Encyclopedia - Artificial Life: Encyclopedia - Artificial Life
Artificial life, also known as alife or a-life, is the study of life through the use of human-made analogs of living systems. Computer sc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Life - History And Contributions
Artificial life - Pre-computer. A few inventions of the pre-digital era were early heralds of humankind's fascination with artificial l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Life - History And Contributions
Artificial life - Pre-computer. A few inventions of the pre-digital era were early heralds of humankind's fascination with artificial l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry
Alternative biochemistry collectively refers to an assortment of astrobiology theories and hypotheses in which life is based on chemical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network
An artificial neural network (ANN), also called a simulated neural network (SNN) (but the term neural network (NN) is grounded in biology...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nature: Encyclopedia - Nature
Nature (also called the material world, the material universe, the natural world, and the natural universe) is all matter and energy, esp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Life: Encyclopedia - Life
Life is a multi-faceted concept that may refer to the ongoing process of which living things are a part the period between the conceptio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wet Alife: Encyclopedia - Wet Alife
Wet alife refers to artificial life created in water (or other solvent) based chemical substrates . An example of wet alife might be an a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrobiology: Encyclopedia - Astrobiology
Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary field, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology, which is focused primarily on the study ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart-lung Machine: Encyclopedia - Heart-lung Machine
A heart-lung machine (HLM) is a device that temporarily takes over the function of the lungs and heart. It is sometimes also called cardi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Simulation: Encyclopedia - Computer Simulation
A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program which attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xen Half-life: Encyclopedia - Xen Half-life
Xen is the origin of the alien species that appear in the science fiction computer game Half-Life (Valve Software, 1998). It is sometimes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Benjamin Feingold: Encyclopedia - Benjamin Feingold
Benjamin Feingold, M.D., (born June 15, 1900 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; died, March 23, 1982) was a pediatric allergist from Cali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Life - Nature Of The Field
Although the study of artificial life does have some significant overlap with the study of artificial intelligence (AI), the two fields a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion Debate: Encyclopedia - Abortion Debate
Throughout history, induced abortions have been a source of considerable debate and controversy. An individual's personal stance on the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia - Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in our solar system. It is named after Mars, the Roman god of war (Ares in Greek mythology). Its n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Life - Nature Of The Field
Although the study of artificial life does have some significant overlap with the study of artificial intelligence (AI), the two fields a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arthur The Artificial Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Arthur The Artificial Intelligence - Life
Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Birth. Dr. Kenneth Farnstein was the man who created Arthur. Dr. Farnstein was a brilliant but ecc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Artificial Life
See main article Artificial Life It is possible in principle to construct a robot or a system of robots that is capable of replicating it...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arthur The Artificial Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Arthur The Artificial Intelligence - Sources
Journeyman Project 2: Buried In Time and Journeyman Project 3: Legacy of Time stories as revealed through gameplay Initial information ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Applications
The utility of artificial neural network models lies in the fact that they can be used to infer a function from observations. This is par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Theoretical Properties
Artificial neural network - Capacity. Artificial neural network models have a property called 'capacity', which roughly corresponds to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - In Fiction
In the realm of science fiction there have occasionally been forms of life proposed that, while often highly speculative and unsupported ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Background
Informally, an artificial neural network (ANN) is a set of interconnected processing units for performing a function or task. These netwo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Types Of Neural Networks
Artificial neural network - Feedforward neural network. The feedforward neural networks are the first and arguably simplest type of art...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Employing Artificial Neural Networks
Perhaps the greatest advantage of ANNs is their ability to be used as an arbitrary function approximation mechanism which 'learns' from o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Applications
The utility of artificial neural network models lies in the fact that they can be used to infer a function from observations. This is par...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Theoretical Properties
