing mission, Hubble Space Telescope - Solutions

Read more here: » Hubble Space Telescope: Encyclopedia II - Hubble Space Telescope - Flawed mirror

Streaking is running naked through a non-nudist public place, usually for fun or as a practical joke. Nudity has sometimes been used to attract more attention to a public protest, a tactic used by the Doukhobors in the early 20th century, and later (particularly from the 1960s onwards) used more widely. Modern slogans include "Disrobe for disarmament", "Nudes, not nukes!", "Naked For Peace", "Dare 2 Bare 4 Freedom + Peace", "I'd rather go naked than wear fur!" an ...

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Nudity, Nudity - Terminology, Nudity - Historical overview, Nudity - Various modern-era attitudes, Nudity - Children, Nudity - Non-Western attitudes, Nudity - Nudity beyond social norms, Nudity - Depictions of nudity

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China's clothing varies by region, ethnic background, and economic situations. Contemporary urban clothing seemed to have developed an obsession with brand names (Giordano being one of the generic ones). In major urban centres, especially Shanghai, an increased western look is preferred, and there is an emphasis on formal wear over casual wear for adults on the streets. Teenagers prefer brand names like Nike, Reebok and Li Ning. Children usually wear clothes that have a cartoon character (mostly Disney). Han Chinese clothing - Qipao - Ming official headwear ...

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Culture of China, Culture of China - Arts, Culture of China - Architecture, Culture of China - Cinema, Culture of China - Dance, Culture of China - Music, Culture of China - Opera, Culture of China - Visual arts and design, Culture of China - Pottery, Culture of China - Handicraft, Culture of China - Language and literature, Culture of China - Language, Culture of China - Literature, Culture of China - Clothing, Culture of China - Contemporary Culture of China, Culture of China - Cuisine, Culture of China - Society, Culture of China - Education, Culture of China - Ethnic groups and regionalisms, Culture of China - Social relations, Culture of China - Games, Culture of China - Government, Culture of China - History, Culture of China - Hobbies, Culture of China - Marriage, Culture of China - Martial Arts, Culture of China - Mass media, Culture of China - Religion, Culture of China - Science and technology, Culture of China - Tourism, Culture of China - Other to be inserted above, Culture of China - Communist culture, Culture of China - Important cities

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The Vampire Chronicles - The Vampire Chronicles. The first book in the series, it tells the story of Louis de Pointe du Lac, a French nobleman living on a Louisiana plantation in the late 18th century. In the 20th century, Louis allows himself to be interviewed by a reporter and tells the tale of his transformation. He was made into a vampire by the charismatic Lestat de Lioncourt, the central hero of Rice's Vampire Chronicles. Lestat and Louis lived together for almost a century in New Orleans, along with the child vampire Claudia; but Louis, discontented with his new immortal life, eventuall ...

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The Vampire Chronicles, The Vampire Chronicles - Books in the series, The Vampire Chronicles - The Vampire Chronicles, The Vampire Chronicles - New Tales of the Vampires, The Vampire Chronicles - Vampire properties, The Vampire Chronicles - Synopses, The Vampire Chronicles - The Vampire Chronicles, The Vampire Chronicles - New Tales of the Vampires, The Vampire Chronicles - Themes and Concepts, The Vampire Chronicles - Blood, The Vampire Chronicles - Emotional Effects of Time's Passage, The Vampire Chronicles - Purpose, The Vampire Chronicles - Hedonism

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At the time the carvings were created, northern Norway was inhabited by a culture of hunter-gatherers that are thought to be descendants of the Komsa culture, a stone age culture that expanded along the Norwegian coast following receding glaciation during the late ice age around 8000 BC. The period of almost 5000 years over which carvings were created at the site saw many cultural changes, including the adoption of metal tools and advances in areas such as boat building and fishing techniques; therefore, the carvings show a wide variety of m ...

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Rock carvings at Alta, Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background, Rock carvings at Alta - Discovery and restoration, Rock carvings at Alta - Imagery and interpretations, Rock carvings at Alta - Animals, Rock carvings at Alta - Hunting and Fishing scenes, Rock carvings at Alta - Scenes of mundane life and scenes of rituals, Rock carvings at Alta - Geometric symbols

Read more here: » Rock carvings at Alta: Encyclopedia II - Rock carvings at Alta - Cultural and historical background