Artificial life, also known as alife or a-life, is the study of life through the use of human-made analogs of living systems. Computer scientist Christopher Langton coined the term in the late 1980s when he held the first "International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems" (otherwise known as Artificial Life I) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1987. Artificial life - Nature of the field. Although the study of artificial life does have some significant overlap w ...

Including:

Artificial life - Nature of the field Artificial life - History and contributions
Artificial life - Pre-computer Artificial life - 1950s-1970s Artificial life - 1970s-1980s
Artificial life - Open problems in AL Artificial life - Digital Organism Simulators

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Artificial life, Artificial life - Nature of the field, Artificial life - History and contributions, Artificial life - Pre-computer, Artificial life - 1950s-1970s, Artificial life - 1970s-1980s, Artificial life - 2000s, Artificial life - Open problems in AL, Artificial life - Digital Organism Simulators

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Artificial life - Pre-computer. A few inventions of the pre-digital era were early heralds of humankind's fascination with artificial life. Most famous was an artificial duck, with thousands of moving parts, created by Jacques de Vaucanson. The duck could reportedly eat and digest, drink, quack, and splash in a pool. It was exhibited all over Europe until it fell into disrepair. [1 ...

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Artificial life, Artificial life - Nature of the field, Artificial life - History and contributions, Artificial life - Pre-computer, Artificial life - 1950s-1970s, Artificial life - 1970s-1980s, Artificial life - Open problems in AL, Artificial life - Digital Organism Simulators

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Alternative biochemistry collectively refers to an assortment of astrobiology theories and hypotheses in which life is based on chemical systems other than those used by currently known forms of life. Proponents of such theories sometimes use the expression carbon chauvinism to disparage the assumption that carbon molecules are necessarily the basis for all life. Up to this point, however, no non-carbon based life-form has been discovered. Alternative biochemistry - Silicon biochemistry. The most com ...

Including:

Alternative biochemistry - Silicon biochemistry Alternative biochemistry - Nitrogen/Phosphorus biochemistry Alternative biochemistry - Other exotic biochemical elements Alternative biochemistry - Non-water solvents
Alternative biochemistry - Ammonia Alternative biochemistry - Other solvents
Alternative biochemistry - Artificial life Alternative biochemistry - In fiction

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An artificial neural network (ANN), also called a simulated neural network (SNN) (but the term neural network (NN) is grounded in biology and refers to very real, highly complex plexus), is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that uses a mathematical or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. There is no precise agreed definition among researchers as to what a neural network is, but most would agree that it involves a network of highly complex processing ...

Including:

Artificial neural network - Background
Artificial neural network - Models Artificial neural network - Learning Artificial neural network - Learning paradigms Artificial neural network - Learning algorithms
Artificial neural network - Employing artificial neural networks Artificial neural network - Applications
Artificial neural network - Real life applications
Artificial neural network - Types of neural networks
Artificial neural network - Feedforward neural network Artificial neural network - Recurrent network Artificial neural network - Stochastic neural networks Artificial neural network - Modular neural networks Artificial neural network - Other types of networks
Artificial neural network - Theoretical properties
Artificial neural network - Capacity Artificial neural network - Convergence Artificial neural network - Generalisation and statistics Artificial neural network - Dynamical properties
Artificial neural network - Related topics Artificial neural network - Patents Artificial neural network - Bibliography

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Nature (also called the material world, the material universe, the natural world, and the natural universe) is all matter and energy, especially in its essential form. Nature is the subject of scientific study, and the history of the concept is linked to the history of science. The English word derives from a Latin term, natura, which was in turn a translation of a Greek term, physis (φύσις). Natura is related to the Latin words relating to "birth", while physis relates to Greek words relating to "grow ...

Including:

Nature - Scientific divisions of Nature
Nature - Nature outside Earth and its atmosphere Nature - Life Nature - Chemicals Nature - Matter and force Nature - Earth
Nature - Philosophy of Nature
Nature - Metaphysics Nature - The natural and the artificial
Nature - Beauty in Nature Nature - Related concepts

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Life is a multi-faceted concept that may refer to the ongoing process of which living things are a part the period between the conception (the point at which the entity can be considered to be an individualized being) and death of an organism the condition of an entity between conception and death that which makes a living thing alive. Life - Defining the concept of life. Life - A conventional definition. In biology, a ...