Artificial neural network - Capacity. Artificial neural network models have a property called 'capacity', which roughly corresponds to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Types Of Neural Networks
Artificial neural network - Feedforward neural network. The feedforward neural networks are the first and arguably simplest type of art...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Neural Network Software
Main article: Neural network software Neural network software is used to simulate, research, develop and apply artificial neural networks...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Background
There is no precise agreed definition among researchers as to what a neural network is, but most would agree that it involves a network o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agent Based Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Agent Based Model - Theory
The predominant methodological approach to research involving computational modeling characterizes most systems as in equilibrium or as m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Silicon Biochemistry
The most common other proposed basis is silicon, since silicon has many similar chemical properties to carbon. Silicon has a number of ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Neural Network - Employing Artificial Neural Networks
Perhaps the greatest advantage of ANNs is their ability to be used as an arbitrary function approximation mechanism which 'learns' from o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arthur The Artificial Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Arthur The Artificial Intelligence - Role In The Games
Arthur was first introduced in Journeyman Project 2: Buried In Time. From the beginning, he was combination comic relief and interactive ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Nitrogen/phosphorus Biochemistry
Nitrogen and phosphorus also offer possibilities as the basis for biochemical molecules. Phosphorus can form long chain molecules on its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Chemistry - Important Contributors
The first reference about artificial Chemistries come from a Technical paper written by John McCaskill. Walter Fontana working with Leo B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Other Exotic Biochemical Elements
Chlorine is sometimes proposed as a biological alternative to oxygen, either in carbon-based biologies or hypothetical non-carbon-based o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nature: Encyclopedia Ii - Nature - Philosophy Of Nature
Nature - Metaphysics. In philosophy, the view that the material world of atoms, animals, gravity, stars, wind, microbes, etc., actually...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avida: Encyclopedia Ii - Avida - Use In Research And Its Criticism
Adami and Ofria, in collaboration with others, have used Avida to conduct research in digital evolution, and the scientific journals Natu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nature: Encyclopedia Ii - Nature - Scientific Divisions Of Nature
Nature - Nature outside Earth and its atmosphere. Events and phenomena outside Earth and its atmosphere are in the natural science of a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nature: Encyclopedia Ii - Nature - Beauty In Nature
The writer Steven Fry has commented that if we look around us, anything ugly that we see will have been created by human hands; this exem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nature: Encyclopedia Ii - Nature - Related Concepts
The term natural science is used in a variety of ways, primarily: to denote the study of natural processes as opposed to human activitie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avida: Encyclopedia Ii - Avida - Design Principles
The main difference between Avida and Tierra is that in Avida, every digital organism (that is, self-replicating computer program) lives ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trespasser Game: Encyclopedia Ii - Trespasser Game - Gameplay
The entire game is played through the eyes of Anne (voiced by Minnie Driver). There are almost no cutscenes. As she traverses the island,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trespasser Game: Encyclopedia Ii - Trespasser Game - The Engine
The Trespasser engine was, and in many ways still is, unique. In 1998, it was one of the first engines to successfully portray outdoor en...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agent Based Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Agent Based Model - History
The model was developed through a simple conceptual form in the late 1940s, and it took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Basic Life Support: Encyclopedia Ii - Basic Life Support - In Other Countries
The term BLS is also used in some non-English speaking countries (e.g. in Italy) for the education of first responders. In Belgium, the e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biologically-inspired Computing: Encyclopedia Ii - Biologically-inspired Computing - Bio-inspired Computing And Ai
One way in which bio-inspired computing differs from artificial intelligence (AI) is in how it takes a more evolutionary approach to lear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Life - Defining The Concept Of Life
Life - A conventional definition. In biology, a life form has traditionally been considered to be a member of a population whose member...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Life - Origin Of Life
Main article: Origin of life There is no truly "standard" model of the origin of life, but most currently accepted scientific models buil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Life - The Possibility Of Extraterrestrial Life
Main articles: Extraterrestrial life, Astrobiology At this time, Earth is the only planet in the universe known by humans to support life...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Artificial Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Artificial Intelligence - Ai Languages And Programming Styles