Including:

Life - Defining the concept of life
Life - A conventional definition Life - Exceptions to the conventional definition Life - Other definitions Life - Descent with modification: a useful characteristic
Life - Origin of life Life - The possibility of extraterrestrial life

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Wet alife refers to artificial life created in water (or other solvent) based chemical substrates . An example of wet alife might be an attempt to create self-replicating autocatalytic chemical reactions to simulate the possible abiotic origins of biological life. Category: Artificial life Other related archivesArtificial life, abiotic, alife, autocatalytic, chemical reactions, solvent, substrates

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Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary field, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology, which is focused primarily on the study of the origin, distribution and evolution of life. It comes from the Greek words astron = star, bios = life and logos = word/science), and is also known as exobiology (Greek: exo = out) or xenobiology (Greek: xenos = foreign). Some major astrobiological research topics include: What is life? How did life arise on Earth? What kind of environments can life tolerate? How can w ...

Including:

Astrobiology - Overview
Astrobiology - Research Outcomes
Astrobiology - Methodology
Astrobiology - Narrowing the task Astrobiology - The sciences of Astrobiology
Astrobiology - Criticisms Astrobiology - Publications

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A heart-lung machine (HLM) is a device that temporarily takes over the function of the lungs and heart. It is sometimes also called cardiac bypass pump, in reference to its use in coronary artery bypass surgery, and cardiac pump. They are operated by allied health professionals known as perfusionists. Heart-lung machine - Uses of the heart-lung machine. Heart-lung machines are frequently used in heart surgery because it is difficult or even impossible to operate on the beating heart.

Heart-lung machine - Uses of the heart-lung machine
Heart-lung machine - Surgeries in which heart-lung machines are used
Heart-lung machine - Components of a heart-lung machine
Heart-lung machine - Pump Heart-lung machine - Oxygenator
Heart-lung machine - History

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A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program which attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of modeling many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology, human systems in economics and social science and in the process of engineering new technology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems. Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions to problems ...

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Computer simulation - History Computer simulation - Types of computer simulation Computer simulation - Computer simulation in science Computer simulation - Computer simulation in practical contexts

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Xen is the origin of the alien species that appear in the science fiction computer game Half-Life (Valve Software, 1998). It is sometimes referred to as the border world. Xen Half-Life - Introduction. Rather than being a planet or an artificial structure such as a space station, all of the locations of Xen visited by Gordon Freeman in the course of Half-Life (and by Adrian Shephard in Half-Life: Opposing Force, and Barney Calhoun in Half-Life: Blue Shift) are on the ...

Including:

Xen Half-Life - Introduction Xen Half-Life - Ecosystem Xen Half-Life - Notes
Xen Half-Life - Narrative Xen Half-Life - Criticism
Xen Half-Life - Additional screenshots

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Benjamin Feingold, M.D., (born June 15, 1900 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; died, March 23, 1982) was a pediatric allergist from California, who proposed in 1973 that salicylates, artificial colors, and artificial flavors cause hyperactivity in children. (Hyperactivity is now medically classified as attention deficit disorder [ADD] or Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]). Benjamin Feingold - Biography. Benjamin Feingold - Education. Dr Feingold recei ...

Including:

Benjamin Feingold - Biography
Benjamin Feingold - Education Benjamin Feingold - Professional career Benjamin Feingold - Personal life Benjamin Feingold - Publications
Benjamin Feingold - The Feingold diet
Benjamin Feingold - Research findings Benjamin Feingold - Unbounded claims Benjamin Feingold - Real risks

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Although the study of artificial life does have some significant overlap with the study of artificial intelligence (AI), the two fields are very distinct in their history and approach. Organized AI research began early in the history of digital computers, and was often characterized in those years by a "top-down" approach based on complicated networks of rules. Students of alife did not have an organized field at all until the 1980s, and often worked in isolation, unaware of others doing similar work. Where they concerned themselves with intelligence at all, researchers tended to ...

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Artificial life, Artificial life - Nature of the field, Artificial life - History and contributions, Artificial life - Pre-computer, Artificial life - 1950s-1970s, Artificial life - 1970s-1980s, Artificial life - Open problems in AL, Artificial life - Digital Organism Simulators

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Throughout history, induced abortions have been a source of considerable debate and controversy. An individual's personal stance on the complex ethical, moral, and legal issues has a strong relationship with the given individual's value system. A person's position on abortion may be described as a combination of their personal beliefs on the morality of induced abortion and the ethical limit of the government's legitimate authority. Political sides have largely been separated into absolute extremes — either seeking to make all abortion illegal, or to perm ...