AI research has led to many advances in programming languages including the first list processing language by Allen Newell et. al., Lisp ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Life On Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Life On Mars - History Of The Debate
Of all the planets of the Solar system (other than Earth), Mars was the first one whose solid surface was observed with certainty, and it...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Life On Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Life On Mars - Modern Findings
In recent years speculation has grown again, however – prodded by a study of the ALH84001 meteorite which concluded that it contained f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Digital Organism: Encyclopedia Ii - Digital Organism - History
Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Core War, in which computer programs had to compete with each other and try to stop the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evolutionary Robotics: Encyclopedia Ii - Evolutionary Robotics - History
The foundation of ER was laid with work at the national research council in Rome in the 90s, but the initial idea of encoding a robot con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evolutionary Robotics: Encyclopedia Ii - Evolutionary Robotics - Evolutionary Robotics
Evolutionary robotics is done with many different objectives, often at the same time. These include creating useful controllers for real-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alternative Biochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Alternative Biochemistry - Non-water Solvents
In addition to carbon compounds all currently known terrestrial life also requires water as a solvent. It is sometimes assumed that water...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artificial Intelligence: Encyclopedia Ii - Artificial Intelligence - Science Fiction
In science fiction AI is commonly portrayed as an upcoming power trying to overthrow human authority as in HAL 9000, Skynet, Colossus and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrobiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Astrobiology - Overview
Although astrobiology is an emerging field, the question of whether life exists elsewhere in the universe is a verifiable hypothesis and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrobiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Astrobiology - Methodology
Astrobiology - Narrowing the task. Main article: Planetary habitability When looking for life in other planets, some simplifying assump...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Astrobiology: Encyclopedia Ii - Astrobiology - Criticisms
Like any emerging scientific field, astrobiology has had to struggle for respectability. While many scientists are enthusiastic about the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioethics - Issues
Bioethics issues include: Abortion, reproductive rights Artificial insemination Artificial life Biopiracy Circumcision Confidentiality o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart-lung Machine: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart-lung Machine - Uses Of The Heart-lung Machine
Heart-lung machines are frequently used in heart surgery because it is difficult or even impossible to operate on the beating heart. HLM ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart-lung Machine: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart-lung Machine - Components Of A Heart-lung Machine
Heart-lung machines consist of two main functional units, the pump and the oxygenator. Heart-lung machine - Pump. The pump is usually s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Simulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Simulation - Types Of Computer Simulation
Computer models can be classified according to several criteria including: Stochastic or deterministic (and as a special case of determi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Simulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Simulation - Computer Simulation In Science
Examples of types of computer simulations in science, which are derived from an underlying mathematical description: a numerical simulat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Computer Simulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Computer Simulation - Computer Simulation In Practical Contexts
Computer simulations are used in a wide variety of practical contexts, such as flight simulators to train pilots, weather forecasting and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Self-replication: Encyclopedia Ii - Self-replication - Overview
Self-replication - Theory. Early research by John von Neumann established that one common form of a replicator has several parts: A ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Self-replication: Encyclopedia Ii - Self-replication - Self-replication In Industry
Self-replication - Space exploration and manufacturing. The goal of self-replication in space systems is to exploit large amounts of ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xen Half-life: Encyclopedia Ii - Xen Half-life - Introduction
Rather than being a planet or an artificial structure such as a space station, all of the locations of Xen visited by Gordon Freeman in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Half-life 2: Encyclopedia Ii - Half-life 2 - Technical
Half-Life 2 - Game engine. Main article: Source engine For Half-Life 2, Valve developed a new game engine called the Source engine, w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Offspring Tng Episode: Encyclopedia Ii - The Offspring Tng Episode - Plot
In secret, Data creates a new artificial life form. Originally it is androgenous, because Data wants the "child" to be able to pick its r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venus: Encyclopedia Ii - Venus - Name
Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus. The adjective Venusian is commonly used for Venus, but the Latin adjective is Vene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venus: Encyclopedia Ii - Venus - Orbital Characteristics
Venus - Orbit. Although all planets' orbits are elliptical, Venus's orbit is the closest to circular, with an eccentricity of less than...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venus: Encyclopedia Ii - Venus - Physical Characteristics
Venus - Atmosphere. Venus has an atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide and a small amount of nitrogen, with a pressure at the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venus: Encyclopedia Ii - Venus - Observations And Explorations Of Venus
Venus sky movement patterns have been observed several times within the past 4000 years by a number of people, including the Greeks. For ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venus: Encyclopedia Ii - Venus - Life At Venus
Space probes in the 1960's made it pretty clear that the surface of Venus is far too hot to support life as we know it. However, the clou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Venus: Encyclopedia Ii - Venus - Venus In Human Culture
Venus - Mythology. The pentagram has long been associated with the planet Venus and the worship of the goddess Venus, or her equivalent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orion's Arm: Encyclopedia Ii - Orion's Arm - Setting
OA is set over ten thousand years in the future, and adheres to plausible, or "hard" science fiction; that is, no human-like aliens, no f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Snatcher: Encyclopedia Ii - Snatcher - Storyline
On June 6, 1991*, a chemical weapon known as Lucipher-Alpha under development in Chernoton, Russia, is released into the atmosphere, resu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jim Otto: Encyclopedia Ii - Jim Otto - The Price
Nearly 40 surgeries. 28 knee operations (nine of them during his playing career alone.) Multiple joint replacements. Other joints riddled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Physical Characteristics
The red, fiery appearance of Mars is caused by iron oxide (rust) on its surface. Mars has only a quarter the surface area of the Earth an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - The Exploration Of Mars
Dozens of spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union, the United States, Europe, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Nomenclature
Mars - Early nomenclature. Although better remembered for mapping the Moon starting in 1830, Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Observation Of Mars
Earth passes Mars every 780 days (or two years plus seven weeks and one day) at a distance of about 80,000,000 km. However, this varies b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Martian Meteorites
A handful of objects are known that are surely meteorites and may be of Martian origin. Two of them may show signs of ancient bacterial a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Life On Mars
Some evidence suggests that the planet once was significantly more habitable than today, but the question on whether living organisms eve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Mars In Fiction
The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated its dramatic red color and by early scientific speculations that its surface conditi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion Debate: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion Debate - Modern Arguments
Abortion debate - Overview. Briefly, the basis of the view that all, or almost all, abortion should be illegal is the belief that the l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion Debate: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion Debate - Debate
The abortion debate is part of a larger debate: Whom do we protect? In some tribal societies, only members of the tribe deserve protectio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion Debate: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion Debate - Significant Issues
Some of the most significant and common issues are: The beginning of personhood (sometimes phrased ambiguously as "the beginning of life...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion Debate: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion Debate - Official Positions
Abortion debate - Pro-life. The "pro-life" argument is that an embryo (or, in later stages of development, a fetus) is a human being â€...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion Debate: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion Debate - History
Historically, it is unclear how often the ethics of induced abortion were discussed, since few ancient writers wrote about childbirth. Ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Physical Characteristics
The red, fiery appearance of Mars is caused by iron oxide (rust) on its surface. Mars has only a quarter the surface area of the Earth an...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Abortion: New Age Spirituality Dictionary On Abortion
Abortion Artificially terminating a pregnancy before delivery. For years this has been a keystone of fundamentalist activism, the Pro-...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Artificial Reef: Oceanography Dictionary - Artificial Reef
  Definition and meaning of artificial reef:   artificial reef - an artificial structure placed on the ocean floor to pro...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Electromagnetic Radiation: New Age Spiritual Dictionary On Electromagnetic Radiation
electromagnetic radiation Radiation of different wavelengths extending from radio waves to gamma rays and including visible light; of...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Dream Dictionary Oculist: Dream Interpretation Dictionary - Oculist
  Oculist To dream of consulting an oculist, denotes that you will be dissatisfied with your progress in life, and will use art...   » Read the article