Including:

Abortion debate - Debate Abortion debate - Significant issues
Abortion debate - Rights Abortion debate - Timing Abortion debate - Polarisation
Abortion debate - Official positions
Abortion debate - Pro-life Abortion debate - Pro-choice Abortion debate - Religious groups
Abortion debate - Emotions Abortion debate - History
Abortion debate - History of the debate in the United States
Abortion debate - Modern arguments
Abortion debate - Overview Abortion debate - Philosophical argumentation on the moral issue Abortion debate - Media bias

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Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in our solar system. It is named after Mars, the Roman god of war (Ares in Greek mythology). Its name was chosen because of its red color, a feature that also earned it the nickname "The Red Planet". Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, both are small and oddly-shaped, each possibly being captured asteroids. The prefix areo- refers to Mars in the same way geo- refers to Earth—for example, areology versus geology. (Areology is also used to refer to the study of Mars as a whole rather than ju ...

Including:

Mars - Mythology Mars - Physical characteristics
Mars - Atmosphere Mars - Geology Mars - Topography Mars - Canals Mars - Ice patches
Mars - The moons of Mars Mars - The exploration of Mars Mars - Nomenclature
Mars - Early nomenclature Mars - Modern nomenclature
Mars - Observation of Mars Mars - Appearance Mars - Martian meteorites Mars - Life on Mars Mars - The Mars flag Mars - Mars in fiction

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Although the study of artificial life does have some significant overlap with the study of artificial intelligence (AI), the two fields are very distinct in their history and approach. Organized AI research began early in the history of digital computers, and was often characterized in those years by a "top-down" approach based on complicated networks of rules. Students of alife did not have an organized field at all until the 1980s, and often worked in isolation, unaware of others doing similar work. Where they concerned themselves with intelligence at all, researchers tended to ...

See also:

Artificial life, Artificial life - Nature of the field, Artificial life - History and contributions, Artificial life - Pre-computer, Artificial life - 1950s-1970s, Artificial life - 1970s-1980s, Artificial life - 2000s, Artificial life - Open problems in AL, Artificial life - Digital Organism Simulators

Read more here: » Artificial life: Encyclopedia II - Artificial life - Nature of the field

Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Birth. Dr. Kenneth Farnstein was the man who created Arthur. Dr. Farnstein was a brilliant but eccentric scientist, who purchased a derelict asteroid miner and parked it in the outer reaches of the solar system to pursue his research into advanced computing and artificial intelligence. He suceeded admirably in both. His revolutionary processing and memory storage hardware paved the way for BioChips. These would have applications ranging from instant translation of forei ...

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Arthur the Artificial Intelligence, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Role In The Games, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Life, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Birth, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Meteor Shower and its Results, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Gage Blackwood and Arthur, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Conclusion, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Sources, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Actor

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See main article Artificial Life It is possible in principle to construct a robot or a system of robots that is capable of replicating itself from raw ores and natural energy sources without any external direction or assistance (a "clanking replicator"). Such a machine system could be considered alive, in that it is capable of evolution through mutational errors in its inherited design patterns, but is in no way required to be composed of carbon-based compounds. The most detailed proposition for machine life made so far conside ...

See also:

Alternative biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Silicon biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Nitrogen/Phosphorus biochemistry, Alternative biochemistry - Other exotic biochemical elements, Alternative biochemistry - Non-water solvents, Alternative biochemistry - Ammonia, Alternative biochemistry - Other solvents, Alternative biochemistry - Artificial life, Alternative biochemistry - In fiction

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Journeyman Project 2: Buried In Time and Journeyman Project 3: Legacy of Time stories as revealed through gameplay Initial information about BioChips, especially their applications for helping handicapped people to walk, come from The Journeyman Project's manual. ...

See also:

Arthur the Artificial Intelligence, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Role In The Games, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Life, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Birth, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Meteor Shower and its Results, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Gage Blackwood and Arthur, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Conclusion, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Sources, Arthur the Artificial Intelligence - Actor

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